Brazil’s National Communication Presentation of Brazil’s Initial Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Brazilian Delegation

Brazil’s National Communication

Presentation of Brazil’s Initial Communication to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Brazilian DelegationMinistry of Science and Technology

COP 10 - Buenos Aires2004

Guidelines for the Preparation of Initial Communications by Parties Not Included in

Annex I to the Convention National Circumstances

• Basic information on the country• Institutional Arrangements• Specific needs and concerns arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the implementation of response measures

• Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals of Greenhouse Gases Not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol - base year 1994.• Description of Steps Taken or Envisaged to Implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - up to year 2000.

Annex to Decision 10/CP.2

Development Process

• Central Coordination – Ministry of Science and Technology - MCT – August 1994• Challenge: Low Level of Awareness• Implementing Entities – 1995/2004

• Governmental Agencies • Public and Private Companies• Universities/ Research Centers• Industry Associations/ Non-governmental organizations• Consultants

• Criteria: efficiency; cost/benefit; decentralization; better capacity-building.• Financing: GEF, USCS, Federal Budget (2000/2004), ELETROBRAS, IBAMA and FAPESP • 150 entities and 700 experts involved

Review Process

• Inventory – Quality control from direct consultation MCT/authors.

• Description of Steps – Review according to the International Panel on Climate Change - IPCC model by authors and experts in the various programs and actions (140 reviewers).

• Availability on the Internet website - http://www.mct.gov.br/clima.

• Comments and permanent review open to the public.


National Circumstances

National Circumstances• Area of 8,514,876.6 km2.

• Five political-administrative regions, divided into 26 states and the Federal District.

• Harbors 1/3 of Earth’s tropical forests and the Cerrado (savanna), one of the largest phytoecological regions in the world.

• Population in 1994 - 156,755,320 inhabitants.

• Population in 2000 - 169,799,170 inhabitants.

• Per capita GDP in 1994 - US$ 3,464.11.

• Per capita GDP in 2000 - US$ 3,492.63.

National Circumstances

• Despite presenting improved social indicators in the past few years, Brazil still has a long way to go.

• A significant fraction of the Brazilian population is poverty-stricken

• 22 million inhabitants live in absolute poverty, according to IPEA (Institute for Applied Economic Research) data in 2000.

• Wide social and regional disparities.

Demographic Density in Brazil

Inhabitants per Km2

National Communication

Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals of

Greenhouse Gases Not Controlled by the Montreal

Protocol

CO2 Emissions

Total 1990

979 Tg CO2

Total 1994

1030 Tg CO2

Variation 1990-1994

5%

1990

LUCF77%

Energy21%

Industrial Processes

2%

1994

LUCF75%

Industrial Processes

2%

Energy23%

CH4 Emissions1990Energy

4%LUCF13%

Waste6%

Agriculture77%

1994Energy3%LUCF

14%

Waste6%

Agriculture77%

Total 1990

12,299 Gg CH4

Total 1994

13,173 Gg CH4

Variation 1990 - 1994

7 %

N2O Emissions

Total 1990

490 Gg N2O

Total 1994

550 Gg N2O

Variation 1990 - 1994

12 %

1990

ENERGY2%

AGRIC.92%

WASTE2%LUCF

2%

IND.2%

1994

AGRIC.92%

LUCF2%

WASTE2%

IND.2%

ENERGY2%

CO2 Emissions - 1994

Land-Use Change and Forestry

75%

FugitiveEmissions

1%

IndustrialProcesses

2%

Fuel Combustion Other Setors

6%

Fuel Combustion Transport

9%

Fuel Combustion Industry

7%

RADAM Samples

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45

longitude

lati

tud

e

1990 1994 Share 1994 Var. 90/94

(Tg) (Tg) (%) (%)

TOTAL 979 1030 100.0 5

ENERGY 203 237 23.0 16

Fossil Fuel Combustion 198 231 22.5 17

Energy Sector 23 26 2.5 12

Manufacturing Industries 61 74 7.2 21

Iron and Steel 29 38 3.7 32

Other Industries 33 36 3.5 11

Transport Sector 82 94 9.2 15

Road 71 83 8.1 17

Other Transportation 11 11 1.1 1

Residential Sector 14 15 1.5 10

Agriculture 10 13 1.2 25

Other Sectors 8 10 0.9 21

Fugitive Emissions 5 5 0.5 - 5

Coal Mining 2 1 0.1 - 18

Oil and Natural Gas 4 4 0.4 0

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 17 17 1.6 - 0

Cement Production 10 9 0.9 - 9

Lime Production 4 4 0.4 11

Other Industries 3 3 0.3 13

LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY 758 776 75.4 2

Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks -45 -47 - 4.6 4

Forest and Grassland Conversion 882 952 92.4 8

Abandonment of Managed Lands -189 -204 - 19.8 8

Emissions and Removals from Soils 110 76 7.3 - 31

CO2 Emissions and Removals

CH4 Emissions - 1994

Enteric FermentationCattle68%

Manure Management

3%

Rice Cultivation

2%

Agriculture Residues

1%

Land-Use Changeand Forestry

14%

Waste6%

Fuel Combustion

2%Fugitive

Emissions1%

Enteric Fermentation Other Animals

3%

Distribution of Cattle on Brazilian Territory

Source: IBGE, 1996a.

From 0 to less than 10,100 cattle heads

From 10,000 to less than 25,181 cattle heads

From 25,181 to less than 68,944 cattle heads

From 68,944 or more cattle heads

1990 1994 Share 1994 Variation 90/94

Gg Gg % %

TOTAL 12299 13173 100.0 7

ENERGY 439 401 3.0 - 9

Fuel Combustion 332 293 2.2 - 12

Fugitive Emissions 107 108 0.8 1

Coal Mining 59 53 0.4 - 10

Oil and Natural Gas 47 54 0.4 15

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (Chemical Industry) 3 3 0.0 8

AGRICULTURE 9506 10161 77.1 7

Enteric Fermentation 8807 9377 71.2 6

Cattle 8391 8962 68.0 7

Dairy 1200 1257 9.5 5

Non-Dairy 7191 7705 58.5 7

Other Animals 416 415 3.2 -

Manure Management 338 368 2.8 9

Cattle 242 259 2.0 7

Other Animals 96 109 0.8 14

Rice Cultivation 240 283 2.1 18

Field Burning of Agriculture Residues 121 133 1.0 10



WASTE 737 803 6.1 9

Solid Waste Disposal on Land 618 677 5.1 10

Wastewater Handling 119 126 1.0 6

CH4 Emissions

N2O Emissions - 1994

Energy2%

Grazing Animals40%

Manure ManagementAnimal Waste

6%

Indirect Emissions from Soils

24%

LUCF2%

Synthetic Fertilizer4%

Agricultural Residues9%

Organic Soils4%

Biological Fixation5%

Industrial Processes2%Waste

2%

1990 1994 Share 1994 Variation 90/94

Gg Gg % %

TOTAL 490 550 100.0 12

ENERGY (Fuel Combustion) 8 9 1.6 11

Manufacturing Industries 3 4 0.7 14

Other Sectors 5 5 0.9 9

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (Chemical Industry) 8 14 2.5 61

Nitric Acid Production 0 1 0.1 38

Adipic Acid Production 8 13 2.4 63

AGRICULTURE 451 503 91.5 12

Manure Management 19 20 3.7 7

Cattle 13 13 2.4 5

Other Animals 6 7 1.2 11

Agricultural Soils 426 476 86.6 12

Synthetic Fertilizers 14 21 3.8 51

Animal Waste Fertilizer 12 13 2.4 12

Biological Fixation 21 26 4.8 25

Agricultural Residues 36 43 7.8 19

Organic Soils 16 23 4.1 38

Grazing Animals 207 219 39.7 6

Indirect Emissions 120 132 24.0 10

Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 6 7 1.2 9



WASTE (Domestic and Commercial Wastewater) 12 12 2.2 6

N2O Emissions


Description of Steps Taken or Envisaged to Implement the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change in Brazil

Chapter 1 - Programs and Activities Related to Sustainable Development

• The National Alcohol Program.

• Energy Conservation Programs.

• Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation to the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

• New Sources of Renewable Energy (Co-generation included).

• Brazilian Biofuels Program - Probiodiesel.

Evolution of Ethanol Production – 1970 to 2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Hidratado

Anidro

Source: National Energy Balance - BEN, 1986/1990/2001

Production of Light Vehicles

Source: National Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers, 2001.

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Alcohol

Gasoline

Chapter 2 - Programs and Activities Containing Measures that Contribute to Addressing Climate

Change and Its Adverse Effects

• The Brazilian Electrical Sector.

• Prospects for Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in Reducing Growth of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

• Petrobras Programs to Improve Utilization of Natural Gas in the Campos Basin.

Electrical Supply by Source and End Use Consumption

Source 1970 1980 1990 1999 2000Total Generation* 45.7 139.3 222.8 332.3 347.7 HydroelectricGeneration

39.8 128.9 206.7 292.9 307.6

Thermal Generation 5.9 10.4 16.1 39.4 40.1Nuclear 2.2 4.0 5.0Coal 1.4 2.6 2.8 7.4 6.4Natural Gas 0.7 2.0 3.8Oil 3.7 5.2 5.4 16.0 14.1Others 0.8 2.6 5.0 10.0 10.8Net Imports -0.2 26.5 39.9 42.4Gross Supply of Electricity 45.7 139.1 249.4 372.2 390.1Losses, Distribution and Storage 6.1 16.4 31.7 57.5 58.5End Use Consumption 39.6 122.7 217.7 314.7 331.6

Source: MME, 2001, except disaggregation for thermal generation in 2000 (normalized basedon e&e Economia e Energia).* Includes generating stations connected to the grid and self-generators.

Chap.3 - Research and Systematic Observation

• Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia - LBA.

• Pilot Program for the Protection of Tropical Forests of Brazil - PPG7 and Climate Change.

•The Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic Program.

• Regional Climate Change Models.

Chapter 4 - Education, Training and Public Awareness

• Environmental Education Programs.

• Education Programs in Electricity Conservation and Rational Use of Oil and Natural Gas Products.

• Raising Awareness of Climate Change Issues in Brazil.• Publication of the Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol in Portuguese.

• Creation of the Brazilian climate change site http://www.mct.gov.br/clima - available in four languages - Portuguese, English, Spanish and French.

Chapter 5 - Effects of Global Climate Change on Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems

• Coastal Zone.

• Coral Bleaching.

• Health.

• Electrical Sector.

• Agriculture.

Length of coastline by occupation density - PLC

Occupation Density (inhabitants/km)Year

< 1,000 1,000-5,000 5,000-10,000 > 10,000Total

Length (km) 3,824 2.683 385 560 7,4521980

Percentage (%) 51.3 36.0 5.2 7.5 100

Length (km) 3,328 2,867 512 745 7,4521991

Percentage (%) 44.7 38.5 6.9 10.0 100

Coral Bleaching

During the Abrolhos event it was observed that 10 to 90% of the communities of around 9 coral species were partially or totally bleached.

• In Abrolhos (off-shore archipelago in the State of Bahia), two bleaching events connect the phenomenon to an increase in the temperature of surface waters:

the first during a temperature anomaly in the summer of 1994, when 51 to 88% of the communities of the genus Mussismilia were affected; the second related to the strong El Niño event that began at the end of 1997 in the Pacific ocean and also caused an increase in water temperature along the coast.

Health

• Brazil, because of its geographic location and size, is subject to significant climatic variations, which lead to environmental changes, which favor the emergence of endemic infectious diseases that are sensitive to climate, such as malaria, dengue, cholera, leishmaniosis (tegumentary leishmaniosis and visceral leishmaniosis), leptospirosis, hantavirus.

• Extreme climatic events (storms, floods, droughts) have significant collective health impacts, through causing a rise in infectious diseases or by claiming victims through accidents.

Chapter 6 - Creation of National and Regional Capacity

• Interamerican Institute for Global Change Research - IAI.

• Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC.

• Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies - CPTEC /INPE.

Chapter 7 - Integration of Climate Change Issues in Medium and Long Term Planning

• PROCONVE - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Program.

• Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazonian Region.

• Project for Gross Deforestation Assessment in the Brazilian Legal Amazonia - PRODES.

• The National System of Conservation Units - SNUC.

• Prevention of Fires and Burning (PREVFOGO, PROARCO, etc.).

PROCONVE Average Emission Factors for New Light Passenger Cars

POLLUTANT*CO HC NOx CHO Evaporative Emissions

from Fuel

YEAR/MODEL

FUEL

(g/km) (g/test)Pre-1980 Gasoline 54 4.7 1.2 0.05 Na1980-83 Gasoline C

Ethanol3318

31.6

1.41

0.050.16

NaNa

1984-85 Gasoline CEthanol

2816.9

2.41.6

1.61.2

0.050.18

2310

1986-87 Gasoline CEthanol

2216

21.6

1.91.8

0.040.11

2310

1988 Gasoline CEthanol

18.513.3

1.71.7

1.81.4

0.040.11

2310


15.212.8

1.61.6

1.61.1

0.040.11

2310


13.310.8

1.41.3

1.41.2

0.040.11

2.71.8


11.58.4

1.31.1

1.31

0.040.11

2.71.8


6.23.6

0.60.6

0.60.5

0.0130.035

20.9


6.34.2

0.60.7

0.80.6

0.0220.040

1.71.1


64.6

0.60.7

0.70.7

0.0360.042

1.60.9


4.74.6

0.60.7

0.60.7

0.0250.042

1.60.9


3.83.9

0.40.6

0.50.7

0.0190.040

1.20.8


1.20.9

0.20.3

0.30.3

0.0070.0012

11.1


0.790.67

0.140.19

0.230.24

0.0040.0014

0.811.33


0.740.6

0.140.17

0.230.22

0.0040.013

0.791.64


0.730.63

0.130.18

0.210.21

0.0040.014

0.731.35

Source: CETESB, 2001.*Weighted averages for each model-year by volume of productionna - not available.Gasoline C - 78% gasoline plus 22% anhydrous alcohol (v/v)RCHO - formaldehyde+acetylide

PRODESDeforestation observed in 1999

National System of Conservation Units - SNUC

• Adding indigenous lands to federal and state conservation units, the percentage of protected areas, including the different degrees of protection, reached 20.78% of the Brazilian territory in 2000, with around 94% of this land concentrated in the Legal Amazonia Region (IBAMA).

Climate change Website in Brazil - http://www.mct.gov.br/clima

Documents

Brazil’s National Communication Presentation of Brazil’s Initial Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Brazilian Delegation