BRAIN FUNCTIONS NEXT QUIZ

FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN PARTS YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR

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LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN

PARTS LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN

PARTS LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN

Hippocampus

H = Hypothalamus

A = Amygdala

T = Thalamus

The limbic system is a set of evolutionarily primitive brain structures located on top of the brainstem and buried under the cortex.

Limbic system structures are involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival. Such emotions include fear, anger, and emotions related to sexual behavior.

Amygdala •responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain.

•It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event invokes.

arbor vitae of the cerebellum (Latin for "Tree of Life") is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. It brings sensory and motor information to the cerebellum.

BrainstemThe stem-like part of the base of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. •The brain stem controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body.•It also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy. The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates.

It is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe.

Cerebellum = responsible for the coordination of movement and balance.

Cerebellum =

Activities where the muscles or the physical movements have to be learned are all coordinated and adapted by the Cerebellum. For example, when children learn to play baseball, they learn exactly when to hit the ball with the bat. The Cerebellum plays a primary role in this case. Not only would it decide when to hit the ball, it would also note the distance and speed which will help our reflexes. Similar instances of the adaptive functions of the Cerebellum activities include driving and playing sports.

Cerebrum = The largest portion of the brain, divided into two hemispheres that each contain four lobes. The lobes function in speech, memory, vision, personality and muscle control in certain parts of the body. This part exhibits what we know as intelligence and consciousness.

Cingulate gyrus = fold or bump in the brain; functions:

•Coordinates Sensory Input With Emotions

•Emotional Responses to Pain

•Regulates Aggressive Behavior (road rage linked to this structure)

Corpus callosum structure in the mammalian brain that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain.

It transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres.

Fornix = a fibrous arching band connecting the two lobes of the cerebrum.

1. Connects the Hippocampus:

To the hypothalamus

To the mammillary bodies

2. Involved in memory formation

Cerebral spinal fluid:

1.Cushions structures

2.Provides a river of nutrients

3.Moves wastes out of area

The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled (CSF) cavities within the human brain.

Frontal lobe - The largest and most anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere. Responsible for emotions, personality, memory, and skills associated with problem solving, planning, and self regulation. The frontal lobe also includes the motor strip, which controls muscles in the limbs and face.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiduiTq1ei8

Hippocampus   The name derives from its curved shape in coronal sections of the brain, which resembles a seahorse (Greek: hippos = horse, kampi = curve).

Acts as a memory indexer -- sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary.

 

Hippocampus    involved in spatial function both in the narrow sense, such as in providing a spatial mapping of the environment through we navigate, and in humans in a broader sense, providing a “space” within which concepts are organized. Early degenerative changes in the hippocampus, as are seen in Alzheimer’s disease are thought responsible for one of the earlier behavioral signs of the disease - having difficulties in finding your way and orienting yourself in the environment.

The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis. It has regulatory areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure.

Lateral ventricle = The lateral ventricles are two curved shaped cavities located within the cerebrum. Function:

•Protects the Brain From Trauma

•Provides Pathway for the Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

mammillary bodies •relay for signals that travel from the hippocampus and amygdale to the thalamus. •important to memory processing, so damage caused by either physical destruction or nutritional deficiencies can lead to amnesia.

mammillary bodies

known to be significantly damaged by alcohol intoxication, especially by chronic alcohol abuse.

Medulla ( medulla oblongata) is the lower portion of the brainstem.

responsible for controlling several major autonomic functions of the body, including respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and reflex arcs.

Midbrain - serves as the nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers

Mid brain

Occipital lobe of cerebrum is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain.

Olfactory bulb - one of two clusters of olfactory neurons for sense of smell

the olfactory neurons extend through a porous bone and interact with the environment inside the nose

The optic chiasm = (Greek "crossing", from 'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.

the nerves connected to the right eye that attend to the right visual field cross with the nerves from the left eye that attend to the left visual field.

optic chiasm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK2k_-f8R48

optic chiasm

Parietal lobe of cerebrum

•Integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, and in the manipulation of objects.

•Portions are involved with visuospatial processing.

•Much less is known about this lobe than the other three in the cerebrum.

Pineal gland A small gland located deep within in the brain.

Secretes hormone called melatonin to regulate body's sleep-regulation apparatus. It helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.

Pineal gland

Melatonin secretion is low during the daylight hours and high during dark periods, which has some influence over your reaction to photoperiod.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h2mJnvRbZ8

Pituitary gland (hypophysis) A small oval endocrine gland attached to the base of the vertebrate brain and consisting of an anterior and a posterior lobe.

CALLED THE MASTER GLAND

the secretions of control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation

Pons

•relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum.

•Some hypothesize that it has a role in dreaming.

•sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

Pons

Pons

Sagittal fissure (also called Longitudinal Fissure):The long divide between the two cerebral hemispheres

The septum pellucidum (also called the septum lucidum) is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane that separates the lateral ventricles of the brain

septum pellucidum

Spinal cord – attaches to brain stem

Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina = In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the posterior aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. In humans, the superior colliculus is involved in the generation of fast eye movements and eye-head coordination.

Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina

Thalamus

•Function:

•Motor Control

•Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals

• It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions. Sort of a requisite 'last pit stop' for information going to cortex.

Thalamus

Thalamus

Third ventricle

Function:

•Protects the Brain From Trauma

•Provides Pathway for the Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Location:

•The third ventricle is a narrow cavity located between the two hemispheres of the hypothalamus/thalamus area

Third ventricle

Transverse fissure = separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Meninges

membranes surrounding CNSprotect CNS

11-2

1)1) Dura materDura mater - "tough mother", strong

outermost membrane that is attached to the inner periosteum of the skull but not to bone of vertebrae

tough, white fibrous CT 

contains many blood vessels & nerves

1)1) Dura materDura mater -

The dura mater of the spinal cord is not directly attached to the bone of the vertebrae  An epidural space is the space between the dura mater and the lining of the vertebral canal.   This space is filled with loose connective tissue and fatProvides a second protective  cushion 

2) Arachnoid meninxArachnoid meninx – spider web-like

•Contains blood vessels

•Subarachnoid space = This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serves as a cushion for the brain.

3) Pia materPia mater - "delicate mother", adheres tightly to surface of spinal cord and brain surface

very thin delicate CT

many nerves & blood vessels

dips into grooves & contours.

THE END!