Brain Teaser #5Brain Teaser #5

Read each description and determine which Read each description and determine which Renaissance figure is being described.Renaissance figure is being described.

I wrote sonnets, poetry and 37 playsI wrote sonnets, poetry and 37 plays I sponsored Columbus’ voyage to AmericaI sponsored Columbus’ voyage to America I am an Italian genius who excelled in art, I am an Italian genius who excelled in art,

science, and engineeringscience, and engineering I am a doctor who founded the science of I am a doctor who founded the science of

anatomyanatomy I came up with the heliocentric theory, that all I came up with the heliocentric theory, that all

the planets revolve around the sunthe planets revolve around the sun I was known as the “virgin Queen” because I I was known as the “virgin Queen” because I

never wanted to share my power with a man.never wanted to share my power with a man.

Corruption in the Corruption in the Medieval Catholic ChurchMedieval Catholic Church

What forms of corruption existed What forms of corruption existed within the Church during the Late within the Church during the Late Middle Ages?Middle Ages? Popes used excommunication to force Popes used excommunication to force

monarchs to obey the Churchmonarchs to obey the Church Many priests were illiterateMany priests were illiterate Many clergy broke their vows of chastityMany clergy broke their vows of chastity Some officials lead lives of luxury and Some officials lead lives of luxury and

leisureleisure Some clergy:Some clergy:

Charged repentant Christians to see holy Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains and objectsremains and objects

Sold church offices to highest bidder Sold church offices to highest bidder (simony)(simony)

Sold indulgencesSold indulgences

Power of the Papacy Power of the Papacy (Pope) Was Weakened in 2 (Pope) Was Weakened in 2

WaysWays

Babylonian Captivity (1305-Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375)1375)

Great Schism (1378-1417)Great Schism (1378-1417)

Babylonian Captivity Babylonian Captivity Weakened Power of PopeWeakened Power of Pope

Philip IV (France) fought Philip IV (France) fought with the Pope over his with the Pope over his power to tax the clergypower to tax the clergy

Pope Boniface kidnapped in Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V French pope, Clement V

Seven popes ruled the Seven popes ruled the Church from Avignon, Church from Avignon, FranceFrance

Many Christians thought Many Christians thought these popes were only these popes were only puppets of the French kingpuppets of the French king

Great SchismGreat SchismWeakened Power of PopeWeakened Power of Pope

Papacy moved back to Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376Rome in 1376

French cardinals elected French cardinals elected a new pope, Clement VIIa new pope, Clement VII

Both Urban VI and Both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to Clement VII claimed to be the rightful popebe the rightful pope

Many Christians Many Christians questioned the authority questioned the authority of the Papacy (pope)of the Papacy (pope)

Early Calls for Church Early Calls for Church ReformReform

People Speaking Out Against Church People Speaking Out Against Church Corruption and TeachingsCorruption and Teachings

John Wycliffe of EnglandJohn Wycliffe of England Thought Christians didn’t Thought Christians didn’t

need Church or need Church or sacraments to achieve sacraments to achieve salvationsalvation

Regarded Bible as most Regarded Bible as most important source of important source of religious authorityreligious authority

Completed first translation Completed first translation of Bible into Englishof Bible into English

OutcomeOutcome Church persecuted his Church persecuted his

followers, the Lollards, as followers, the Lollards, as hereticsheretics

People Speaking Out Against Church People Speaking Out Against Church Corruption and TeachingsCorruption and Teachings

Jan Huss of BohemiaJan Huss of Bohemia Criticized wealth of ChurchCriticized wealth of Church Wanted religious services Wanted religious services

conducted in the language conducted in the language of the worshippersof the worshippers

Opposed the sale of Opposed the sale of indulgencesindulgences

OutcomeOutcome Was burned at stake for Was burned at stake for

refusing to accept refusing to accept importance of Church importance of Church ritualsrituals

Other Calls for ReformOther Calls for Reform Catherine of SienaCatherine of Siena

Popularized mysticismPopularized mysticism Believed people could Believed people could

experience God through experience God through intense prayerintense prayer

OUTCOME: maintained OUTCOME: maintained that Christians didn’t need that Christians didn’t need priests, rituals or priests, rituals or sacramentssacraments

Giroiamo Savonarola Giroiamo Savonarola of Florenceof Florence Launched crusade Launched crusade

against immoral societyagainst immoral society Encouraged book Encouraged book

burningsburnings Claimed Vatican was Claimed Vatican was

filled with sin and filled with sin and corruptioncorruption

OUTCOME: was burned OUTCOME: was burned at stake by angry at stake by angry citizens of Florencecitizens of Florence

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the Beginning of the ReformationBeginning of the Reformation

Who was Martin Who was Martin Luther?Luther? Son of a middle-Son of a middle-

class German class German parentsparents

Studied lawStudied law Became a Catholic Became a Catholic

monkmonk

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the Beginning of the ReformationBeginning of the Reformation

Why did Luther question Church Why did Luther question Church practices and teachings?practices and teachings? Troubled by idea that salvation was Troubled by idea that salvation was

attainable through good worksattainable through good works Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to

salvation was by faith alonesalvation was by faith alone Believed forgiveness for sins could come Believed forgiveness for sins could come

only from God’s mercy only from God’s mercy Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgencesAngered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgences

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the Beginning of the ReformationBeginning of the Reformation

How did his How did his criticisms expand criticisms expand into an effort to into an effort to form a new church?form a new church? Wrote 95 Theses to Wrote 95 Theses to

start debate on start debate on Church abusesChurch abuses

Published books Published books and pamphlets and pamphlets questioning Church questioning Church teachingsteachings

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the Beginning of the ReformationBeginning of the Reformation

How did his criticisms expand into an How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new church?effort to form a new church? Ideas for reform led to a new church:Ideas for reform led to a new church:

Congregations choose their own ministersCongregations choose their own ministers Worship of saints and holy days was considered Worship of saints and holy days was considered

sinfulsinful Mass conducted in German instead of Latin (so Mass conducted in German instead of Latin (so

people could understand the mass)people could understand the mass) Clergy allowed to marryClergy allowed to marry

Reformation Spreads Reformation Spreads Throughout EuropeThroughout Europe

What other groups What other groups separated from the separated from the Catholic Church Catholic Church and formed new and formed new religions?religions? AnabaptistsAnabaptists AnglicansAnglicans CalvinistsCalvinists

Calvinists (1546)Calvinists (1546) Founded by John Founded by John

CalvinCalvin Believed in Believed in

predestination (God predestination (God had predetermined had predetermined who would obtain who would obtain salvation)salvation)

Thought a Thought a disciplined, austere disciplined, austere life would prove who life would prove who had been chosen had been chosen

Why did Protestantism spread Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany?beyond Germany?

Political leaders looked for ways to Political leaders looked for ways to escape power of Catholic Churchescape power of Catholic Church

People were tired of Church abuses People were tired of Church abuses and corruptionand corruption

Charismatic individuals questioned Charismatic individuals questioned Church teachings and provided Church teachings and provided leadership leadership

Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid spread of new ideasspread of new ideas

Catholic Church’s Catholic Church’s Response to the Response to the

ReformationReformation

How did the Catholic Church How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?respond to the Reformation?

Reformed the Church from WithinReformed the Church from Within

Pope Paul III Pope Paul III Led Counter Led Counter

ReformationReformation Called meeting at TrentCalled meeting at Trent

Council of Trent Council of Trent (1545-1563)(1545-1563) Defined Catholic beliefs Defined Catholic beliefs

and corrected abusesand corrected abuses Sale of indulgence Sale of indulgence

prohibitedprohibited Simony outlawedSimony outlawed Seminaries established Seminaries established

to train parish prieststo train parish priests Monasteries and Monasteries and

convents cleansed of convents cleansed of immoral clergyimmoral clergy

Church Tried to Stop the Spread of Church Tried to Stop the Spread of ProtestantismProtestantism

Jesuits (1540)Jesuits (1540) Disciplined priests won Poland Disciplined priests won Poland

and southern Germany back to and southern Germany back to Catholic faithCatholic faith

Spread Christianity to Africa, Spread Christianity to Africa, Asia and AmericasAsia and Americas

Inquisition (1542)Inquisition (1542) Church court designed to judge Church court designed to judge

and convict hereticsand convict heretics Imprisoned, exiled or executed Imprisoned, exiled or executed

those with unorthodox views those with unorthodox views