Upload
vandat
View
224
Download
6
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Brainy Biologist___________________________________________DUE the day of your midterm---___________! Unit 1: Introduction &Molecular Biology
1. What is biology?Study of living things/organisms – divided into many subfields.
2. Seeing the color blue usually makes people calm and relaxed. Make a hypothesis about why this occurs.―If human test subjects view
the color blue, they classify their feelings as calm and relaxed.‖
3. How could you test your hypothesis (remember, it has to be testable!)? Run 5 trials of 20 randomized subjects –show them a set
of colors, have them write down their response, collect their responses and quantify them.
4. What characteristics do all living things have in common?
Organization & cells
Response to stimuli
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth & Development
Reproduction
Change through time
5. What do you think is the #1 safety rule for the lab? Explain why.Goggles, don‘t touch broken glass, no tasting/smelling, never try
to clean up broken glass or spill
6. You want to see if anti-bacterial soap really works. You decide to grow some bacteria in the lab, on two different plates. You keep
the plates at the same temperature, lighting, etc. After 4 days when the bacteria have grown a lot and are spread over the entire
plates, you smear anti-bacterial soap inside one of the plates. You count the bacteria on each plate for 3 days.
a. Make a hypothesis—what do you think the results of the experiment will be? If anti-bacterial soap is placed on a
bacterial colony, the size of the colony will be reduced.
b. What is the independent/manipulated variable?Presence of antibacterial soap/type of soap.
c. What is the dependent/responding variable?The size of the colony (there are techniques for measuring this).
d. Why did you only put anti-bacterial soap on one of the plates?The other plate is testing how well the colony will continue
to survive—it may die off naturally (the soap may have little or no effect); it may blossom into a much bigger colony
(the soap colony could stay the same, but the soap would have had an effect of limiting colony growth).
e. Do you think you should have put something on the other plate too? Why/why not?No, not unless increased number of
plates. Cannot see the effect of anti-bacterial soap if there is not a colony growing under normal conditions to
compare it to.
f. Do you think you should have used more plates, or is two enough? Why/why not?Yes—at least 3 preferably 5 trials (9-15
plates total); also should have been a control plate with same growth medium, same temperature, same light but not
inoculated with bacteria.
7. For each example, list which piece of lab equipment is most useful for the task. (5 pts)
a. Pouring 35 mL of vinegar into a beaker ____GC_____________________
b. Measuring 100 grams of baking soda ______balance_________________
c. Making sure that the vinegar is 30ºC ______thermometer_________________
d. Observing the movement of plankton in a drop of pond water ___microscope_____
8. What type of graph (circle, bar, line) would you use to show each of the following:
a. Temperature increases during the afternoon hours of the day ___line graph/plot____
b. 20% of the students in biology want to be a marine biologist ___circle graph____
c. students in the class range from 5‘ to 6‘ tall _scatter plot/line of best fit – if small sample can do column graph__
9. Metric conversions: khdbdcm
a. 50 g = __0.5___ Hg
b. 0.75 Dm = __.0075__ km
10. LABEL the diagram to the right.
a) ocular (10x)
b) nose piece
c) objective lenses
d) stage
e) illuminator (light source)
11. How do you calculate total magnification?
Ocular (10x) x objective (4, 10, 40) = 40X or 100X or 400X depending on objective used
12. _____________ is the name of the high-energy compound produced by cellular respiration in your mitochondria.
ATP
13. ATP is formed from one molecule of ADP by adding a ____phosphate______ group & storing energy in that bond.
14. Label the diagram of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. a) substrate, b) enzyme c) product
15. Underline the reactants & circle the products: CO2 + H2O H2CO3
16. Label each of the following graphs: exothermic reaction, endothermic reaction, reactants, products, activation energy
endothermic exothermic
Reactants on left, activation energy is double arrow, products on right
17. A reaction that releases energy is _exothermic___, and a reaction that absorbs energy is __endothermic_.
18. The energy released during a chemical reaction comes from the __bonds___ that are broken during the reaction.
19. How do catalysts (enzymes) decrease the amount of time (rate) a reaction takes to
finish? They lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place.
20. Are catalysts carbs, lipids, or proteins? Proteins
21. Label the lines on the graph: reaction with enzyme, reaction without enzyme ----
Rxn without enzyme is lighter line (higher AE).
Rxn with enzyme is darker (lower AE).
22. _Acids___ are solutions with a low pH, while __bases___ have a high pH (>7).
Macromolecules:
23. ―Organic chemistry‖ is the study of compounds that contain which element? carbon
24. In the equation below, if it proceeds from LEFT TO RIGHT, is this condensation or hydrolysis?
condensation
25. Now, circle the polymer(s)&draw a square around the monomer(s).
Please indicate whether the following statements are about Carbs (C), Lipids (L), Proteins (P), or Nucleic Acids (NA):
26. __P___monomer: amino acids
27. __C___monomer: sugar (ex. Glucose)
28. __L___monomer: fatty acid
29. __C___starches, sugars
30. __L___fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids
31. __C___glucose, fructose, glycogen
32. __L___stores long-term energy
33. __C___stores short-term energy
34. __P___beans, tofu, meat
35. __L___has a phosphate head and fatty acid tail
36. __P___enzymes
Unit 2: Ecology
1. List the ecological levels of organization with an example of each.
Organism population community ecosystem biosphere
Heterotroph Autotroph
Textbook‘s definition
2. Organism that obtains organic food
molecules by eating other
organisms ad cannot synthesize
organic compounds from inorganic
materials
3. Produce own energy from inorganic
substances or from the
environment instead of consuming
other organisms (usually by
transforming sunlight energy into
chemical energy)
Define in your OWN words
Gains energy by eating other
organisms
Produces energy in form of
carbohydrates
Create an ICON (small picture) to
describe it.
You fill this in
You fill this in
4. Draw a food chain to show the following relationships:
A maple tree is an autotroph, which is eaten by a grasshopper as it hops from leaf to leaf. A bluejay sees the grasshopper
bouncing around & catches it for dinner. The quick red fox has been watching this whole scenario, and while the bluejay‘s eating
the grasshopper, he pounces on the bluejay and has a dinner of his own.Be sure to place your arrows in the proper direction. Also
be sure to label the producers and consumers (including primary, secondary, etc.) as well as the trophic levels (1, 2, etc.).
Leaf grasshopper blue jay fox
Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers
Define in your own
words—what‘s it
used for?
5. Compare /show energy
transfer or flow between
trophic levels (usually 10% of
energy transferred up to next
level)
6. Compare/show biomass
productivity at each trophic
level in an ecosystem.
Biomass is amount of living
organic matter present in an
organism.
7. Compares/shows the number
of organisms within an
ecosystem at each trophic
level. Generated by
counting all the organisms at the different feeding levels.
Draw & label an
example of each.
Page # 369 in text
http://scienceaid.co.uk/
biology/ecology/food.html
Go to above website
http://scienceaid.co.uk/
biology/ecology/food.html
Go to above website
‗
Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle
Why‘s it important? 8. H20 recycled within
biosphere-necessary for
life
9. All organisms need N to
make proteins and
nucleic acids.
10. Recycles carbon—
building block of all
life, necessary for
photosynthesis,
product of respiration
List the main steps or
processes involved.
Evaporation
Transpiration
Precipitation
Covert N2 gas to nitrate
usable by plants-Nitrigen
fixation. Study diagram
p. 373
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Burning fossil fuels
Which parts of the ecosystem
are involved?
Evaporation from bodies
of water, living things,
plants (transpiration).
Precipitation from
atmosphere. Diagram p.
371.
N2 gas in atmosphere,
bacteria in soil. Plants
take up N the nitrates
produced by the
bacteria. Animals eat
plants and obtain N.
Atmosphere, plants,
animals, all living things
ABIOTIC BIOTIC
Define in your own words.
11. Nonliving factors 12. Living factors
List 3 examples of each.
Availability of nitrogen, rainfall,
type of soil
All living things that affect an
organism—its prey, competing
species, parasites
13. What‘s the difference between a habitat and a niche? Give an example of each.
HABITAT -- A physical place that an organism
lives (its address)
Ex, deer – lives in prairie ecosystem
Ex, Spruce Tree – lives in forest
Ex, Beaver – lives in a river
NICHE - The role an organism plays in its environment
(its profession)
Ex, deer – consumer, herbivore, breathes in O2,
breathes out CO2
Ex, Spruce Tree – producer, releases O2
Ex, Beaver – dams rivers, cuts trees, consumer
Competition Predation Symbiosis
Define in your own words. 14. Two species competing
for the same resource
(no two species can
occupy the same niche
within a habitat)
15. One organism killing and
eating another organism
for food.
16. Close, long-term
relationship between two
organisms—3 kinds:
Give 2 examples of each.
3 types of symbiosis: Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Define in your own words.
17. Mutualism:
both benefit
18. Commensalism: one
benefits, one neither
helped or harmed
19. Parisitism: 1 harmed,
1 benefits
1 example of each:
Acacia & ants
Pollinators (bats, bees,
beetles & flowers)
-Bird living in tree
-Cattle egrets and Cape
Buffalo
Aphids, lice, fleas, ticks,
mosquitoes, heartworms,
tapeworms
Identify who‘s being helped or
harmed in the example.
Helped: Acacia & ants
Helped: Flowers and
pollinators
Helped: Bird (has home)
Not helped or harmed:
tree.
Helped: Cattle Egret
Not helped or harmed:
Cape buffalo
Helped: Aphids, lice,
fleas, ticks, mosquitoes,
heartworms, tapeworms,
Ebola virus
Harmed: hosts such as
humans, other animals
and/ or plant hosts
Primary Succession Secondary Succession
Define in your own words. 20. Development of community in area
that has not been colonized by life
previously
21. After disruption, replacement of
species—in area where soil is
already present
What‘s the ―starting‖ material (soil, rocks,
etc.)?
Substrate: Rock, sand dune Substrate: Soil
2 examples of each: Glaciers retreating in Canada left
sheet of bedrock called Canadian
Shield—rocks first colonized by
lichens
Volcanic rocks after eruption
colonized by lichens
After plowing field, weeds invade
followed by grasses, shrubs, and
trees.
After hurricane or tornado small
weed and grasses establish
themselves followed by shrubs and
trees.
Pedogenesis (formation of soil) = impt
process
22. Draw a logistic growth curve and an exponential growth curve (label each). Which one has carrying capacity?
23. A colony of bacteria reproduce very quickly and never run out of resources because they‘re super resistant to everything. Which type of
growth curve would theirs look like? Why? Exponential because their population growth is not limited by abiotic or biotic factors.
24. What‘s the competitive exclusion principle?
--Joseph Grinnell –American—1st Director of MVZ @ UC Berkeley--formulated the law in 1904 based upon field observations: ―"Two
species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. One will crowd
out the other." [ Grinnell, J. (1904). "The Origin and Distribution of the Chest-Nut-Backed Chickadee". The Auk (American Ornithologists'
Union)]
--Georgy Gause---Russian ecologist. Also known as Gause‘s Law of Competitive Exclusion, although he came much later than Grinnell --In
1932 he published the competitive exclusion principle, based on experimental work done with mixed cultures of both yeast
and Paramecium species. Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological
factors remain constant. The species with an advantage (reproductive, more successful feeding adaptation, higher tolerance) --‗complete
competitors cannot coexist.‖
--Joseph Connell –Scottish--contributed later to this theory— Two species of barnacles live in a stratified distribution in the intertidal
region along the Scottish coast.
Limiting Factors for a Population: Density-Dependent Density-Independent
Define in your own words.
Any factor that restrains the growth of
a population
25. Factors that depend on the
density of the population
26. Factors that are not correlated
with the density of the population
Explain one example of each.
Amount of space, availability of
food, nesting sites
Flooding, temperature
27. Why is the human population on earth increasing at such a high rate? People are living longer, there is an abundance of food and other
resources, birth rate still exceeds death rate—most ecologists feel that today‘s human population growth rate is not sustainable.
28. Which type of growth curve is it (human population growth)—logistic or exponential? Logistic
29. Please explain how the following human activities have changed the environment:
a. Agriculture –stabilized and increased food supply
b. Industry—Burn fossil fuels—create toxic waste
c. Technology—Able to mine and drill for more fuels such as Fracking for natural gas—destroys environment and
constributes to global warming
d. Urban development—destroys habitats, creates waste and smog
30. a. We can plant trees, so they are a __renewable____ resource.
b. We can‘t make fossil fuels, so they‘re a ___nonrenewable___ resource.
c. What is sustainability? A way of surviving by using resources so that the resources are not depleted or
permanently damaged so that future generations may live.
d. Although we aren‘t required to recycle, why is it a good thing to do? See above—for sustainability and also quality of
life—so that we act as stewards of the Earth.
Human Impacts: Climate Change Ozone depletion Invasive Species Acid Precipitation
What causes it? 31.
a) Natural causes
b) Human causes
--both cause
increased CO2
levels in
atmosphere to
rise
32. Use of
chemicals such as
CFC‘s
33. Either accidental
or purposeful
introduction of
nonnative species
e.g., rats on ships
(spread the plague)
English sparrows
Exotic weeds that
outcompete native
plants
34. Air pollutants
combine with water
in atmosphere and
form acids—falls to
Earth in
precipitation
What‘s the problem? a) solar radiation
and volcanic
activity
b) Rainforest
destruction &
burning of fossil
fuels, pollution
Is not as effective
at shielding Earth
from harmful UV
light
Can be harmless,
rarely beneficial—
can harm by
outcompeting
native species and
reducing
biodiversity
Species adapted to
live within certain
limits of pH--
increased acidity is
above tolerance
levels for many
species
What can we do to stop
it?
a) not much!
b) enact better
laws/policies, be
better stewards
of our planet
Stop use of
chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC‘s)
Monitor luggage,
shipments, flights,
container ships –
enforce laws to
not transport
certain species
and to inform
public about not
releasing nonnative
organisms
Decrease pollution-
industrial pollution
and emissions and
pollution in general
35. What are the THREE types of survivorship curves? Draw a graph, label it, give an example of each.
Type 1- high survival chance early in life—high chance dying later in life. Humans, larger vertebrates such as elephants.
Type II-- constant mortality rate regardless of age—certain birds, lizards
Type III –high chance of mortality early in life, low rates of mortality later (oysters and most marine invertebrates, turtles,
certain r-selected rodent species such as lemmings)
36. What‘s biodiversity? How do species richness and species evenness differ?
The variety of organisms in a given area—species diversity is an example.
Species richness = # unique species in a given area
Species evenness = relative number of individuals of each species in an area
37. How does biological magnification work? What happens to the pollutant when the producers get ―affected‖ by it? … does it stop there?
Process whereby harmful chemicals such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain and become more concentrated
at higher trophic levels [e.g., bald eagle, osprey—DDT]
Unit 3: Cells
1. Complete the chart to summarize the findings of the first cell biologists:
Scientist Contribution to the Cell Theory
Hooke Coined term ‗cell‘
Leeuwenhoek Made very small microscopes, was the first to view and describe many types of animal, plant,
and bacterial cells—her termed these cells ‗animalcules‘
Schleiden Concluded all plants were composed of cells
Schwann All animals are made of cells
Virchow ―father of pathology‖ – all cells come from preexisting cells
2. What are the three statements of the cell theory?
--All living organisms composed of one or more cells
--Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism (basic units of life)
--All cells arise from pre-existing cells (no spontaneous generation)
3. Please explain the relationship between surface area and volume for cell size.
As cells increase in size, their volume increases more than surface area. Cells depend on the ability to transport
nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell. There is a critical size beyond which this becomes to
―expensive‖ in terms of ATP or time factors, and this limits size such that most cells are very small.
4. Most cells are ___small______ (in size) and have a ___high______ (high or low) SA:Vol.
5. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryote (Bacteria and Archaea) Eukaryote (Eukaryota)
Size smaller Much larger (but still usually
microscopic)
Membrane-bound organelles? no yes
Nucleus? No- but nucleoid region yes
Example of organism Bacteria –Streptococcus (causes Strep throat)
Dormouse, giraffe, human,
Tyrannosaurus
Matching: 6. __b_ controls most cell processes and contains DNA
7. __g__ uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds like ATP
8. __i__ thin, flexible barrier around the cell; contains protein channels through it
9. __a (in plants)_ provides support and protection from for the cell
10. ____c_ maintains cell shape with a network of protein filaments
11. ____h_ basic unit of all forms of life
12. ____f_ uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules which store energy
13. ____d_ assembles components of the cell membrane and modifies some proteins
14. ____e_ attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins using enzymes
a. cell wall
b. nucleus
c. cytoskeleton
d. endoplasmic
reticulum
e. Golgi apparatus
f. chloroplast
g. mitochondrion
h. cell
i. cell membrane
15. Do plant cells have mitochondria? Why or why not? Yes—They also need ATP – the basic unit of energy unit of life—plants
like animals are multicellular and complex and require more energy than simpler prokaryotes to carry out basic functions.
16. What structures make plant cells and animal cells different?
PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS
Cell wall (outside of membrane, No cell wall, only membrane
Made of cellulose
Contains plastids (that contain pigments/ No plastids
and/or food)
Centrosome/centrioles absent Centrosome/centrioles present, near nucleus
Lysosomes absent Lysosomes present
Contains large central vacuoles No large central vacuole
17. Please compare the 3 types of passive transport:
a. Diffusion – no ATP, from high concentration of solute low concentration of solute,
Simple diffusion occurs through membrane
b. Facilitated diffusion – no ATP, from high concentration of solute low concentration of solute,
Requires protein (wither channel or carrier protein)
c. Osmosis –movement of water from an area of ITS high concentration to ITS area of low concentration across a semi-
permeable membrane
18. Please compare the 3 types of active transport:
a. Protein Pumps –active transport of small ions—requires ATP, involves transmembrane protein, pumps ions AGAINST
concentration gradient from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
b. Endocytosis—active transport (ingestion of) external fluid, large macromolecules, large particles, and even other cells.
Requires ATP. Cell membrane forms pouch around desired material then pinches off into a vesicle that moves towards
the interior of the cell.
c. Exocytosis—active transport—process by which cells release/secrete material—reverse of process listed above—also
requires ATP--see pp 106
19. How are passive and active transport different?
Passive transport does not require the use of ATP—no energy is expended—solutes and/or water moves from area of high
low concentration
Active transport requires use of ATP, movement of EITHER large substances or movement of ions AGAINST concentration
gradient from low high concentration
20. Identify each diagram as showing an ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, OR HYPOTONIC solution INSIDE the cell. Describe how the
concentration of water molecules will affect the shape of the cell—will it shrink or swell???
Hypertonic, cell will shrink Isotonic Hypotonic, Water moves into cell
Animal cell=crenate no net change in volume Animal cell-cytolysis-bursting
Plant cell = plasmolysis (wilt) Plant cell- turgor pressure
21. Identify the parts of the diagram.
22. __Differentiation__ is the name of the process that takes place in your body that makes brain cells look different from muscle
cells, etc. Why is this process necessary? So that cells can carry out specialized functions (e,g., muscle, absorption,
detoxification, nerve signaling),
23. Where do stem cells come from and why are they useful?Stem cells are unspecialized cells. Two types: Embryonic (from
embryos) and adult stem cells found in certain tissues such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain tissue. Adult stem cells often
can only form a few type of cells and are shorter lived. They are useful in replacing damaged or diseased cells in the human
body—used only for very serious medical conditions.
24. Please compare the 4 phases of the cell cycle.
d. G-1:Gap 1, cell grows and metabolizes, prior to DNA replication
e. S:DNA is synthesized (replication)
f. G-2:Gap 2- follows DNA synthesis —cell prepares for division or remains in this stage if not signaled to divide
g. Mitosis:Cell division outlined below
25. Why does the cell need to copy its DNA (chromosomes) before mitosis?After cytokinesis each daughter cell contains one
chromatid (one copy of parental DNA). Before dividing again, the cell must replicate its DNA to create another identical
chromatid so that there are two copies to be pulled apart during anaphase—otherwise the number of chromatids would be
reduced every time the cell divides. Replication is necessary to maintain the amount of DNA that the cell inherited so that
it can carry out all of its functions.
Mitosis Matching: 26. __b__ chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
27. __a__ chromosomes become visible
28. __a__ centrioles separate
29. __c__ sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes
30. __e__ nuclear envelope re-forms
31. __a__ nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down
32. __a__ each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at the centromere
33. __? C although chromatids__ individual chromosomes move apartXX
34. What‘s the order of the phases in mitosis?
IPMATC Interphase-Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase- cytokinesis
[cell wall/cleavage furrow]
A . Ribosome
B . Mitochondrion
C .Golgi Body
D .Rough ER
E .Nuclear Pore
a. prophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. telophase
e. interphase
35. How is a plant cell‘s mitosis different from an animal cell‘s mitosis?
36. Draw the cell cycle diagram from your book (looks like a pie chart)—make sure you label the stages of interphase (G-1, S, G-2) and
mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) & finally, cytokinesis.
Something like this—no diagrams of cell needed but nice if you want to add them:
37. What phase is the biggest portion of the cell‘s lifetime—interphase or mitosis? Interphase
WHY?During interphase the cell is growing, replicating DNA, synthesizing proteins and other molecules, and carrying out the
functions it is specialized to fulfill. Typically, in cells that divide, 10-15% of cell cycle is spent in mitosis.
NOW THAT YOU‘RE FINISHED STUDYING…GET SOME REST! YOU NEED TO ―SLEEP ON IT‖ SO
IT WILL SOAK INTO THAT BRAIN OF YOURS!! REALLY!!!
GET A GOOD NIGHT‘S REST &EAT A YUMMY, CARB & PROTEIN-FILLED
BREAKFAST IN THE MORNING!
GOTTA FEED THE BRAIN!