bre39612 ch06 212-255.indd Page 212 18/07/13 10:55 PM f …€¦ · · 2014-05-28Activity-Based Costing ... CC5 Distinguish between unit-, batch-, ... job-order costing and process

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND CHAPTER COMPETENCIES After studying Chapter 6, you should be able to demonstrate the following competencies:

6Activity-Based Costing

212

COMPETENCY Know Apply

LO1 EXPLAIN THE BASICS OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

CC1 Outline the limitations of plantwide and departmental overhead allocation. •

CC2 Describe the basic approach underlying activity-based costing. •

LO2 APPLY ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

CC3 Design an activity-based costing system. •

CC4 Describe the hierarchical classification of activities. •

CC5 Distinguish between unit-, batch-, product-, and facility-level activities. •

CC6 Compute activity rates used to allocate costs to cost objects. •

CC7 Assign activity costs to cost objects, and compute unit costs. •

CC8 Describe the use of activity-based costing in nonmanufacturing organizations. •

LO3 UNDERSTAND THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

CC9 Explain the benefits and limitations of activity-based costing. •

LO4 EXPLAIN COST FLOWS IN AN ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING SYSTEM.

CC10A Describe the flow of costs in an activity-based costing system. •

CC11A Record the flow of costs in an activity-based costing system. •

LO5 UNDERSTAND QUALITY COSTS.

CC12B Identify the four types of quality costs. •

CC13B Explain how the different quality costs interact. •

CC14B Prepare a cost of quality report. •

Note: The superscripts “A” and “B” refer to Appendix 6A and Appendix 6B, respectively; both appendices are available on Connect.

bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 212 18/07/13 10:55 PM f-479 bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 212 18/07/13 10:55 PM f-479 /204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles/204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles

Pass 3rd

214 Managerial Accounting

McGraw-Hill Create™ Review Copy for Instructor Y. Not for distribution.

www.tex-ce

tera.com

213

ON THE JOB

Understanding Costs Using Cutting-Edge Tools

Understanding costs is fundamental to better

planning and decision making, as realized by

Quebec-based RONA Inc. Founded in 1939,

RONA is the largest Canadian distributor and

retailer of hardware, home renovation, and

gardening products. In 2012, it operated a

network of over 800 stores and distribution

centres, and generated $4.9 billion in con-

solidated sales and just under $126 million in

operating profit (excluding unusual and non-

recurring items).

In recent years, the company has placed

significant emphasis on profitability, efficiency, and productivity.

But the focus on efficiency is not totally new. A secret of RONA’s

success is its efficient and effective handling of supply chain

management—distribution and purchasing activities. However,

to operate efficiently, managers needed a better understanding of

costs. Using an average costing system to allocate costs and de-

termine the cost per supplier provided little information. Manag-

ers knew that something was wrong; costs could not be uniform

across products and suppliers. Therefore, the company turned

to activity-based management (ABM) for help. Activity-based

costing (ABC), which is the topic of this chapter and a critical

component of ABM, helps organizations better manage activities.

Implementing the ABM system allowed managers to obtain de-

tails on the costs that were previously not available.

Source: R. Colman and J. Demers, “Route-to-Market Knowledge Builders,” CMA Management, February 2004, pp. 14–15; RONA, Inc. Annual Reports 2003, 2009, and 2012, http://www.rona.ca/corporate/document-center.

Critical thinking question What features of an activity-based costing system allow managers to “obtain details on the costs that were previously not available”?

?

Note to student: See Guidance Answers online.

A LOOK BACKThe previous two chapters introduced two contrasting systems: job-order costing and process costing. The approach to overhead allocation in both systems was to use a single plantwide overhead rate.

A LOOK AT THIS CHAPTERChapter 6 continues the discussion of overhead cost allocation by introducing the concept of activity-based costing, a technique that uses a number of allocation bases to assign overhead costs to cost objects.

A LOOK AHEADThe next four chapters deal with the concepts of planning and control. Chapter 7 describes budgeting, a key element of the planning process.

Royalty-f

ree/C

OR

BIS


Pass 3rd

Introduction to Managerial Accounting, Fourth Canadian Edition 215


www.tex-ce

tera.com

214 Chapter 6

As previously discussed, direct materials and direct labour costs can easily be traced to the desired cost object (e.g., product, job, or process). Overhead costs, in contrast,

cannot be traced to cost objects and must be allocated. Chapter 4 introduced the concept of overhead allocation using direct labour as an allocation base. This chapter further elab-orates on the concept and process of cost allocation. In doing so, it questions the practice described in Chapter 4 (that is, allocation using a single plantwide overhead rate) and in-troduces activity-based costing.

MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING IN ACTION

THE ISSUE

Comtek Sound, Inc. makes two products: a Blu-ray disc player and a radio with a built-in DVD player. Both of these products are sold to automobile manufacturers for installation in new vehicles. The president of the company, Sarah Kastler, recently returned from a management conference at which activity-based costing was discussed. Following the con-ference, she called a meeting of the top managers in the company to share what she had learned. Attending the meeting were production manager Frank Hines, marketing man-ager Nicole Sermone, and accounting manager Tom Frazier.Kastler: I learned some things at the conference I just attended that may help resolve some long-standing puzzles here at Comtek Sound.Sermone: Did they tell you why we’ve been losing all those bids lately on our bread-and-butter DVD player and winning every bid on our specialty Blu-ray disc player?Kastler: Nicole, you probably weren’t expecting this answer, but yes, there may be a simple explanation. We may have been shooting ourselves in the foot.Sermone: How so? I don’t know about anyone else, but we have been hustling like crazy to get more business for the company.Kastler: Nicole, when you talk with our customers, what reasons do they give for taking their DVD player business to our competitors? Is it a problem with quality or on-time delivery?Sermone: No, our customers readily admit that we’re among the best in the business.Kastler: Then what’s the problem?Sermone: Price. The competition is undercutting our price on the DVD player and then bidding high on the Blu-ray disc player. As a result, they’re stealing our high-volume DVD business and leaving us with just the low-volume Blu-ray business.Kastler: Why is our price so high for the DVD players that the competition is able to undercut us?Sermone: Our price isn’t too high. Theirs is too low. Our competitors must be pricing below their costs on the DVD player.Kastler: Why do you think that?Sermone: Well, if we charged the prices for our DVD player that our competitors are quoting, we’d be pricing below our cost, and I know we’re just as efficient as any competitor.Hines: Nicole, why would our competitors price below their cost?Sermone: They’re out to grab market share.Hines: Does that make any sense? What good does more market share do them if they’re pricing below their cost?Kastler: I think Frank has a point. Tom, you’re the expert with the numbers. Can you suggest another explanation?Frazier: I was hoping you’d ask that. Those product cost figures my department reports to you are primarily intended to be used to value inventories and determine cost of goods sold for our external financial statements. I am awfully uncomfortable about using them for bidding. In fact, I have mentioned this several times, but no one was interested.Kastler: Now I’m interested. Tom, are you telling us that the product cost figures we have been using for bidding may be wrong? Are you suggesting that we really don’t know what the manufacturing cost is for either the DVD player or the Blu-ray disc player?Frazier: Yes, that could be the problem. Our cost system isn’t designed to generate accurate costs for decision-making purposes. It fails to recognize that our two products make different demands on our resources, especially overhead. The DVD player is simple to manufacture,

comtek S O U N D , I N C .


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

Activity-Based Costing 215

and the Blu-ray disc player is more complex. We need a cost system that recognizes this difference in demand on resources.Kastler: That’s exactly the point made at the conference. The conference speakers suggested we recost our products using something called activity-based costing. Tom, can we do this?Frazier: You bet! But we need to do it as a team. Can each person in the room appoint one of their top people to work with me?Kastler: Let’s do it! I’d like the special activity-based costing team to report back to this group as soon as possible. If there’s a problem with our costs, we need to know it before the competition plows us under.

We introduced the concept of overhead in Chapter 2 and overhead allocation in Chapter 4. We mentioned that overhead includes all those costs that cannot be traced directly to individual cost objects, such as the DVD player and the Blu-ray disc player in the case of Comtek, whose costs we are interested in computing (we will do the cost calculations later in this chapter). What we did not elaborate much is that overhead can consist of many dif-ferent cost items. Should we accumulate all the cost items in one large cost bucket (or cost pool) or should we capture the cost of each item separately? Exhibit 6–1 illustrates this idea of accumulating costs in one or more cost pools. Once we accumulate the overhead costs in cost pools, we can begin to think about al-locating them to desired cost objects. This section describes three different methods of overhead cost allocation (the focus of this chapter is on the third method). The discussion of overhead allocation is largely couched within a manufacturing context, although the principles can be applied to nonmanufacturing settings, as we will see later in this chapter.

Plantwide Overhead Rate

The simplest method of assigning overhead involves using a single allocation base and rate, known as a plantwide overhead rate. This method is based on the convenience it of-fers in that the cost accounting system must capture only two pieces of information: total overhead costs (accumulated in a single cost pool), and the volume of the allocation base (such as total direct labour-hours). As suggested in Chapter 4, direct labour-hours were widely used largely because direct labour was a significant component of the total conver-sion costs (i.e., labour and overhead) and the designers of cost accounting systems be-lieved that direct labour influenced overhead costs. Moreover, direct labour-hours were always meticulously recorded, which means that the information was readily available.

LO1 • Know

CC1: Outline the limitations of plantwide

and departmental overhead allocation.

Assigning Overhead Costs to Cost Objects

EXHIBIT 6–1Accumulation of Overhead Costs

Single Cost Pool Multiple Cost Pools

Machining Productionscheduling

Machine setup

Assembly General factory

Materialreceipts

Producttesting

Machining

Assembly

Production scheduling

Machine setup

General factory

Material receipts

Product testing

Parts administration

Parts administration


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

216 Chapter 6

Conceptually, the use of a plantwide rate assumes the following: (1) all overhead costs in the organization are driven (or caused) by the single allocation base used, and (2) cost objects (e.g., products) consume overhead resources in the same proportion in which they consume the allocation base. Both assumptions are weak; therefore, using a single plant-wide overhead rate has serious limitations, which can lead to cost distortions. A manager using distorted cost information can make flawed decisions that may have serious implica-tions for the future of the organization.

Departmental Overhead Rate

As a first step to improving the allocation method, many companies use multiple cost pools (as shown in Exhibit 6–1) and multiple overhead rates along departmental lines. Each cost pool captures the overhead costs incurred by a specific department. As an ex-ample, consider a manufacturing company with three departments: machining, assembly, and maintenance. Overhead costs within each department are accumulated in a single overhead cost pool; thus, there will be three overhead cost pools in our example. An appropriate allocation base for each pool must then be identified and a predetermined overhead rate computed for each of the three pools. The allocation bases typically depend upon the nature of the work performed in each department. For example, machine-hours may be used to assign overhead incurred by the machining department, assembly labour-hours to allocate the assembly department’s overhead costs, and maintenance-hours to allocate the maintenance department’s overhead costs. Unfortunately, even departmental overhead allocation makes the same assumptions made in the case of plantwide overhead allocation (but at a departmental rather than a plantwide level). These assumptions may not hold true in situations in which a company offers a diverse range of products and has a complex set of overhead costs. As a result, this method of overhead allocation can also lead to product cost distortions.

Activity-Based Costing

A serious limitation in the case of both plantwide and departmental overhead alloca-tion is the failure by both methods to recognize two facts: (1) the total overhead cost pool in an organization is an accumulation of the costs of numerous resources that are consumed by the organization to serve its customers, and (2) the individual overhead costs may be driven by different factors. While some overhead costs may be caused by the level of production or service volume, others may be caused by the number of transactions processed, and still others may be caused by other drivers. Moreover, the two previous methods also fail to recognize that different cost objects (i.e., products, services, and customers) may consume the different overhead resources in varying proportions. For example, consider two customers of a large organization—both customers may consume the same amount of resources with respect to order processing, but there may be significant differences between the two customers in terms of the consumption of resources relating to after-sales service. A simple (usually referred to as conventional or traditional) cost allocation system using a single allocation base (and rate) will not be able to capture these differences in the resource consumption patterns of the two customers. A good cost allocation system must recognize these differences and must consider them when assigning costs. Also, as explained in Chapter 1, the business environment has changed considerably over the past 30 years. In adopting the lean business model, many organizations have au-tomated their operations to a significant extent. As a result, overhead has increased and direct labour has decreased. Therefore, direct labour is no longer a good predictor of over-head. Moreover, increased competition has resulted in organizations offering a diverse range of products and services to their customers. Diverse products and services generally consume overhead resources in different proportions; this diversity cannot be fully cap-tured by traditional costing systems.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of cost allocation that attempts to assign overhead costs to cost objects more accurately than the methods discussed so far. The ba-sic idea underlying ABC is as follows: a customer order for a product or a service triggers a number of activities, a number of different types of resources are required to carry out these activities, and resources cost money. If the Hudson’s Bay Company orders a line of women’s dresses from Calvin Klein, a production order is generated, materials are ordered, patterns are created, textiles are cut to pattern and then sewn, and the finished dresses are packed for shipping. Each of these activities consumes resources. For example, designing patterns consumes the designer’s time, a resource the company has to pay for. In activity-based costing, an attempt is made to trace these costs directly to the activities that cause them. The activities are believed to drive the costs; therefore, they are called cost drivers. This series of relationships is illustrated in Exhibit 6–2. Switching to an ABC system will require a company to use a number of allocation bases to assign costs to cost objects. Each allocation base in an ABC system represents a major activity that causes overhead costs. An activity is a task (or a series of tasks) carried out to fulfill the organization’s purpose. Exhibit 6–3 gives examples of activities. Activity-based costing centres on these activities. Each major activity has its own over-head cost pool (also known as an activity cost pool), its own activity measure, and its own predetermined overhead rate (also known as an activity rate). An activity cost pool is a

LO1 • Know

CC2: Describe the basic approach

underlying activity-based costing.

Conventional cost systems that use plantwide or departmental overhead rates suffer from an

important limitation: they tend to assign too much overhead to high-volume products and

too little overhead to low-volume products. This distortion occurs because conventional cost

systems rely exclusively on allocation bases, such as direct labour-hours and machine-hours,

that are highly correlated with (or move in tandem with) the volume of production. You will

notice a recurring theme throughout this chapter—activity-based costing systems usually

reveal that low-volume products cost more and high-volume products cost less than

reported by conventional cost systems.

HELPFUL HINT

EXHIBIT 6–2The Activity-Based Costing Model

STOREROOM

Cost Objects

Customer Orders Require:

Activities Consume:

Activities

Scheduling

Labour

Sewing

Equipment

Inspection

Energy

Shipping

Supplies

Resources

Resources Cost Money.

SCHEDULE


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

218 Chapter 6

cost bucket in which costs related to a particular activity are accumulated. The activity measure expresses how much of the activity is carried out (i.e., activity volume) and is used as the allocation base for applying overhead costs to products and services. For ex-ample, the number of customer complaints is a natural choice of an activity measure for the activity handling customer complaints. An activity rate is a predetermined overhead rate in an ABC system, as is illustrated in Exhibit 6–4. Each activity has its own activity rate that is used to apply overhead costs. For example, the activity maintenance would have its own activity cost pool. If the total cost in this activity cost pool is $150,000 and the total expected activity is 1,000 maintenance-hours, the predetermined overhead rate (i.e., activity rate) for this activity will be $150 per maintenance-hour ($150,000 4 1,000 maintenance-hours 5 $150 per maintenance-hour). Note that this amount does not depend on how many jobs are completed or how many units are produced during a month. A small job requiring maintenance would be charged $150 per maintenance-hour—just the same as a large job. Taking each activity in isolation, this system works exactly like it does in job-order cost-ing system described in Chapter 4. A predetermined overhead rate is computed for each activity and then applied to cost objects based on the volume of activity consumed by that cost object. The ABC system can be used by organizations with a job-order costing system or a process costing system. In job-order costing, the desired cost object is a specific job, whereas in a process-costing system, it is a process (or a department).

EXHIBIT 6–3Examples of Activities

Receiving customerorders

Handling customercomplaints

Billing customers

Machining

Assembly

Production scheduling

Product testing

Processing payroll

ACCOUNTING COSTPOOL

MANUFACTURING COST

CUSTOMER SERVICECOST POOL

Processing a creditapplication

Preparing performancereports

Processing accountspayable or accounts

receivable

EXHIBIT 6–4Activity Rate Predetermined activity rate

Estimated activity costsEstimated activity volume�

We illustrate the design of an activity-based costing system using the example of Comtek Sound, Inc. (see the Managerial Accounting in Action box at the beginning of this chapter). Designing an ABC system includes at least the following seven steps:

1. Identify activities and create an activity dictionary. 2. Create activity cost pools. 3. Identify the resources consumed by individual activity cost pools.

LO2 • Apply

CC3: Design an activity-based costing

system.

Designing an Activity-Based Costing System


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


4. Identify the activity measure for each activity cost pool. 5. Estimate the total activity volume for each measure. 6. Compute a predetermined activity rate for each activity cost pool. 7. Allocate activity costs to desired cost objects.

Step 1: Identify Activities and Create an Activity Dictionary

In most companies, hundreds or even thousands of different activities cause overhead costs. These activities range from taking a telephone order to training new employees. Designing and maintaining a complex costing system that includes all of these activities would be prohibitively expensive. The challenge in designing an activity-based costing system is to identify a manageable number of activities that explain the bulk of the variation in overhead costs. This is usually done by interviewing a broad range of managers in the organization to identify the activi-ties they think are important and consume most of the resources they manage. This often results in a long list of potential activities that might be included in the ABC system. This list is refined and pruned in consultation with top managers; related activities are com-bined to reduce the amount of detail and recordkeeping costs. For example, several tasks might be involved in handling and moving raw materials, but these might be combined into a single activity called materials handling. The end result of this stage of the design process is an activity dictionary that defines each of the activities to be included in the system and specifies how each will be measured.

Step 2: Create Activity Cost Pools

In a manufacturing firm, should we expect all activities to be directly related to production volume? In other words, must the organization perform every activity listed in the activity dictionary each time an additional unit is manufactured? The answer is no. Some activities will be performed each time, but others may not be.

HIERARCHY OF ACTIVITIES Generally, a manufacturing organization can classify its activities into four types: (1) unit level, (2) batch level, (3) product level, and (4) facility level. Exhibit 6–5 lists the activities in Comtek Sound, Inc. using this four-level hierarchi-cal classification scheme. Using such a classification scheme allows designers of an ABC system to examine whether activities can be meaningfully combined to simplify the sys-tem and to identify appropriate activity measures that can be used to allocate activity costs to cost objects. Unit-level activities are performed every time a unit is produced. The costs of unit-level activities should be proportional to the number of units produced. For example, the assembly of a Blu-ray disc player (in Comtek) would be a unit-level activity, since every unit has to be assembled.

LO2 • Know

CC4: Describe the hierarchical

classification of activities.

LO2 • Know

CC5: Distinguish between unit-, batch-,

product-, and facility-level activities.

EXHIBIT 6–5Examples of Activities and Activity Measures in Comtek Sound, Inc.

Activity Type Activity Activity Measure

Unit level Machining Machine-hours Assembly Direct labour-hoursBatch level Machine setup Number of setups Production scheduling Number of production orders Product testing Number of tests Materials receipts Number of receiptsProduct level Parts administration Number of part numbersFacility level* General factory administration Direct labour-hours

*Facility-level costs cannot be traced on a cause-and-effect basis to individual products.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

220 Chapter 6

Batch-level activities consist of tasks performed every time a batch (or lot) is pro-cessed, such as scheduling production orders, setting up equipment (i.e., getting equip-ment ready for producing the next batch of products), and receiving materials that are purchased from several suppliers. Costs at the batch level depend on the number of batches processed, rather than on the number of units produced. For example, the cost of process-ing a purchase order is the same, regardless of whether one unit or 5,000 units of an item are ordered. Thus, the total cost of a batch-level activity, such as purchasing, is a function of the number of orders placed. Product-level activities (sometimes called product-sustaining activities) relate to spe-cific products and typically must be carried out regardless of how many batches or units of the product are manufactured. Product-level activities include maintaining information regarding the parts for a product (also known as parts administration), issuing engineering change notices to modify a product to meet a customer’s specifications, and developing special test routines when a product is first placed into production. These activities gener-ally depend on the number of different products a company produces. Facility-level activities (also called organization-sustaining activities) are carried out re-gardless of which products are produced, how many batches are run, or how many units are made. Facility-level costs include such items as factory management salaries, insurance, property taxes, and building depreciation. The costs of facility-level activities are often com-bined into a single cost pool and allocated to products using an arbitrary basis such as direct labour-hours. Allocating such costs to products can result in misleading data and bad deci-sions (especially if facility-level costs are a significant portion of total overhead costs). How-ever, facility-level costs must be allocated to meet external reporting requirements.

Students often struggle to grasp the meaning of unit-level, batch-level, and product-level

activities. Imagine a professor who teaches one section of managerial accounting that in-

cludes 35 students, and one section of financial accounting that includes 25 students. In this

example, the two courses represent two separate products. The activity preparing a syllabus

would be a product-level activity because it needs to be performed once for each course

regardless of the number of class meetings during the semester or the number of enrolled

students per class. The activity preparing a lesson plan would be a batch-level activity be-

cause it needs to be performed once for each class session regardless of the number of

enrolled students in each class. The activity marking exams would be a unit-level activity

because it needs to be performed once for each student enrolled in each class.

HELPFUL HINT

HOW MUCH DOES IT COST TO HANDLE A PIECE OF LUGGAGE?

It costs an airline about $15 to carry a piece of checked luggage from one destination to another. The activity transporting luggage consists of numerous subactivities, such as tag-ging bags, sorting them, placing them on carts, transporting them planeside, loading them into the airplane, and delivering them to carousels and connecting flights. A variety of employees invest a portion of their labour-hours transporting luggage, in-cluding ground personnel, check-in agents, service clerks, baggage service managers, and maintenance workers. In total, labour costs are $9 per bag. Airlines also spend millions of dollars on baggage equipment, sorting systems, carts, tractors, and conveyors, as well as rental costs related to bag rooms, carousels, and offices. They also pay to deliver misplaced bags to customers’ homes and to compensate customers for lost bags that are never found. These expenses add up to about $4 per bag. The final expense related to transporting lug-gage is fuel costs, which average about $2 per bag. Many major airlines are now charging fees for checked luggage. In fact, United Airlines (a partner airline of Air Canada) expects to collect $275 million annually for its first- and second-bag fees.Source: Scott McCartney, “What It Costs an Airline to Fly Your Luggage,” The Wall Street Journal,November 25, 2008, pp. D1 and D8.

IN BUSINESS


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Step 3: Identify the Resources Consumed by Individual

Activity Cost Pools

An important step after creating the activity cost pools is to identify the resources con-sumed by individual activity cost pools. As an example, let us identify the resources con-sumed by the activity cost pool product testing. It will include resources such as salaries of testers, depreciation of testing equipment, and cost of testing supplies that can be directly traced to the cost pool. Other resources will include utilities, maintenance, and building rent (or depreciation) that may be common across all activity cost pools. Such resources must be assigned to the individual cost pools. As an example, the cost of building rent may be assigned on the basis of the space consumed by product testing activity. For instance, the activities included in the product testing activity cost pool may be carried out using 20% of the total space in the facility. This would mean that 20% of the building-related costs must be allocated to the product testing activity cost pool. Exhibit 6–6 illustrates steps 3 to 7.

Step 4: Identify the Activity Measure for Each Activity Cost Pool

Once the amount of cost assigned to the product testing activity cost pool is known, the next step is to identify an activity measure that will be used to assign the cost of this activity cost pool to final cost objects; in Exhibit 6–6, the activity measure chosen is number of tests. Ideally, the activity measure must be the cost driver for this activity cost pool (i.e., the variable that causes costs to increase or decrease). However, it is difficult to identify a cost driver for each activity cost pool. This is particularly the case for facility-level activities.

Estimated Costs of Various Manufacturing Overhead Resources

First StageAssigned to

Cost Allocation

Unit-Level Activities Batch-Level Activities Product-LevelActivities

Facility-LevelActivities

Activitycost pool

Activitymeasure

Activityrate

Assembly Machining MachineSetup

ProductionScheduling

ProductTesting

MaterialsReceipts

PartsAdmin.

GeneralFactory

Directlabour-hours

Machine-hours

Numberof setups

Numberof orders

Numberof tests

Number ofreceipts

Numberof part

numbers

Machine-hours

$1.60/DLH $2.10/MH $400/setup $375/order $85/test $200/order $500/part no. $2/MH

Second Stage Assigned to Cost Allocation

Final Cost Objects (Blu-Ray disc player and DVD player)

EXHIBIT 6–6 Comtek’s ABC System Flow Chart


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

222 Chapter 6

Step 5: Estimate the Total Activity Volume for Each Measure

Continuing with the product testing activity cost pool, the activity volume will be the esti-mated number of tests conducted during a certain period. Since product testing is a batch-level activity, the volume of the activity measure will depend on the estimated number of batches to be produced as well as the testing policy (e.g., five tests per batch).

Step 6: Compute a Predetermined Activity Rate for Each

Activity Cost Pool

Next, we compute an activity rate using the formula presented in Exhibit 6–4. Assume that, after completing step 1 of the ABC process, an amount of $1.7 million was allocated to the product testing cost pool at the beginning of the period, and that after completing steps 2 to 5, the total activity volume was estimated at 20,000 tests. The predetermined activity rate is then computed as $85 per test ($1,700,000 4 20,000). Steps 3 to 6 explained above are included in the first stage of cost allocation, as illus-trated in Exhibit 6–6.

Step 7: Allocate Activity Costs to Desired Cost Objects

Step 7 represents the second stage of the cost allocation process. In the second stage, costs from the different pools are allocated to the desired cost objects using the activity rate and the volume of activity measure consumed by that cost object. The $85 rate computed above for the product testing cost pool is used to assign costs to the desired cost objects (say, prod-ucts). If the DVD player required 4,000 tests to be conducted, $340,000 (5 $85 3 4,000) would be assigned to this product. Note that this procedure is similar to what was explained in Chapter 4; the only difference is that the ABC system has multiple overhead cost pools that are based on activities. This means that activity consumption information must be collected for individual cost objects.

CONCEPT CHECK 1. Which of the following statements are false? (You may select more than one answer.)

a. In recent years, most companies have experienced increasing manufacturing over

head costs in relation to direct labour costs.

b. Activity-based costing systems may use direct labour-hours and/or machine-hours to

assign unit-level costs to products.

c. Facility-level costs are not caused by particular products.

d. Product-level costs are larger for high-volume products than for low-volume products.

Note to student: See Guidance

Answers online.

Different products make different demands on overhead resources. This difference in de-mand on resources is not recognized by traditional costing systems, which assume that overhead resources are consumed in direct proportion to a single allocation base, such as direct labour-hours. Let us go back to Comtek Sound, Inc. and examine how ABC costs are different from the costs calculated using a traditional costing system.

Comtek Sound, Inc.’s Basic Data

Tom Frazier and the ABC team immediately began gathering basic information relating to the company’s two products. As a basis for its study, the team decided to use the cost and other data planned for the current year. A summary of some of this information fol-lows. For the current year, the company has budgeted to sell 50,000 Blu-ray disc players and 200,000 DVD players. Both products require two direct labour-hours to complete. Therefore, the company plans to work 500,000 direct labour-hours (DLHs) during the current year, computed as follows:

Using Activity-Based Costing


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Hours

Blu-ray disc player: 50,000 units 3 2 DLHs per unit. . . . . . . . . . 100,000DVD player: 200,000 units 3 2 DLHs per unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000Total direct labour-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500,000

Blu-Ray DVD Disc Player Player

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $90 $50Direct labour (at $10 per DLH) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20

Costs for materials and labour for one unit of each product are given below:

The company’s estimated manufacturing overhead costs for the current year amount to $10 million. The company has always used DLHs as the base for assigning overhead costs to its products. The ABC team discovered that both products use the same number of DLHs per unit, but the Blu-ray disc player uses more machine-hours per unit and requires greater testing. Moreover, the Blu-ray disc player is produced in much smaller lot (batch) sizes than the DVD player. As a result, machines are required to be set up more frequently, thereby requiring more setups. With these data in hand, the ABC team was prepared to begin the design of the new activity-based costing system. But first, they wanted to compute the cost of each product using the company’s existing cost system.

As you continue to read through the Comtek Sound, Inc. example, keep the following “big

picture” insight in mind. The company’s existing cost system and the ABC system will both

assign a total of $10 million in manufacturing overhead costs to the two products. In other

words, the total amount of the “pie” being assigned to DVD players and Blu-ray disc players

will be the same in both cost systems. However, the two cost systems will assign different

portions of the pie to each product—as you will see.

HELPFUL HINT

Direct Labour-Hours as a Base

Under the company’s existing costing system, the company’s predetermined overhead rate would be $20 per direct labour-hour. The rate is computed as follows:

Predetermined overhead rate 5Estimated total manufacturing overhead

Estimated total direct labour-hours 1DLHs2

5$10,000,000

500,000 DLHs 5 $20 per DLH

Using this rate, the ABC team then computed the unit product costs as given below:

Blu-Ray DVD Disc Player Player

Direct materials (above). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 90 $ 50Direct labour (above) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20Manufacturing overhead (2 DLHs 3 $20 per DLH) . . . . . . 40 40Unit product cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $150 $110


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

224 Chapter 6

Tom Frazier explained to the ABC team that the problem with this costing approach is that it relies only on labour time in assigning overhead cost to products and does not consider the impact of other factors—such as setups and testing—in determining the costs of the two products. Since these other factors are being ignored and the two products require equal amounts of labour time, they are assigned equal amounts of overhead cost. Frazier said that while this method of computing costs is fast and simple, it is accurate only in those situations where other factors affecting overhead costs are not significant. Frazier stated that he believed these other factors to be significant in the case of Comtek Sound, Inc., and he was anxious for the team to analyze the various activities of the com-pany to see their impact on costs.

Computing Activity Rates

The ABC team then analyzed Comtek Sound, Inc.’s operations and identified eight major activities to be included in the new activity-based costing system. (These eight activities are identical to those illustrated previously in Exhibit 6–6.) Cost and other data relating to the activities are presented in Exhibit 6–7.

LO2 • Apply

CC6: Compute activity rates used to

allocate costs to cost objects.

EXHIBIT 6–7 Comtek Sound’s Activity-Based Costing System

Basic Data

Estimated Overhead Expected Activity VolumeActivities and Activity Measures Cost DVD Player Blu-Ray Disc Player Total

Assembly (direct labour-hours). . . . . . . . . . . $ 800,000 400,000 100,000 500,000Machining (machine-hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100,000 700,000 300,000 1,000,000Machine setups (setups) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600,000 1,000 3,000 4,000Production scheduling (orders). . . . . . . . . . . 450,000 800 400 1,200Product testing (tests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700,000 4,000 16,000 20,000Materials receipts (receipts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000 3,200 1,800 5,000Parts administration (part types) . . . . . . . . . . 350,000 300 400 700General factory (machine-hours). . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000 700,000 300,000 1,000,000 $10,000,000

Computation of Activity Rates

Estimated Overhead Total Expected Cost Activity Volume Activity RateActivities (a) (b) (a) 4 (b)

Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 800,000 500,000 DLHs $ 1.60 per DLHMachining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100,000 1,000,000 MHs 2.10 per MHMachine setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600,000 4,000 setups 400.00 per setupProduction scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450,000 1,200 orders 375.00 per orderProduct testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700,000 20,000 tests 85.00 per testMaterials receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000 5,000 receipts 200.00 per receiptParts administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000 700 part numbers 500.00 per part numberGeneral factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000 1,000,000 MHs 2.00 per MH

(continued)

bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 224 8/9/13 11:29 AM f-w-166 bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 224 8/9/13 11:29 AM f-w-166 /204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles/204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles

Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Computation of the Overhead Cost per Unit of Product

Blu-Ray Disc Player DVD Player

Expected Activity Expected ActivityActivities and Activity Rates Volume Amount Volume Amount

Assembly, at $1.60 per DLH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 DLH $ 160,000 400,000 DLH $ 640,000Machining, at $2.10 per MH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 MH 630,000 700,000 MH 1,470,000Machine setups, at $400 per setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 setups 1,200,000 1,000 setups 400,000Production scheduling, at $375 per order . . . . . . . 400 orders 150,000 800 orders 300,000Product testing, at $85 per test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,000 tests 1,360,000 4,000 tests 340,000Materials receipts, at $200 per receipt. . . . . . . . . . . 1,800 receipts 360,000 3,200 receipts 640,000Parts administration, at $500 per part number . . . 400 part numbers 200,000 300 part numbers 150,000General factory, at $2 per MH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 MH 600,000 700,000 MH 1,400,000Total overhead costs assigned (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,660,000 $5,340,000Number of units produced (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000 200,000Overhead cost per unit (a) 4 (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 93.20 $ 26.70

Students often make the mistake of trying to determine an activity rate for each product. This

is incorrect; you should compute only one activity rate for each activity cost pool. The activity

rate is then multiplied by the amount of the activity measure used by each product to assign

overhead costs to that product.

HELPFUL HINT

As shown in the Basic Data panel at the top of Exhibit 6–7, the ABC team estimated the amount of overhead cost for each activity cost pool, along with the expected activity volume for the current year. The machine setups activity cost pool, for example, has been assigned $1,600,000 in overhead cost. The company expects to complete 4,000 setups dur-ing the year, of which 3,000 will be for the Blu-ray disc player and 1,000 will be for the DVD player. Data for other activities are also shown in the exhibit. The ABC team then determined an activity rate for each activity (see the middle panel in Exhibit 6–7). The rate for machine setups, for example, was calculated by dividing the total estimated overhead cost in the activity cost pool, $1,600,000, by the expected amount of activity, 4,000 setups. The result was the activity rate of $400 per setup. This process was repeated for each of the other activities in the ABC system.

Computing Product Costs

Once the activity rates were determined, it was then easy to compute the overhead cost that would be allocated to each product (see the bottom panel of Exhibit 6–7). For exam-ple, the amount of machine setup cost allocated to the Blu-ray disc player was determined by multiplying the activity rate of $400 per setup by the 3,000 expected setups for Blu-ray disc players during the year. This yielded a total of $1,200,000 in machine setup costs to be assigned to the Blu-ray disc players. Observe from the exhibit that the use of an activity approach has resulted in $93.20 in overhead cost being assigned to each Blu-ray disc player and $26.70 to each DVD player. The ABC team then used these amounts to determine unit product costs under activity-based costing, as presented in the table below. For comparison, the table also shows the unit costs derived earlier when direct labour was used as the only base for assigning overhead costs to the products:

LO2 • Apply

CC7: Assign activity costs to cost

objects, and compute unit costs.

EXHIBIT 6–7 (continued)


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

226 Chapter 6

2. Carlson Company uses activity-based costing to compute product costs for external re-

ports. The company has three activity cost pools and applies overhead using predeter-

mined overhead rates for each activity cost pool. The current year’s estimated costs and

activities as well as the actual activities are presented below: Note to student: See Guidance

Answers online.

CONCEPT CHECK

Estimated Overhead Cost Expected Activity Actual Activity

Activity 1 $34,300 1,400 1,415

Activity 2 20,520 1,800 1,805

Activity 3 36,112 1,600 1,585

The amount of overhead applied for Activity 3 during the year was closest to

a. $38,832

b. $36,107

c. $36,112

d. $35,773

Activity- Direct Labour– Based Costing Based Costing

Blu-Ray DVD Blu-Ray DVD Disc Player Player Disc Player Player

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 90.00 $50.00 $ 90.00 $ 50.00Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00Manufacturing overhead . . . . . . . 93.20 26.70 40.00 40.00Unit product cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $203.20 $96.70 $150.00 $110.00

The ABC team members were shocked by their findings, which Tom Frazier summa-rized as follows in the team’s report: “In the past, the company has been charging $40 in overhead cost per unit to both the products, whereas it should have been charging $93.20 in overhead cost to each Blu-ray disc player and only $26.70 to each DVD player. Thus, as a result of using direct labour as the base for overhead costing, unit product costs have been badly distorted. The company may even have been suffering a loss on the Blu-ray disc player without knowing it because the cost of these units has been so vastly under-stated. Through activity-based costing, we have been able to better identify the overhead costs of each product and thus derive more accurate cost data.” Why is there such a large difference between the overhead costs under the two systems? To answer this, let us go back to the top panel of Exhibit 6–7, which shows the consump-tion of the activities to produce 200,000 DVD players and 50,000 Blu-ray disc players (4:1 ratio). While the consumption of direct labour-hours is in the ratio of 4:1, the consump-tion of other activities does not follow the same pattern. For example, the consumption of the machine setups activity is in the ratio of 1:3, and that of production scheduling is in the ratio of 2:1. The use of a single plantwide overhead allocation rate does not allow Comtek’s managers to capture the above differences in activity consumption. On the other hand, the use of multiple activities and multiple activity measures provides for a better understand-ing and assignment of the overhead costs. The pattern of cost distortion shown by the ABC team’s findings is quite common. Such a distortion can happen in any company that relies on a single allocation base in assigning overhead cost to products, ignoring other significant factors affecting overhead cost incur-rence. When a company implements activity-based costing, overhead cost often shifts from high-volume products to low-volume products, with a higher unit product cost re-sulting for the low-volume products. This results from the existence of batch-level and product-level costs, which do not vary with the number of units produced.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


THE WRAP-UP

The ABC team presented the results of their work in a meeting attended by all the top managers of Comtek Sound, including president Sarah Kastler, production manager Frank Hines, marketing manager Nicole Sermone, and accounting manager Tom Frazier. After the formal presentation by the ABC team, the following discussion took place:

Kastler: I would like to thank the ABC team for all the work they have done. I am now beginning to wonder about some of the decisions we made in the past using our old cost accounting system.Sermone: It’s obvious from this ABC information that we had everything backward. We thought the competition was pricing below cost on the DVD player, but in fact we were overcharging because our costs were overstated. And we thought the competition was overpricing the Blu-ray disc player, but, in fact, our prices were way too low because our costs for these units were understated. I’ll bet the competition has really been laughing behind our backs!Kastler: You can bet they won’t be laughing when they see our next bids.Sermone: Tom, I am beginning to think that the ABC method could be used to better understand our other costs as well.Frazier: You bet! The principles of ABC will not change—only the activities and the activity bases will change. Should I think of this as my next project?

MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING IN ACTION

comtek S O U N D , I N C .

Although initially developed as a tool for computing product costs in manufacturing com-panies, activity-based costing is now also being used to assign their marketing and admin-istrative costs to desired cost objects. For example, many companies assign marketing costs to different customer groups to analyze customer profitability. Activity-based costing has also been implemented by various service organizations, such as banks, hospitals, cit-ies, and data service companies. Successful implementation of an activity-based costing system depends on identifying the key activities that generate costs and tracking how many of those activities are performed for each service the organization provides. As a result, companies can move beyond product profitability analysis to customer profitability analysis and even channel profitability analysis (see the examples given below).

Examples of Using Activity-Based Costing in Allocating

Nonmanufacturing Costs

Activity-based costing can be used to assign selling and administrative expenses. Often, manufacturing companies have a diverse customer base, and companies might use differ-ent combinations of marketing strategies and distribution channels to serve their diverse customer groups. For example, Ireland-based Dublin Shirt Company,1 a wholly owned subsidiary of an American parent, has three different types of customer groups and uses three different marketing approaches to obtain business from its customer groups (includ-ing independent commission-based salespeople and advertising). Moreover, there are sig-nificant differences in the number of individual customers within each group (fewer than 10 in one group versus more than 800 in another). The use of activity-based costing, as opposed to allocating marketing and sales costs using sales revenues as an allocation base, provided a better understanding of the marketing resources consumed by each customer group. Similarly, Shell Gabon, a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell in the busi-ness of oil exploration and production,2 decided to apply activity-based costing to assign its business management department’s costs. The business management department housed a number of diverse processes, including procurement, information technology, financial

LO2 • Know

CC8: Describe the use of activity-based

costing in nonmanufacturing

organizations.

Activity-Based Costing in Nonmanufacturing Functions and Organizations


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

228 Chapter 6

services, and internal audit; each of these processes consisted of several activities. Manage-ment found that the implementation of an ABC system helped them better understand all the diverse range of activities being carried out, and thus helped them manage activities and therefore costs. The use of activity-based costing allowed managers in both these organizations to en-hance their understanding of costs as well as assess the performance of the cost objects (e.g., customer groups in the case of Dublin Shirt Company).

Example of Using Activity-Based Costing

in Service Companies3

Organizations such as banks deal with significant variety in terms of the needs of their clients. Moreover, individual clients can obtain financial services through different chan-nels, such as a local branch, a centralized call centre, the bank’s online services, or brokers. Airlines face a similar situation, in the sense that a traveller has a choice of channels for buying a ticket (online at the airline’s or a third party’s website, through a travel agent, or by calling the airline). While there might be differences on the revenue side for the organi-zation (e.g., fare differences, depending upon how a ticket is purchased), there might also be significant differences on the cost side. For example, maintaining the online reservation system calls on resources quite different from those required for maintaining the ticketing activity using travel agents. Traditional cost systems that allocate costs using a single allo-cation base (e.g., sales revenue) are not designed to capture the differences in costs per-taining to the different channels. On the other hand, a properly designed activity-based costing system can allow for these differences, which would then enable the organization to prepare a channel profitability report. Such a report can be helpful to the organization in making decisions regarding the different channels.

(Note: This is a continuation of the Working It Out question in Chapter 4.)

Gilbert Company is a job-order manufacturer specializing in manufacturing gear boxes to

meet customers’ individual requirements. For 2015, it estimated overhead costs of

$12,560,000 to be allocated using an activity-based costing system (see the table below).

Gilbert also estimated that direct labour will be paid at the rate of $15 per hour.

WORKING IT OUT

Activity Estimated Cost Driver Total Quantity of Cost Pool Cost (allocation base) Allocation Base

Indirect materials $ 1,450,000 Direct materials $6,590,910

Indirect labour 2,000,000 Direct labour 100,000 hours

and supervision

Utilities 3,598,000 Power consumption 20,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh)

Inspection 4,200,000 Inspection 15,000 inspections

Depreciation 1,312,000 Machine usage 160,000 machine-hours

$12,560,000

Job 2015-A1 Job 2015-A2

Direct materials cost $ 6,500 $ 22,000

Direct labour cost $42,000 $165,000

Machine-hours 1,800 7,000

Number of inspections 200 200

Power consumed (kWh) 800 800

Number of units 20 100

During January 2015, Gilbert worked on two jobs, which consumed the following resources:


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


At the end of the year, Gilbert recorded the consumption of resources as follows: direct

materials, $6,660,800; direct labour, 101,540 hours; machine-hours, 158,700; power

consumption, 20,370 kilowatt-hours; number of inspections, 14,780. The company also

recorded actual overhead amounting to $12,538,250.

Required1. Compute the activity rate for each activity cost pool.

2. Compute the cost per unit using activity-based costing.

3. Determine the total manufacturing overhead applied to jobs during the year.

4. Calculate the under- or overapplied overhead for the year, and show how you will

dispose of this amount at the end of the year.

Solution

1. The activity rates are as follows:

As an example, the computation of the activity rate for inspection is shown below:

Activity rate 5Estimated activity cost

Estimated activity volume

5$4,200,000

15,000 inspections

5 $280 per inspection

2. The per-unit costs for each of the two jobs are as follows:

Activity Estimated Total Quantity of Cost Pool Cost Allocation Base Activity Rate

Indirect materials $ 1,450,000 $6,590,910 22% of direct labour cost

Indirect labour 2,000,000 100,000 $20 per direct labour-hour

and supervision

Utilities 3,598,000 20,000 $179.90 per kilowatt-hour

Inspection 4,200,000 15,000 $280 per inspection

Depreciation 1,312,000 160,000 $8.20 per machine-hour

$12,560,000

Job 2015-A1 Job 2015-A2

Direct materials cost $ 6,500 $ 22,000

Direct labour 42,000 165,000

Indirect materials 1,430a 4,840b

Indirect labour and supervision 56,000c 220,000d

Utilities 143,920e 143,920f

Inspection 56,000g 56,000h

Depreciation 14,760i 57,400j

Total job cost $ 380,670 $ 669,160

Number of units 20 100

Cost per unit $16,030.50 $6,691.60

Calculations:

a$1,430 5 22% of $6,500

b$4,840 5 22% of $22,000

c$56,000 5 $20 3 ($42,000 4 $15 per hour)

d$220,000 5 $20 3 ($165,000 4 $15 per hour)

e$143,920 5 $179.90 3 800

f$143,920 5 $179.90 3 800

g$56,000 5 $280 3 200

h$56,000 5 $280 3 200

i$14,760 5 $8.20 3 1,800

j$57,400 5 $8.20 3 7,000


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

230 Chapter 6

We now contrast the costs calculated here with those calculated in Chapter 4, where we

applied overhead using a single plantwide overhead allocation rate using machine-hours as

the allocation base (see table below):

The use of multiple overhead rates in ABC results in very different overhead amounts be-

ing assigned to each of the two jobs; the total cost of job A1 increased by 69%, whereas the

total cost of job A2 decreased by over 9%. Moreover, it helps in understanding activities as

well as investigating them to identify areas of improvement (this process is known as activity-

based management, which we discuss a little later in the chapter).

3. Total manufacturing overhead applied to all jobs during the year amounted to

$12,600,479 (see computations below).

4.

Plantwide Overhead Allocation Rate Activity-Based Costing

Job A1 Total cost $189,800 $380,670.00

Cost per unit 9,490 16,030.50

Job A2 Total cost 736,500 669,160.00

Cost per unit 7,365 6,691.60

Indirect materials 22% of $6,660,800 of direct materials $ 1,465,376

Indirect labour and supervision $20 3 101,540 DLH 2,030,800

Utilities $179.90 3 20,370 kWh 3,664,563

Inspection $280 3 14,780 inspections 4,138,400

Depreciation $8.20 3 158,700 machine-hours 1,301,340

Total overhead applied $12,600,479

Applied overhead 5 $12,600,479

Actual overhead 5 12,538,250

Overapplied overhead 5 $ 62,229

Note: Compare the applied overhead amount in this question to the amount in the same

question in Chapter 4; when machine-hours are used as the allocation base, the amount of

overhead applied is $12,457,950. This will result in underapplied overhead of $80,300. In

contrast, when overhead is applied using activity-based costing, the applied overhead is

$12,600,479, which results in overapplied overhead of $62,229. The difference in applied

overhead under the two methods is $142,529. Although the applied overhead can rarely be

equal to the actual overhead, it is expected that a more elaborate overhead allocation

method (like ABC) can help in reducing the difference between the two amounts. This

is because a better understanding of activities can help managers to more accurately esti-

mate costs.

LEGAL FIRM BUSINESS MANAGER

You have been hired to manage the business dealings of a local legal firm with a staff of 6 attorneys, 10 paralegals, and 5 support staff. Clients of the firm are billed a fixed amount per hour of attorney time. The fixed hourly charge is determined each year by dividing the total cost of the legal office for the preceding year by the total billed hours of attorney time for that year. A markup of 25% is then added to this average cost per hour of billed attor-ney time to provide for a profit and for inflation.


Answers online.

DECISION POINT


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


The firm’s partners are concerned because the business has been unprofitable for sev-eral years. The firm has been losing its smaller clients to other local firms—largely be-cause its fees have become uncompetitive. In addition, the firm has been attracting larger clients with more complex legal problems from its competitors. To serve these demanding larger clients, the firm must subscribe to expensive online legal reference services, hire additional paralegals and staff, and lease additional office space. What do you think might be the reason for the unprofitable operations in recent years? What might be done to improve the situation for the coming year?

Although the discussion of activity-based costing suggests that it might be a useful tool for managers, it is important to examine ABC in greater detail, including its po-tential limitations.

Benefits of Activity-Based Costing

There are at least three different benefits of implementing an activity-based costing sys-tem, as discussed below.

ACCURATE COSTING The initial purpose of implementing an activity-based costing system was to improve the accuracy of costs assigned to cost objects (e.g., product costs). ABC improves the accuracy of product costs in three ways. First, it usually accumulates overhead costs in multiple activity cost pools that represent the major activities, instead of in just one or two pools. As a result, the allocation is based on a better matching of the consumption of resources by cost objects. Second, the activity cost pools are more homogeneous than departmental cost pools. In principle, all the costs in a single activity cost pool pertain to a single activity or a set of related activities. In contrast, departmental cost pools contain costs of many different ac-tivities carried out in a department. Third, ABC does not rely just on volume-based allocation bases (such as direct labour-hours or machine-hours) to assign overhead. Instead, managers use a combination of volume-based and non-volume-based activity measures to assign overhead costs to cost objects. The non-volume-based activity measures include the batch-level and product-level activity measures illustrated previously in the chapter. The focus of ABC is to identify the activities or factors that cause or drive costs and use them as allocation bases. In doing so, the system attempts to establish a cause–effect relationship between the overhead costs and the allocation bases.

COST ESTIMATION Increased accuracy in overhead allocation means that compa-nies can do a better job of estimating costs. In today’s competitive world, many companies are finding that they have less flexibility in setting their prices; they are largely market driven. Consequently, managers in these companies must identify a target cost that they can work toward to generate a desired profit margin. Activity-based costing can be a valu-able tool in providing relevant cost information to managers in identifying the target costs and also in monitoring a company’s progress toward achieving the target costs. It can also help in estimating costs related to quality. (See Appendix 6A on Connect.)

ACTIVITY-BASED MANAGEMENT An important benefit of using ABC is that it al-lows managers to identify activities that could be improved, resulting in greater efficiency and lower costs. Indeed, this is the benefit of activity-based costing most widely cited by managers.4 When used in this manner, it is often called activity-based management.

LO3 • Know

CC9: Explain the benefits and limitations

of activity-based costing.

Evaluating Activity-Based Costing


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

232 Chapter 6

Essentially, activity-based management (ABM) involves focusing on activities to elimi-nate waste. In other words, ABM is a tool that can supplement management practices such as total quality management and process reengineering, which were described in Chapter 1. As mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, RONA Inc. used ABM to iden-tify waste in order to reduce costs. The first step in any improvement program is to decide what to improve. The theory of constraints (TOC) approach discussed in Chapter 1 is a powerful tool for targeting the area in an organization whose improvement will yield the greatest benefit. An ABC system can provide valuable information. For example, Comtek’s managers may wonder why it costs $375, on average, to process a purchase order (see Exhibit 6–7). Such a question arises when organizations decide on benchmarking their costs against the costs of similar organizations known for their outstanding performance. Once the activity is targeted for improvement, managers can use the ABM approach to study the activity in greater detail and identify ways to eliminate the wasteful consumption of resources. Some activities deemed not to add any value (i.e., non-value-added activities) are targeted for elimination. However, man-agers must ensure that eliminating a certain activity does not negatively impact other ac-tivities. There is scope for improvement in how value-added activities are carried out. Managers can look for ways to eliminate redundancies and improve efficiencies.

Limitations of Activity-Based Costing

Any discussion of activity-based costing is incomplete without some cautions. First, the cost of implementing and maintaining an ABC system may outweigh the benefits. Second, it would be naive to assume that product costs—even when provided by an activity-based costing system—are always relevant when making decisions. These limitations are discussed below.

THE COST OF IMPLEMENTING ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING Implementing ABC is a major project that involves a great deal of effort. First, to be most useful, the cost system must be designed by a cross-functional team, which necessitates taking valued employees away from other tasks for a major project. In addition, the data used in the ABC system must be collected and verified. In some cases, this requires collecting data

ABC HELPING CANADIAN BLOOD SERVICES

Activity-based costing (ABC) has given Canadian Blood Services (CBS) a better under-standing of its business processes. The Ottawa-based nonprofit group is responsible for Canada’s blood supply and fulfills this mission by collecting blood products from donors and supplying them to hospitals across the country (except in Quebec). One benefit of implementing ABC is activity-based management, which allows organi-zations to better understand their activities and processes; the costing aspect enhances this benefit by identifying the cost of the resources required by an organization to carry out its activities or processes. User-friendly and versatile ABC software further enhances the use-fulness of ABC, because it serves as a good tool not only for costing but also for planning and budgeting, as observed by Alex Reyes, CBS’s manager for cost accounting. Starting in 2007, CBS established a culture of efficiency. Over the years, CBS has gradu-ally reduced its cost per unit, which represents an integrated measure of performance. A good understanding of the processes and resources then enables CBS to meet its objectives in a cost-effective manner, particularly in a resource-constrained environment.Sources: Jeff Jedras, “Canadian Blood Services Learns Its ABCs,” Computer World Canada 21(23). © Laurentian Technomedia Inc., 2005, http://www.itworldcanada.com/a/Daily-News/71728d69-cb9d-482d-89d3-3796eea28e09.html; Canadian Blood Services Annual Reports, 2007 and 2012, http://www.bloodservices.ca/centreapps/internet/uw_v502_mainengine.nsf/page/E_Annual-Reports?OpenDocument.

IN BUSINESS


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


that have never been collected before. In short, implementing and maintaining an ABC system can present a formidable challenge, and management may decide that the costs are too great to justify the expected benefits. Nevertheless, keep in mind that the costs of col-lecting and processing data have dropped dramatically in the last two decades due to bar-coding and other technologies, and this trend is expected to continue. When are the benefits of activity-based costing most likely to be worth the cost? Com-panies that have some of the following characteristics are most likely to benefit from ABC:

1. Products differ substantially in volume, in lot size, and in the activities they require. 2. Conditions have changed substantially since the existing cost system was established. 3. Overhead costs are high and increasing, and no one seems to understand why. 4. Management does not trust the existing cost system and ignores cost data from the

system when making decisions.

LIMITATIONS OF THE ABC MODEL The ABC model relies on a number of critical assumptions, the most important of which is that the cost in each activity cost pool is strictly proportional to its activity measure. The issue of whether overhead costs are pro-portional to the driver is of universal concern. What little evidence we have on this sug-gests that overhead costs are less than proportional to activity.5 As a practical matter, this means that product costs will be overstated for the purpose of making decisions. The product costs generated by activity-based costing are almost certainly more accurate than those generated by a traditional costing system, but the product costs should nevertheless be viewed with caution. Managers should be particularly alert to product costs that con-tain allocations of facility-level costs, which are always arbitrary. Such product costs can mislead managers.

MODIFYING THE ABC MODEL The discussion in this chapter has focused on allo-cating manufacturing overhead costs to products. The ABC model can also be used to apply selling and administrative expenses to products, customers, or other cost objects as desired by management. Service organizations, in particular, may find that different types of customers require different resources (e.g., number of sales calls, handling customer complaints) to satisfy their needs. Such organizations may find the ABC approach helpful in allocating customer-related costs. For more complete coverage of the use of ABC in decisions, see more advanced texts.

AND THE SURVEYS SAY . . .

What methods do companies use to compute product costs? To allocate overhead? Surveys reveal mixed results. A survey of about 2,000 U.S. organizations conducted jointly by Ernst & Young and the Institute of Management Accountants revealed that 76% of the respond-ing organizations use full absorption costing and that 70% use direct labour as the base to allocate overhead, revealing the potentially limited use of activity-based costing (ABC). However, other surveys provide slightly different results. In their survey of 85 Fortune 500 corporations in the United States, researchers Rajabali Kiani and Mohammad Sangeladji found that over 51% of the respondents used ABC, although less than 10% had used it for over five years. Similarly, another survey of organizations in India revealed that 48% of the manufacturing and 79% of the nonmanufacturing firms used activity-based costing.Sources: “The State of Management Accounting: The Ernst & Young and IMA Survey,” 2003; R. Kiani and M. Sangeladji, “An Empirical Study about the Use of the ABC/ABM Models by Some of the Fortune 500 Largest Industrial Corporations in the USA,” Journal of American Academy of Business 3, 2003, pp. 174–182; R. Cable, C. Li, and P. Healy, “An Investigation into the Management Accounting Tools in India,” in A. Neely, M. Kennerley, and A. Walters, eds., Performance Measurement and Management 2006: Public and Private, conference proceedings, 2006, pp. 139–146.

IN BUSINESS


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

234 Chapter 6

CITY CONTROLLER

You are the controller of your city office. The managers responsible for utilities and prop-erty taxes have complained to you regarding the charges from support services depart-ments, such as information systems and maintenance. The city recently decided to “charge” the internal users of support services an “appropriate” amount to reflect the cost of these services. After meeting with the cost analyst for the city, you discover that the city uses a single citywide rate to allocate overhead costs. You are puzzled, because you know that the support services departments are quite different from one another and that it does not make sense to combine the overhead costs into one single pool. How do you proceed to resolve the issue?


Answers online.

DECISION POINT

3. Which of the following statements are false? (You may select more than one answer.)

a. Activity-based costing systems usually shift costs from low-volume products to

high-volume products.

b. Benchmarking can be used to identify activities with the greatest potential for

improvement.

c. Activity-based costing is most valuable to companies that manufacture products that

are similar in terms of their volume of production, batch size, and complexity.

d. Activity-based costing systems are based on the assumption that the costs included

in each activity cost pool are strictly proportional to the cost pool’s activity measure.


Answers online.

CONCEPT CHECK

LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUMMARY

LO1 EXPLAIN THE BASICS OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of applying overhead costs on the basis of activities that are carried out by organizations to provide goods and services. ABC differs from traditional costing in two ways. First, unlike in traditional costing, where a single allocation base is used to assign overhead costs, ABC uses multiple allocation bases that each represent an activity cost pool. Second, the activity cost pools are diverse, and both volume-based and non-volume-based activity measures are used to assign the overhead costs.

LO2 APPLY ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

The allocation of overhead costs using ABC consists of two stages: (1) estimating the costs to be included in each activity cost pool, identifying and estimating the volume of each activity measure, and computing the predetermined rate for each activity cost pool, and (2) assigning costs from the activity cost pools to desired cost objects by applying the predetermined activity rate to the actual volume of individual activity measures. Activities are generally classified as unit level, batch level, product level, and facility level.

LO3 UNDERSTAND THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING.

Activity-based costing offers at least three benefits: (1) more accurate costs, (2) better cost estimation, and (3) cost management (called activity-based management). However, ABC is not without its limitations. Three major limitations are (1) implementation (including the cost), (2) limitations of the ABC model in that it will still not result in 100% true costs, and (3) the requirement that the model be adapted for decision-making purposes.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


APPLICATION COMPETENCY SUMMARY

APPLICATION

COMPETENCYDELIVERABLE

SOURCE DOCUMENTS AND

KEY INFORMATION STEPS

KNOWLEDGE

COMPETENCY

Design an ABC system.

• LO2 – CC3

Key InformationActivities

Costs assigned to individual activities

Activity rates

Report/DocumentNo specific document

Work Flow ChartWork flow

Interview TranscriptsNotes from interviews regarding work done and activities

1. Identify activities, and prepare an activity dictionary.

2. Identify activities as unit-, batch-, product-, and facility-level activities.

3. Identify the appropriate activity measure (allocation base) for each activity.

Compute activity rates used to allocate costs to cost objects.

• LO2 – CC6

Key Information Activity rates

Report/DocumentNo specific document

Can be used in preparing other reports for planning and decision making (e.g., standard cost card)

Annual Budget DocumentsBudgeted activity costs

Budgeted activity volume for each activity measure

1. Assign costs to individual activities.

2. Estimate the volume for the corresponding activity measure.

3. Divide activity costs by the volume of the activity measure (activity volume) to determine the activity rate.

Basic approach underlying ABC

• LO1 – CC2

Unit-, batch-, product-, and facility-level classification of activities

• LO2 – CC3, 4

Assign activity costs to cost objects, and compute unit costs.

• LO2 – CC7

Key InformationTotal activity costs assigned to individual cost objects

Cost per unit of individual cost objects

Report/DocumentProduct cost report

Activity Consumption ReportActivity rates

Activity volume consumed by individual cost objects

Volume of the cost object (e.g., production volume)

1. Identify the activity volume consumed by an individual cost object (e.g., individual product).

2. Multiply the activity volume for each cost object by the corresponding activity cost rate to determine the total activity costs assigned to each cost object.

3. Divide total activity costs by the volume of the cost object (e.g., production volume) to determine the cost per unit of the cost object.

REVIEW PROBLEM: ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING

Fine Deck, Inc. manufactures and sells two types of wooden deck chairs: deluxe and tourist. Annual sales in units, direct labour-hours (DLHs) per unit, and total direct labour-hours per year are provided below:

Total Hours

Deluxe deck chair: 2,000 units 3 5 DLHs per unit. . . . . . . . 10,000Tourist deck chair: 10,000 units 3 4 DLHs per unit. . . . . . . 40,000Total DLHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

236 Chapter 6

Costs for materials and labour for one unit of each product are given below:

Deluxe Tourist

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25 $17Direct labour (at $12 per DLH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 48

Activity Cost Pool Type of Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unit levelMachine setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batch levelParts administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product levelProduction orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batch levelMaterials receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batch levelGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facility level

Estimated Overhead Expected Activity

Activities and Activity Measures Cost Deluxe Tourist Total

Labour related (DLHs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,000 10,000 40,000 50,000Machine setups (number of setups) . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 3,000 2,000 5,000Parts administration (number of parts) . . . . . . . . 160,000 50 30 80Production orders (number of orders) . . . . . . . . . 70,000 100 300 400Materials receipts (number of receipts) . . . . . . . . 90,000 150 600 750General factory (machine-hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000 12,000 28,000 40,000 $800,000

Manufacturing overhead costs total $800,000 each year. The breakdown of these costs among the compa-ny’s six activity cost pools is given below. The activity measures are shown in parentheses.

Required: 1. Classify each of Fine Deck’s activities as unit level, batch level, product level, or facility level. 2. Assume that the company applies overhead cost to products on the basis of direct labour-hours. a. Compute the predetermined overhead rate that would be used. b. Determine the unit product cost of each product, using the predetermined overhead rate computed

in part (2a). 3. Assume that the company uses ABC to calculate overhead rates. a. Identify the activity rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) for each of the six activity cost pools

listed above. b. Using the rates developed in part (3a), determine the amount of overhead cost that would be

assigned to a unit of each product. c. Determine the unit product cost of each product, and compare this cost with the cost computed in

part (2b).

SOLUTION TO REVIEW PROBLEM 1.

2. a. Predetermined overhead rate 5Estimated total manufacturing overhead

Estimated total direct labour-hours 1DLHs2

5$800,000

50,000 DLHs5 $16 per DLH

bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 236 7/24/13 9:08 PM f-w-166 bre39612_ch06_212-255.indd Page 236 7/24/13 9:08 PM f-w-166 /204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles/204/MHR00231/bre39612_disk1of1/0071339612/bre39612_pagefiles

Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


b.

Deluxe Tourist

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25 $ 17Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 48Manufacturing overhead applied: Deluxe: 5 DLHs 3 $16 per DLH. . . . . . . . . . 80 Tourist: 4 DLHs 3 $16 per DLH. . . . . . . . . . 64Unit product cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $165 $129

Estimated Total Overhead Expected Activity Cost Activity RateActivities (a) (b) (a) 4 (b)

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,000 50,000 DLHs $1.60 per DLHMachine setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 5,000 setups $30.00 per setupParts administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,000 80 parts $2,000.00 per partProduction orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,000 400 orders $175.00 per orderMaterials receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000 750 receipts $120.00 per receiptGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000 40,000 MHs $6.25 per MH

3. a.

Deluxe Tourist

Expected ExpectedActivities and Activity Rates Activity Amount Activity Amount

Labour related, at $1.60 per DLH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 $ 16,000 40,000 $ 64,000Machine setups, at $30 per setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 90,000 2,000 60,000Parts administration, at $2,000 per part . . . . . . . . . 50 100,000 30 60,000Production orders, at $175 per order . . . . . . . . . . . 100 17,500 300 52,500Materials receipts, at $120 per receipt. . . . . . . . . . . 150 18,000 600 72,000General factory, at $6.25 per MH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000 75,000 28,000 175,000

Total overhead cost assigned (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $316,500 $483,500

Number of units produced (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 10,000

Overhead cost per unit, (a) 4 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 158.25 $ 48.35

b.

Deluxe Tourist

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25.00 $ 17.00Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.00 48.00Manufacturing overhead (see above) . . . . . . . . 158.25 48.35Unit product cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $243.25 $113.35

c.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

238 Chapter 6

Under ABC, the unit product cost of the deluxe deck chair is much greater than the cost computed in part (2b), and the unit product cost of the tourist deck chair is much less. Using volume (direct labour-hours) in part (2b) as a basis for applying overhead cost to products has resulted in too little overhead cost being ap-plied to the deluxe deck chair (the low-volume product) and too much overhead cost being applied to the tourist deck chair (the high-volume product).

6–1 What are the three common approaches for assigning overhead costs to products?6–2 Why is ABC growing in popularity?6–3 Why do departmental overhead rates sometimes result in inaccurate product costs?6–4 What are the four hierarchical levels of activity discussed in the chapter?6–5 Why is ABC described as a “two-stage” costing method?6–6 Why do overhead costs often shift from high-volume products to low-volume products when a

company switches from a traditional costing method to ABC?6–7 What are the three major ways in which ABC improves the accuracy of product costs?6–8 What are the major limitations of ABC?

QUESTIONS

Review key terms and definitions on Connect.

GLOSSARY

BRIEF EXERCISE 6–1 Applying ABC Cost Hierarchy (LO2 – CC4, 5)The following activities occur at Greenwich Corporation, a company that manufactures a variety of products: a. Receive raw materials from suppliers. b. Manage parts inventories. c. Do rough milling work on products. d. Interview and process new employees in the human resources department. e. Design new products. f. Perform periodic preventative maintenance on general-use equipment. g. Use the general factory building. h. Issue purchase orders for a job.Required:Classify each of the activities as a unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level cost activity.

BRIEF EXERCISE 6–2 Computing Activity Rates (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC6)Kramer Corporation is a diversified manufacturer of consumer goods. The company’s activity-based cost-ing system has the following seven activity cost pools:

BRIEF EXERCISES

EstimatedActivity Cost Pool Overhead Cost Expected Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,000 10,000 direct labour-hoursMachine related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,500 30,000 machine-hoursMachine setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,000 600 setupsProduction orders . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,000 4,000 ordersProduct testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,500 1,800 testsPackaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000 4,500 packagesGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672,000 30,000 direct labour-hours


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Required: 1. Compute the activity rate for each activity cost pool. 2. Compute the company’s predetermined overhead rate, assuming that the company uses a single

plantwide, predetermined overhead rate based on direct labour-hours.

BRIEF EXERCISE 6–3 Computing ABC Product Costs (LO1 – CC2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Klumper Corporation is a diversified manufacturer of industrial goods. The company’s ABC system has the following six activity cost pools and activity rates:

Activity Cost Pool Activity Rates

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18.00 per direct labour-hourMachine related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.00 per machine-hourMachine setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.00 per setupProduction orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.00 per orderShipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.00 per shipmentGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.00 per direct labour-hour

K425 M67

Direct materials cost per unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $126.00 $212.00Direct labour cost per unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7.20 $4.50Number of units produced per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 4,000

Total Expected Activity

K425 M67

Direct labour-hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 1,000Machine-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 3,000Machine setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8Production orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 20

Cost and activity data have been supplied for the following products:

Required:Compute the unit product cost of each of the products listed above.

BRIEF EXERCISE 6–4 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO1 – CC2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Midwest Industrial Products Corporation makes two products: product H and product L. Product H is expected to sell 30,000 units and product L 50,000 units next year. A unit of either product requires 0.2 direct labour-hours. The company’s total manufacturing overhead for the year is expected to be $2,920,000.Required: 1. The company currently applies manufacturing overhead to products using direct labour-hours as the

allocation base. If this method is followed, how much overhead cost will be applied to each product? Compute both the overhead cost per unit and the total amount of overhead cost that will be applied to each product. (In other words, how much overhead cost will be applied to a unit of product H? Product L? How much overhead cost will be applied in total to all the units of product H? Product L?)

2. Management is considering an activity-based costing system and would like to know what impact this change might have on product costs. For the purpose of discussion, it has been suggested that all of the manufacturing overhead be treated as a product-level cost. The total manufacturing overhead would be divided in half between the two products, with $1,460,000 assigned to product H and $1,460,000 assigned to product L.

If this suggestion is followed, how much overhead cost per unit will be applied to each product? 3. Explain the impact on unit product costs of the switch in costing systems.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

240 Chapter 6

EXERCISE 6–1 Applying ABC Cost Hierarchy (LO1 – CC2; LO2 – CC3, 4, 5)The following activities are carried out in Greenberry Company, a manufacturer of consumer goods:a. Direct labour workers assemble a product.b. Engineers design a new product.c. A machine is set up to process a batch.d. Automated machines cut and shape materials.e. The HR department trains new employees concerning company policies.f. Raw materials are moved from the receiving dock to the production line.g. A random sample of 10 units is inspected for defects in each batch.Required: 1. Classify each activity as a unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level cost. 2. Provide at least one example of an allocation base (i.e., activity measure) that could be used to allocate

the cost of each activity listed above.

EXERCISE 6–2 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC6, 7)Harrison Company makes two products and uses a conventional costing system in which a single plant-wide, predetermined overhead rate is computed based on direct labour-hours. Data for the two products for the upcoming year follow:

EXERCISES

Rascon Parcel

Direct materials cost per unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.50 $23.00Direct labour cost per unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18.00 $4.50Direct labour-hours per unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 0.30Number of units produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 120,000

Rascon Parcel Total

Engineering design time (in hours) . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 3,000 9,000

These products are customized to some degree for specific customers.Required: 1. The company’s manufacturing overhead costs for the year are expected to be $864,000. Using the

company’s traditional costing system, compute the unit product costs for the two products. 2. Management is considering an ABC system in which half of the overhead would continue to be

allocated on the basis of direct labour-hours and half would be allocated on the basis of engineering design time. This time is expected to be distributed as follows during the upcoming year:

Compute the unit product costs for the two products using the proposed ABC system. 3. Explain why the product costs differ between the two systems.

EXERCISE 6–3 Computing Activity Rates and Assigning Activity Costs (LO2 – CC6, 7; Chapter 4 LO7 – CC18)Sylvan Company uses activity-based costing to determine product costs for external financial reports. Some of the entries have been completed to the manufacturing overhead account for the current year, as shown by entry (a) below:

Manufacturing Overhead

(a) 2,402,000

Required: 1. What does entry (a) represent? 2. At the beginning of the year, the company made the following estimates of cost and activity for its five

activity cost pools:


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Activity Estimated ExpectedActivity Cost Pool Measure Overhead Cost Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . Direct labour-hours $560,000 40,000 DLHsPurchase orders . . . . . . Number of orders 45,000 1,500 ordersParts management . . . . Number of part types 360,000 400 part typesBoard etching . . . . . . . . Number of boards 450,000 2,000 boardsGeneral factory. . . . . . . Machine-hours 600,000 80,000 MHs

Compute the activity rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) for each of the activity cost pools. 3. During the year, actual activity was recorded as follows:

Activity Cost Pool Actual Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . 41,000 DLHsPurchase orders . . . . . . . . . . 1,300 ordersParts management. . . . . . . . 420 part typesBoard etching. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,150 boardsGeneral factory . . . . . . . . . . 82,000 MHs

Determine the amount of manufacturing overhead cost applied to production for the year. 4. Determine the amount of underapplied or overapplied overhead cost for the year.

EXERCISE 6–4 Assigning Overhead to Products in ABC (LO2 – CC7)Refer to the data in Exercise 6–3 for Sylvan Company. The activities during the year were distributed across the company’s four products as follows:

Activity Cost Pool Actual Activity Product A Product B Product C Product D

Labour related . . . . 41,000 DLHs 13,500 7,500 10,500 9,500Purchase orders . . . 1,300 orders 90 350 310 550Parts management 420 part types 70 115 110 125Board etching . . . . . 2,150 boards 450 1,000 500 200General factory. . . . 82,000 MHs 24,000 20,000 20,000 18,000

Required:Compute the amount of overhead cost applied to each product during the year.

EXERCISE 6–5 Identifying Activity-Based Costing in Marketing and Sales (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC6, 7, 8)Kramer Corporation is an office supplier dealing in a number of different products. It currently allocates its ordering and delivery costs to its residential and business customer groups on the basis of order value. However, the company has recently decided to implement activity-based costing starting in 2014 to assign these costs to customers. Key data for 2013 are as follows:

Activity Activity Total Activity Activity Volume Volume ActivityActivity Cost Base Residential Business Volume

Sales (order value) $3,600,000 $3,000,000 $6,600,000Order processing $ 960,000 No. of orders 6,000 2,000 8,000Generating sales 750,000 No. of sales calls 2,000 4,000 6,000Sales follow-up 810,000 No. of follow-ups 100 400 500Processing change No. of change orders 60,000 orders 200 200 400Delivery 1,250,000 No. of deliveries 6,000 4,000 10,000Total $3,830,000

Kramer has 3,000 residential customers and 750 business customers.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

242 Chapter 6

Required: 1. Compute the cost per customer for residential and business customers for 2013, using the current

system of cost allocation. 2. Assume that the 2013 data will hold for 2014. Compute the cost per customer for residential and

business customers for 2014 using the proposed system of cost allocation. In doing so, calculate the overhead allocation rate for each activity, and use these rates to assign costs to the two customer groups.

3. Explain the difference between the two cost allocation systems.

EXERCISE 6–6 Assigning Overhead Cost to Products in ABC (LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)PoseiDon Inc. (PDI) recently started operations to obtain a share of the growing golfing market. PDI man-ufactures two models of specialty drivers: the Thunderbolt model and the Earthquake model. The company was formed as a partnership by two professional engineers and a professional golfer, none of whom had any accounting experience. The business has been very successful, and to cope with the increased level of activity, the partners have hired a professional accountant as their controller. One of the first improvements the controller wants is an update of the costing system, changing from a single overhead application rate using direct labour-hours to activity-based costing. The controller has identified the following three activities as cost drivers, along with the related cost pools:

ModelNumber of Materials

RequisitionsNumber of Product

InspectionsNumber of Orders

Shipped

Th underboltEarthquake

460620

170240

167129

Total costs in the cost pool $594,000 $82,000 $185,000

Required:Using ABC, prepare a schedule that shows the allocation of the costs of each cost pool for each model. Show your calculations.

EXERCISE 6–7 Reviewing ABC (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7; LO3 – CC9)Review what you have learned about activity-based costing.Required: 1. Identify the four steps involved in an ABC system. 2. Identify one benefit of ABC compared with a traditional costing system. 3. Identify one limitation of ABC.

PROBLEM 6–1 Applying an ABC Cost Hierarchy (LO2 – CC3, 4, 5)Juneau Company manufactures a variety of products in a single facility. Consultants hired by the company to do an ABC analysis have identified the following activities carried out in the company on a routine basis:a. Machines are set up between batches of different products.b. The company’s grounds crew maintains planted areas surrounding the factory.c. A percentage of all completed goods are inspected on a random basis.d. Milling machines are used to make components for products.e. Employees are trained in general procedures.f. Purchase orders are issued for materials required in production.g. The maintenance crew does routine periodic maintenance on general-purpose equipment.h. The plant controller prepares periodic accounting reports.i. Materials are received on the receiving dock and moved to the production area.j. The engineering department makes modifications in the designs of products.k. The human resources department screens and hires new employees.l. Production orders are issued for jobs.Required: 1. Classify each of the previous activities as a unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level activity. 2. For each of the above activities, suggest an activity measure that could be used to allocate its costs

to products.

PROBLEMS


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


PROBLEM 6–2 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Siegel Corporation manufactures a product available in both a deluxe and a regular model. The company has made the regular model for years; the deluxe model was introduced several years ago to capture a new segment of the market. Since the introduction of the deluxe model, the company’s profits have steadily de-clined, and management has become concerned about the accuracy of its costing system. Sales of the deluxe model have been increasing rapidly. Overhead is applied to products on the basis of direct labour-hours. At the beginning of the current year, management estimated that $5,184,000 in overhead costs would be incurred and the company would pro-duce and sell 5,000 units of the deluxe model and 40,000 units of the regular model. The deluxe model re-quires 3.2 hours of direct labour time per unit, and the regular model requires 0.8 hours. Materials and labour costs per unit follow:

CHECK FIGURE(3b) Regular: $202.94 per unit

Deluxe Regular

Direct materials cost per unit . . . . . . . . . . $150 $112Direct labour cost per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 16

Required: 1. Compute the predetermined overhead rate using direct labour-hours as the basis for allocating

overhead costs to products. Compute the unit product cost for one unit of each model. 2. An intern suggested that the company use activity-based costing to cost its products. A team was

formed to investigate this idea, and it came back with the recommendation that four activity cost pools be used. These cost pools and their associated activities follow:

Estimated Activity Cost Pool and Overhead Activity Measure Cost Deluxe Regular Total

Purchase orders (number of orders) . . . . . $ 476,800 1,184 1,200 2,384Rework requests (number of requests) . . . 562,400 810 1,440 2,250Product testing (number of tests) . . . . . . . 908,000 5,000 6,350 11,350Machine related (machine-hours). . . . . . . 3,236,800 15,240 25,220 40,460 $5,184,000

Activity

Compute the activity rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) for each of the activity cost pools. 3. Assume that actual activity is as expected for the year. Using activity-based costing, do the following: a. Determine the total amount of overhead that would be applied to each model for the year. b. Compute the unit product cost for one unit of each model. 4. Can you identify a possible explanation for the company’s declining profits? If so, what is it?

PROBLEM 6–3 Computing Unit Product Costs in ABC and Cost Flows (LO2 – CC6, 7; LO4 – CC10A, 11A)Hunter Corporation uses ABC to determine product costs for external financial reports. At the begin-ning of the year, management made the following cost and activity estimates in the company’s five activ-ity cost pools:

CHECK FIGURE(2d) Total overhead

overapplied: $22,500


Labour related . . . . . . . . Direct labour-hours $ 405,000 45,000 DLHsProduction orders . . . . . Number of orders 90,000 1,125 ordersMaterials receipts . . . . . . Number of receipts 270,000 1,800 receiptsRelay assembly . . . . . . . . Number of relays 480,000 12,000 relaysGeneral factory. . . . . . . . Machine-hours 1,260,000 90,000 MHs $2,505,000


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

244 Chapter 6

Required: 1. Compute the activity rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) for each of the activity cost pools. 2. During the year, actual overhead cost and activity were recorded as follows:

Activity Cost Pool Actual Overhead Cost Actual Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 418,500 48,000 DLHsProduction orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,000 1,050 ordersMaterials receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,000 1,950 receiptsRelay assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,000 11,850 relaysGeneral factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270,500 91,500 MHsTotal overhead cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,541,000

a. Prepare a journal entry to record the incurrence of actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year (credit accounts payable). Post the entry to the company’s manufacturing overhead T-account.

b. Determine the amount of overhead cost applied to production during the year. c. Prepare a journal entry to record the application of manufacturing overhead cost to work in process

for the year. Post the entry to the company’s manufacturing overhead T-account. d. Determine the amount of underapplied or overapplied manufacturing overhead for the year. 3. The actual activity for the year was distributed among the company’s four products as in the table below. a. Determine the total amount of overhead cost applied to each product. b. Does the total amount of overhead cost applied to the products above tie in to the T-accounts in any

way? Explain your answer.


Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,000 DLHs 12,000 16,500 6,000 13,500Production orders . . . . . . . . . 1,050 orders 240 300 195 315Materials receipts . . . . . . . . . . 1,950 receipts 150 690 360 750Relay assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,850 relays 4,050 –0– 7,800 –0–General factory. . . . . . . . . . . . 91,500 MHs 19,500 27,000 21,000 24,000

PROBLEM 6–4 Contrasting Activity-Based Costing and Traditional Product Costs (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Case Construction Company, a three-year-old business, provides contracting and construction services to a variety of clients. Given that each construction job is different from any other, company accountant Susan Kalagnanam decided that it was best to use a job-order costing system to allocate costs to the different jobs. She decided to use construction labour-hours as the basis for overhead allocation. In December 2014, she estimated the following amounts for the year 2015:

CHECK FIGURE(2b) Total cost of the cinema

job: $2,472,892

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,560,000Construction labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,800,000Overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,510,000Construction labour-hours . . . . . . . . . . 500,000

Kalagnanam recorded the following for the first quarter of 2015 for the three jobs that the company started and completed during the quarter:

School Residential Cinema

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $824,000 $1,034,600 $1,425,000Construction labour-hours. . . . . 66,400 37,200 18,500


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Required: 1. Compute the cost of each job using the current system of cost allocation. 2. Tyler Case, the company’s CEO, recently returned from a seminar on activity-based costing and

instructed Kalagnanam to consider implementing the new system. As a first step, he instructed her to analyze the overhead costs for 2015. Through her research she was able to derive the following breakdown of the estimated overhead costs for 2015:

Activity Amount Activity Measure Activity Volume

Foundation laying . . . . . . . . . . $1,685,000 Foundation-laying hours 421,250Building construction . . . . . . . 1,740,000 Construction labour-hours 500,000Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,760,000 Painting-hours 550,000Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325,000 Finishing-hours 750,000

She also documented the following activity on the three jobs during the first quarter of 2015 (in addition to the construction labour-hours consumed by the three jobs):

School Residential Cinema

Foundation-laying hours. . . . . . . . . . . 39,550 38,500 44,250Painting-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,380 36,120 47,660Finishing-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,460 60,600 94,000

Calculate the following: a. The activity rates for each of the five activities. b. The total cost of each job using activity-based costing. 3. Both Kalagnanam and Case are wondering if using activity-based costing will eliminate the existence

of under- or overapplied overhead. As a managerial accountant, explain to them whether the use of activity-based costing will always result in zero under- or overapplied overhead.

PROBLEM 6–5 Computing Activity-Based Costing Cost Flows (LO2 – CC6, 7; LO4 – CC10A, 11A)Munoz Corporation uses ABC to determine product costs for external financial reports. At the beginning of the year, management made the following cost and activity estimates in the company’s five activity cost pools:

CHECK FIGURE(2d) Total underapplied

overhead: $42,841


Labour related . . . . . . . . . Direct labour-hours $ 214,200 29,750 DLHsPurchase orders . . . . . . . . Number of orders 55,080 765 ordersProduct testing . . . . . . . . . Number of tests 121,380 1,200 testsTemplate etching . . . . . . . Number of templates 321,300 8,950 templatesGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . Machine-hours 892,500 59,500 MHs $1,604,460

Required: 1. Compute the activity rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) for each of the activity cost pools. 2. During the year, actual overhead cost and activity were recorded as follows:

Activity Cost Pool Actual Overhead Cost Actual Activity

Labour related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 202,130 30,200 DLHsPurchase orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,610 760 ordersProduct testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,400 1,105 testsTemplate etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,030 8,775 templatesGeneral factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911,625 57,800 MHsTotal overhead cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,608,795


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

246 Chapter 6

a. Prepare a journal entry to record the incurrence of actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year (credit accounts payable). Post the entry to the company’s manufacturing overhead T-account.

b. Determine the amount of overhead cost applied to production during the year. c. Prepare a journal entry to record the application of manufacturing overhead cost to work in process

for the year. Post the entry to the company’s manufacturing overhead T-account. d. Determine the amount of underapplied or overapplied manufacturing overhead for the year. 3. The actual activity for the year was distributed among the company’s four products as follows:

a. Determine the total amount of overhead cost applied to each product. b. Does the total amount of overhead cost applied to the products above relate to the T-accounts in

any way? Explain.

PROBLEM 6–6 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Chomyn Corporation provides a variety of consulting services to a diverse range of clients. The company has three support departments and two operating departments, whose cost details for a typical quarter are presented below:

CHECK FIGURE(4) Total cost of Job L342:

$144,473


Labour related . . . . . . . 30,200 DLHs 3,200 8,800 9,500 8,700Purchase orders . . . . . . 760 orders 140 205 120 295Product testing . . . . . . . 1,105 tests 310 160 145 490Template etching . . . . . 8,775 templates 3,750 1,270 860 2,895General factory. . . . . . . 57,800 MHs 16,580 12,590 6,800 21,830

Support Departments

Information systems . . . . . . . . . . . $ 268,000Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347,000Legal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,000

Operating Departments

Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,000Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590,000 $2,219,000

The existing cost allocation system is designed as follows: (1) the support department costs are allo-cated to the two operating departments, and (2) the operating department costs are allocated to individual jobs. The support department costs are allocated to the operating departments as follows: (1) information systems department costs are allocated to research and preparation using a 60:40 ratio, (2) administration department costs are allocated using a 30:70 ratio, and (3) legal department costs are allocated using a 50:50 ratio. The costs accumulated in the two operating departments are allocated to individual jobs using research-hours and preparation-hours, respectively. The research and preparation departments recorded 9,000 and 7,500 hours, respectively, for the quarter.Required: 1. Compute the predetermined cost allocation rates for the two operating departments. 2. Using the rates computed in part (1) above, assign the costs to jobs L123 and L342. The two

jobs consumed 340 and 480 research-hours, respectively, and 600 and 750 preparation-hours, respectively.

3. You have recently learned about activity-based costing and decide to use five activity cost pools, one for each department. The additional information you have collected is as follows:


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Cost Driver Allocation BaseActivity Cost Pool (allocation base) Quantity

Information systems (IS) . . . . . . . . . . . . IS time 14,970 hoursAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of consultants 40Legal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales value $8,000,000Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research-hours 9,000 hoursPreparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparation-hours 7,500 hours

Compute the predetermined allocation rate for each activity cost pool. 4. In addition to the research-hours and preparation-hours specified in part (2) above, the two jobs

consumed the following additional resources:

Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure

Serving a party of diners. . . . . . . . . Number of parties servedServing a diner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of diners servedServing drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of drinks ordered

Resource Job L123 Job L342

Information systems time. . . . . . . . 350 150Number of consultants . . . . . . . . . . 2 2Sales value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,350,000 $900,000

Assign the costs to the two jobs using activity-based costing.

PROBLEM 6–7 Computing and Using Activity Rates to Determine the Costs of Serving Customers (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7, 8)Jordan’s Lakeside is a popular restaurant located on Lake Muskoka in Ontario. The owner of the restaurant has been trying to better understand costs at the restaurant and has hired a student intern to conduct an ABC study. The intern, in consultation with the owner, identified the following major activities:

CHECK FIGURE(3b) $13.20 per diner

One or more diners who ask to sit at a table are counted as a party. Some costs, such as the costs of cleaning linen, are the same whether one person is at a table or the table is full. Other costs, such as washing dishes, depend on the number of diners served. Data concerning these activities are displayed below. e celx

A B C D E F G H

1 Serving a Party Serving a Diner Serving Drinks Total

2 Total cost $58,000 $161,000 $35,000 $254,000

3 Total activity 7,250 parties 17,500 diners 14,000 drinks

4

5

Prior to the ABC study, the owner knew very little about the costs of the restaurant. She knew that the total cost for the month was $254,000 and that 17,500 diners had been served. Therefore, the average cost per diner was approximately $14.51 (5 $254,000 4 17,500 diners).Required: 1. Compute the activity rate for each of the three activities. 2. According to the ABC system, what is the total cost of serving each of the following parties of diners? a. A party of four diners who order three drinks in total. b. A party of two diners who do not order any drinks. c. A lone diner who orders two drinks.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

248 Chapter 6

3. Convert the total costs you computed in part (2) to costs per diner. In other words, what is the average cost per diner for serving each of the following parties of diners?

a. A party of four diners who order three drinks in total. b. A party of two diners who do not order any drinks. c. A lone diner who orders two drinks. 4. Why do the costs per diner for the three different parties differ from each other and from the overall

average cost of $13 per diner?

PROBLEM 6–8 Assigning Costs to Product Lines (LO2 – CC7)Grey Inc. manufactures and distributes two types of household items. The items, Scrubbies and Squeegies, are manufactured on a common assembly line by the same direct labourers. Different direct materials are used in each type, and the machinery is retooled for each product. Until now, manufacturing overhead costs have been allocated on the basis of direct labour-hours using a plantwide rate. However, the production manager has been reading about ABC and wishes to institute it for Grey’s production operations. To that end, she has assembled the following information regarding production activities and manufacturing over-head costs for the month of September:

CHECK FIGURE(1) Total overhead costs

allocated to Scrubbies,

$6,875

Activity Cost PoolCost Driver

(activity base) Allocation RateActivity Usage

Scrubbies Squeegies

Materials handlingMachining

AssemblyInspection

Number of partsMachine-hours

Units startedUnits tested

$1.00 per part$15.00 per machine-hour$1.60 per unit$2.00 per unit

2,000 parts205 machine- hours1,000 units100 units

1,300 parts300 machine- hours1,300 units1,200 units

Direct materialsDirect labour

$ 5,200$12,000

$ 2,600$12,000

Each product consumed 600 direct labour-hours.Required: 1. Using ABC, determine the total manufacturing cost and cost per unit for each of the two product lines

for September, assuming that all units were started and completed in September. 2. One of the benefits of ABC often cited is the elimination of any cross-subsidization. With reference to

the results of the analysis in part (1), which of the two products is (i) undercosted and (ii) overcosted? Briefly explain your reasoning.

(Adapted © CGA-Canada)

PROBLEM 6–9 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO2 – CC1; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Water Ride Inc. manufactures and distributes three types of water skis: beginner, intermediate, and ad-vanced. Production is highly automated for the beginner model, whereas the intermediate and advanced models require increasing degrees of labour, depending on the shaping and finishing processes. Water Ride applies all indirect costs to production using a single predetermined overhead (OH) rate based on direct labour-hours. A consultant recently suggested that Water Ride switch to an ABC system and assembled the following information:

CHECK FIGURE(1) Overhead allocated to

intermediate, $29,700

Recommended Estimated Volume ofActivity Activity Measure Overhead Cost Activity Measure

Order processing Number of orders $ 155,900 100 ordersMaterials handling Materials used (kilograms) 514,100 122,400 kilogramsMachine depreciation and maintenance Machine-hours 322,000 15,980 hours Quality control Number of inspections 64,000 40 inspections $1,056,000


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


In addition, management estimates that 40,000 DLHs will be used in the upcoming year, at a rate of $16 per hour. Assume that the following activity took place in the first month of the upcoming year:

Model A Model D

Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . $ 6 $10Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5Factory overhead . . . . . . . . . 5 5Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16 $20

Beginner Intermediate Advanced

Number of units produced . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,000 9,000 3,000Direct materials costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,880 $14,600 $8,000Direct labour-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 1,125 2,000Number of orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 3Number of production runs . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3Kilograms of materials used . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000 3,600 1,500Machine-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320 340 200Number of inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3Number of units shipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,000 8,250 2,250

Required: 1. Compute the production cost for each product in the first month of the upcoming year, using DLHs as

the allocation base. (Round calculations to the nearest cent.) 2. Compute the production cost for each product in the first month of the upcoming year, using ABC.

(Round calculations to the nearest cent.) 3. Compare your answers in parts (1) and (2). Is the overhead charged to each product the same under

the two methods? Explain. (Adapted © CGA-Canada)

PROBLEM 6–10 Contrasting ABC and Traditional Product Costs (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Mayers Temp Inc. (MTI) uses a traditional approach to overhead allocation. The company produces two different models of thermometers for use in homes: model A (an analog temperature scale) and model D (a digital temperature readout). Prices for the two products are based on full costs of production. In 2014, MTI incurred $300,000 of factory overhead and produced 40,000 units of model A and 20,000 units of model D. Overhead was applied based on a predetermined overhead rate of $10 per direct labour-hour. Based on this rate, the cost per unit of each product in 2014 was as follows:

CHECK FIGURE(1) $200,000 to model A

The market is becoming more competitive, and MTI is looking into refining its costing system by introduc-ing ABC next year. Analysis of the 2014 data showed that the $300,000 of overhead costs could be assigned to three activities as follows:

Overhead Costs Assigned in 2014

Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,000Materials handling. . . . . . . . . . . 60,000Equipment operations. . . . . . . . 220,000 $300,000

Management determined that the following activity drivers were appropriate for the overhead categories:

Activity Driver 2014 Activity Level

Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of setups 60 setupsMaterials handling. . . . . . . . . . . Quantity of materials (kilograms) 120,000 kilogramsEquipment operations. . . . . . . . Machine-hours (MHs) 40,000 MHs


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

250 Chapter 6

The following data pertain to Mahal for October, the most recent month:

Estimated Estimated Volume ofActivity Activity Measure Activity Cost Activity Measure

Materials purchasing Quantity of materials (kilograms) $200,000 100,000 kilogramsMachine setups Number of machine setups 800,000 400 setupsInspection Inspection-hours 400,000 4,000 hoursMachine operations Machine-hours 600,000 20,000 MHs

Model A Model D

Number of units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000 20,000Number of setups. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 60Quantity of material handled (in kilograms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,000 60,000Machine-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,000 26,000

Estimated total overhead for the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,000,000Estimated total machine-hours to be worked in the year . . . . . . . . 20,000

Activity drivers and units produced in 2014 for each model are as follows:

Required: 1. In 2014, MTI used a single predetermined overhead rate based on DLHs to allocate overhead. How much

factory overhead was allocated to the model A product line and how much to the model D product line? 2. In 2014, if ABC had been used, how much factory overhead would have been allocated to the model A

product line and how much to the model D product line? Calculate the total unit cost for model A and model D under ABC.

(Adapted © CGA-Canada)

PROBLEM 6–11 Assigning Overhead Cost to Products in ABC (LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Mahal Co. produces two products—standard and deluxe—and allocates its fixed manufacturing costs using a predetermined overhead rate based on estimated total overhead for the year and estimated machine-hours for the year. The estimates are as follows:

CHECK FIGUREOverhead allocation rate for

inspection, $100 per hour

The controller is not sure that the estimated costs of the two products reflect the actual costs for which each product is responsible. She is thinking about switching to ABC. The accounting department came up with the following information about activities and associated cost drivers for the two products:

Standard Product Deluxe Product

Purchasing materials . . . . . . . . . 6,000 kilograms 4,000 kilogramsMachine setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 30Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 hours 200 hoursMachine operations . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 hours 500 hours

Required:Prepare an analysis of the overhead costs allocated to the standard and deluxe products for October, using the ABC method. (Adapted © CGA-Canada)

PROBLEM 6-12 Assigning Overhead Cost to Products in ABC (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)“A dollar of gross margin per briefcase? That’s ridiculous!” roared Art Dejans, president of CarryAll, Inc. “Why do we go on producing those standard briefcases when we’re able to make over $15 per unit on our specialty items? Maybe it’s time to get out of the standard line and focus the whole plant on specialty work.”

CHECK FIGURE(2) Standard model unit

product cost:

$30.11 per unit


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Standard Specialty Briefcases Briefcases

Selling price per unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36.00 $50.00Unit product cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.00 32.50Gross margin per unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 17.50

Dejans is referring to a summary of average unit costs and revenues that he had just received from the company’s accounting department:

CarryAll produces briefcases from leather, fabric, and synthetic materials in a single plant. The basic product is a standard briefcase made from leather lined with fabric. The standard briefcase is a high-quality item and has sold well for many years. Last year, the company decided to expand its product line and produce specialty briefcases for special orders. These briefcases differ from the standard in that they vary in size, contain the finest synthetic mate-rials, and have the buyer’s name embossed on them. To reduce labour costs on the specialty briefcases, most of the cutting and stitching is done by automated machines. These machines are used to a much lesser de-gree in the production of standard briefcases. “I agree that the specialty business is looking better and better,” replied Sally Henrie, the company’s mar-keting manager. “And there seems to be plenty of specialty work out there, particularly since the competi-tion hasn’t been able to touch our price. Did you know that Armour Company, our biggest competitor, charges over $65 a unit for its specialty items? Now that’s what I call gouging the customer!” A breakdown of the manufacturing cost for each of CarryAll’s product lines follows:

Standard Specialty Briefcases Briefcases

Units produced each month 9,000 2,250 Direct materials: Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 m2 $15.00 0.5 m2 $ 7.50 Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 m2 5.00 1.0 m2 5.00 Synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 5.00 Total materials . . . . . . . . . 20.00 17.50Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 h @ $12 6.00 0.5 h @ $12 6.00Manufacturing overhead . . . . 0.5 h @ $18 9.00 0.5 h @ $18 9.00 Unit product cost . . . . . . $35.00 $32.50

Manufacturing overhead is applied to products on the basis of direct labour-hours. The rate of $18 per direct labour-hour is determined by dividing the total manufacturing overhead cost for a month by the direct labour-hours:

Manufacturing overhead cost, $101,250Direct labour-hours, 5,625

5 $18 per DLH

The following additional information is available about the company and its products.a. Standard briefcases are produced in batches of 200 units, and specialty briefcases are produced in

batches of 25 units. Thus, the company does 45 setups for the standard items each month and 90 setups for the specialty items. A setup for the standard items requires one hour, whereas a setup for the specialty items requires two hours.

b. All briefcases are inspected to ensure that quality standards are met. A total of 300 hours of inspection time is spent on the standard briefcases and 500 hours of inspection time is spent on the specialty briefcases each month.

(Adapted from a case written by Harold P. Roth and Imogene Posey, “Management Accounting Case Study: CarryAll Company,” Management Accounting Campus Report, Montvale, NJ: Institute

of Management Accountants, Fall 1991, p. 9. Used by permission.)


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

252 Chapter 6

c. A standard briefcase requires 0.5 hours of machine time, and a specialty briefcase requires 2 hours of machine time.

d. The company is considering using ABC as an alternative to its traditional costing system for computing unit product costs. Since these unit product costs will be used for external financial reporting, all manufacturing overhead costs are to be allocated to products, and nonmanufacturing costs are to be excluded from product costs. The ABC system has already been designed and costs allocated to the activity cost pools. The activity cost pools and activity measures follow:

Expected Activity Standard SpecialtyActivity Measure Briefcase Briefcase Total

Number of orders: Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 46 70 Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 79 130 Synthetic material. . . . . . . . . . . . — 100 100Number of receipts: Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 14 60 Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 10 80 Synthetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . — 160 160Setup-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ?Inspection-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ?Assembly-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 800 1,600Machine-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ?

Estimated Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure Overhead Cost

Purchasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of orders $ 12,750Materials handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of receipts 15,000Production orders and setup . . . . . . . . . . . . Setup-hours 22,500Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inspection-hours 16,000Frame assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assembly-hours 8,000Machine related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machine-hours 27,000

$101,250

Required: 1. Using ABC, determine the amount of manufacturing overhead cost that would be applied to each

standard briefcase and each specialty briefcase. 2. Using the data computed in part (1) and other data from the case as needed, determine the unit

product cost of each product line from the perspective of the ABC system. 3. Within the limitations of the data that have been provided, evaluate the president’s concern about the

profitability of the two product lines. Would you recommend that the company shift its resources entirely to production of specialty briefcases? Explain.

4. Henrie stated that “the competition hasn’t been able to touch our price” on specialty business. What do you think is the reason?

BUILDING YOUR SKILLS

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)Classic Windows is a small company that builds specialty wooden windows for local builders. For the year 2014 Lori Newman prepared the following profitability statement for two of the company’s ma-jor customers:

CHECK FIGURE(1) Overhead allocated to

Kusczik Builders,

$115,640


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


Kusczik Builders Western Homes

Sales revenues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $125,000 $680,000Less: Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,000 $185,000 Direct labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $54,000 $360,000 Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $41,100 $274,000 Net income (loss). . . . . . . . . . . . . ($12,100) ($139,000)Number of orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 50

For years the small company has relied on a simple costing system that allocated all overhead costs using direct labour-hours (DLH). The company paid $18 per hour to its direct labour employees. However, the company’s president became interested in activity-based costing (ABC) after reading an article about ABC in a trade journal. An ABC design team was put together, and within a few months a simple system consisting of four activity cost pools had been designed. The activity cost pools and their activity measures appear below:

Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure Activity Volume for the Year

Window making Direct labour-hours 100,000 DLHOrder processing Number of orders 2,000 ordersCustomer relations Number of customers 100 customersOther None Not applicable

Direct materials and labour costs are easily traceable to individual jobs. The total overhead costs for the year are budgeted to be $1.37 million, as follows:

Overhead: Wages and salaries. . . . . . . $400,000 Depreciation. . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,000 Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000 $1,370,000

Largely on the basis of interviews with employees, the above overhead costs were assigned to the four activ-ity cost pools as follows:

Activity Cost Pool AmountWindow making . . . . . . . . . . $535,000Order processing . . . . . . . . . . 232,000Customer relations. . . . . . . . . 284,000Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319,000 $1,370,000

Required: 1. Compute the profitability of the two customers using the proposed ABC system. Show all the steps in

your calculation. 2. Why is there a difference in the profitability of the two customers under the two costing systems? Be specific. 3. What steps (if any) would you take based on the information obtained from the two systems? 4. Katherine Lukey, CEO of Classic Windows, is wondering whether it is appropriate not to allocate

“other” costs to customers. Analyze the costs of the “other” category and advise Lukey what she should do. If you advise her that these costs should be allocated to individual customers, identify the allocation base(s) you would use.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com

254 Chapter 6

Activity Amount Transactions

Order taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,685,000 28,720 (number of orders received)Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,740,000 36,810 (number of inspections)Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,760,000 452,500 (number of packages)Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325,000 186,450 (number of shipments) $ 7,510,000

A B C D

Number of orders received . . . . . . . . . . 9,560 7,400 5,200 6,560Number of inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,500 9,120 7,450 13,740Number of packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,600 125,680 84,600 143,620Number of shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,000 40,900 56,350 38,200

A B C D Total Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours

Order-taking time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,200 130,800 110,460 99,790 421,250 Inspection time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,290 123,870 101,200 186,640 500,000Packaging time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,460 185,460 125,420 143,660 550,000Shipping time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,100 162,940 226,700 154,260 750,000

THINKING ANALYTICALLY (LO1 – CC1, 2; LO2 – CC3, 6, 7)“Does charging a uniform price to all customers really make sense?” This was the question that Lori Peters, founder and CEO of One Stop Shop (OSS), asked her management team. “Charging a uniform price as-sumes that all customers are the same in terms of the resources they consume; this can’t possibly be true.” Ralph Goodwin, the chief operations officer, couldn’t agree more. Sarah Price, the accountant, jumped in to add that her new activity-based costing system accounts for the differences in the resources consumed by different customers. “Our new costing system does not allocate costs based on the dollar value of orders; we now capture the number of transactions, by customer, of the four major activities involved in satisfying our customers.” While acknowledging the new system, Goodwin still did not believe that the new system actu-ally captured the resources required to cater to the different customers’ needs. “The resources required to cater to each customer’s needs vary considerably, and the number of transactions is at best a somewhat poor proxy for this.” The meeting ended with Price agreeing to review her costing system. Upon returning to her office, she went through the data for the previous year (2014) and listed the fol-lowing information pertaining to OSS’s four major customers (A, B, C, and D), who account for well over 85% of the company’s orders:

Upon further reflection, she decided to investigate the four activities to determine whether number of transactions is really a poor proxy, as Goodwin had commented. After completing her investigation, she prepared the following additional table, which captured the time consumed for each activity:

Required:Sarah Price has approached you to help her prepare a response to the concerns raised by Peters and Goodwin. Analyze the costing system and report whether using different measures of activity volume will lead to differences in the costs allocated to the four customers. Explain the reasons for any differences. What will you recommend to senior management with respect to improving the costing system?

COMMUNICATING IN PRACTICE (LO1 – CC1, 2)You often provide advice to Maria Graham, a client who is interested in diversifying her company. Maria is considering the purchase of a small manufacturing concern that assembles and packages its many products by hand. She plans to automate the factory, and her projections indicate that the company will once again be profitable within two to three years. During her review of the company’s records, she discovered that the company currently uses direct labour-hours to allocate overhead to its products. Because of its simplicity, Maria hopes that this approach can continue to be used.Required:Write a memorandum to Maria that addresses whether DLHs should continue to be used as an allocation base for overhead.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com


ETHICS CHALLENGE (LO1 – CC1; LO2 – CC8)Sherri Rowland had recently been transferred to the home security systems division of National Home Products. Shortly after taking over her new position as divisional accountant, she came to know that each of the three division presidents had a lot of autonomy in decision making and reporting. In her first meet-ing with the division president, Harry Irving, the following conversation took place.Irving: It is good to have you on our team, Sherri. I am sure we can report better profits to the bosses in “the White House” (I mean, head office).Rowland: What exactly are you thinking about? I have reviewed some files and see that there are inconsistencies.Irving: Are you talking about the poor information system and our estimation techniques? We do that so that we look good at the end of the year.Rowland: How so?Irving: Head office allocates overhead costs on the basis of machine-hours. I have always had an agreement with your predecessor to shave 5% or so off the estimated machine-hours every year. That way, we kept a reserve that usually resulted in a big boost to net income at the end of the fiscal year in December. We called it our holiday bonus. Corporate headquarters always seemed pleased as punch that we could pull off such a miracle at the end of the year. But, recently, they have been asking too many questions.Rowland: So what do you want me to do?Irving: Looking good in the eyes of our bosses is extremely important in this company. Can we find ways to look good without being the centre of attention?Rowland: I am not too sure about what we can do.Irving: I have heard that the accounting standards offer flexibility to users. Can you somehow produce cost information that will always show us in a positive light?After returning to her office, Sherri Rowland looked up the standards and came across the following:

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion, and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

She was confident about materials cost but wanted more clarification regarding conversion costs. She read on and came to the following paragraph:

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production, such as direct labour. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods.

Required: 1. Explain how shaving 5% off the estimated direct labour-hours in the base for the predetermined

overhead rate usually results in a big boost in net income at the end of the fiscal year. 2. Assume the role of Sherri Rowland. What would you do?

TEAMWORK IN ACTION (LO1 – CC2)This activity requires teamwork to reinforce the understanding of the hierarchy of activities commonly found in ABC systems in manufacturing companies.Required: 1. The team should discuss and then draft a brief description of how the ABC system allocates overhead

to products. All team members should agree with and understand the description. 2. Without referring to the related section in the text, each member of the team should choose one of the

following levels of activities, define the level of activity chosen, and provide one or more examples of tasks performed at that level of activity in a manufacturing firm:

a. Unit-level activities. b. Batch-level activities. c. Product-level activities. d. Facility-level activities. 3. Each team member should present the answers from part (2) to the other teammates, who should

confirm or correct those answers.

For more information on the resources available from McGraw-Hill Ryerson, go to www.mcgrawhill.ca/he/solutions.


Pass 3rd



www.tex-ce

tera.com