TelencephalonThe Cortex

Location Functional Area FunctionPrecentral gyrus Primary somatosensory

cortexTouch, body awareness

Postcentral gyrus Primary motor cortex Voluntary movement control

Superior parietal lobule Posterior parietal association area, tertiary somatic sensory cortex

stereognosia

Precentral gyrus and rostral adjacent cortex

Supplementary motor cortex, supplementary eye fields, premotor area, frontal eye fields

Limb and eye movement planning

Superior parietal lobule Posterior parietal association area

Visuomotor, perception

Superior, middle frontal gyri, medial frontal lobe

Frontal eye fields Saccadic eye movements

Superior, middle frontal gyri, medial frontal lobe

Prefrontal association cortex, frontal eye fields

Thought, cognition, movement planning

Banks of calcarine fissure Primary visual cortex VisionMedial and lateral occipital gyri

Secondary visual cortex Vision, depth perception

Inferior temporal gyrus Visual inferotemporal area Form visionMiddle temporal gyrus Visual inferotemporal area Form vision

Superior temporal gyrus Higher order auditory cortex

Hearing, speech

Cingulate gyrus, subcallosal area, retrosplenial area, parahippocampus gyrus

Limbic association cortex Emotions

Parahippocampus gyrus Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex

Smell, emotions

Middle and inferior temporal gyri at junction between temporal and occipital lobes

Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex; middle temporal visual area

Perception, vision, reading, speech

Temporal pole Primary olfactory cortex, limbic association cortex

Smell, emotions

Inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus)

Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

Perception, vision, reading, speech

Inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus)

Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

Perception, vision, reading, speech

Heschl’s gyri and superior temporal gyrus

Primary auditory cortex Hearing

Heschl’s gyri and superior temporal gyrus

Secondary auditory cortex Hearing

Insular cortex, frontoparietal operculum

Gustatory cortex Taste

Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)

Broca’s area, lateral premotor cortex

Speech, movement planning

Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)

Prefrontal association cortex

Thought, cognition, planning behavior

Middle frontal gyrus Prefrontal association cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

Thought, cognition, planning behavior, aspects of eye movement control

Inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)

Prefrontal association cortex

Thought, cognition, planning behavior

Diencephalon – location and function

Location Functional Area FunctionJust below corpus callosum Thalamus Transmits information from

subcortical structures to cerebral cortex

Beneath thalamus Hypothalamus Integrates functions of autonomic nervous system an controls endocrine hormone release from pituitary gland

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

1: dotted line encircles tegmentum2. basis pedunculi/corticospinal tract3. substantia nigra4. central tegmental tract5. tectum (superior colliculus)

Location Functional Area FunctionDorsal region of mesencephalon

Tectum Superior colliculus

Visual receptors - regulate the reflexive movement of the Eyes and Head, in response to a number of different stimuli

Inferior colliculus

Auditory receptors - Neurons conducting impulses from the structures of the Inner Ear to the Brain, all synapse in the Inferior Colliculi.

Ventral region of mesencephalon

Tegmentum Ascending Tracts from the Spinal Cord to the Brain and also contains the paired Red NucleiControls motor functionsRegulates awareness and attentionRegulates some autonomic functions

Red nucleus Unconscious Regulation and Coordination of

Motor Activities.Substantia nigra coordinating muscle

tone and movement

Metencephalon

Location Functional Area FunctionVentral pons pons relays messages to and

from the myelencephalon and cerebrum.  It also sends messages to the cerebellum and regulates the rate of breathing.

Above the basilar Pontine tegmentum Regulation of bladder

region that forms the floor of the fourth ventricle

functionRegulates consciousness

Base of brain cerebellum regulates movements of eyes and limbshelps us to maintain posture and balancestereotyped movements

Inferior peduncles

Conducts information regarding the position of body parts to the cerebellum

Middle peduncles

Conducts information from the cerebral cortex regarding the desired position of these parts to the cerebellum

Superior peduncles

Conducts impulses regarding the aforementioned data to the mesencephalon

Brain Stem

Location Functional Area Functionmidbrain Tectum/tegmentumJust above enlargement of spinal cord

pons contains centers for the control of vital processes, including respiration and cardiovascular functions. It also is involved in the coordination of eye movements and balance.

Enlargement at top of spinal cord medulla contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.

Myelencephalon

Location Functional Area FunctionEnlargement at top of spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cardiac center – controls heart

rateRespiratory center - Helps regulate rhythm, rate, and depth of breathing with the pons.Vasomotor center - Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation (the contraction and dilation of blood vessels, respectively).

Ventricles

Cingulate gyrus – part of the limbic system (emotion)