B.P. Caton, M. Mortimer, and J.E. HIll - IRRI - Booksbooks.irri.org/9712201910_content.pdf · Rice Knowledge Bank: Courier address: Suite 1009, Pacific Bank Building 6776 Ayala Avenue,

A Practical Field Guide to

B.P. Caton, M. Mortimer, and J.E. HIll

iINTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

1

Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

B.P. Caton, M. Mortimer,and J.E. Hill

2004

Weeds of Ricein Asia

A P r a c t i c a l F i e l d G u i d e t o

2 3

Species by common name in English 5Preface 7Acknowledgments 8Terms and definitions 9Key to species listings 10

BROADLEAF WEEDS 12–51Aeschynomene aspera 12A. indica 15Ageratum conyzoides 16Alternanthera sessilis 19Amaranthus spinosus 20Commelina benghalensis 23C. diffusa 24Eclipta prostrata 27Eichhornia crassipes 28Ipomoea aquatica 31Ludwigia adscendens 32L. octovalvis 35Marsilea minuta 36Mimosa diplotricha 39Monochoria vaginalis 40Pistia stratiotes 43Polygonum hydropiper 44Portulaca oleracea 47Sphenoclea zeylanica 48Trianthema portulacastrum 51

ContentsThe International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval ofthe Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of 16 nonprofitinternational research centers supported by the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR – www.cgiar.org).

IRRI receives support from several CGIAR members, including theWorld Bank, European Union, Asian Development Bank, InternationalFund for Agricultural Development, International Development ResearchCentre, Rockefeller Foundation, and agencies of the following govern-ments: Australia, Belgium, Canada, People’s Republic of China,Denmark, France, Germany, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Re-public of Korea, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam.

The responsibility for this publication rests with the InternationalRice Research Institute.

Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2004

Mailing address: DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, PhilippinesPhone: +63 (2) 580-5600, 845-0563, 844-3351 to 53Fax: +63 (2) 580-5699, 891-1292, 845-0606Email: [email protected] page: www.irri.orgRiceweb: www.riceweb.orgRice Knowledge Bank: www.knowledgebank.irri.orgCourier address: Suite 1009, Pacific Bank Building

6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, PhilippinesTel. (63-2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303

Suggested citation:Caton BP, Mortimer M, Hill JE. 2004. A practical field guide to weedsof rice in Asia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice ResearchInstitute. 116 p.

Editing: Bill HardyCover design: George R. ReyesDesign and print production coordinator: George R. Reyes

ISBN 971-22-0191-0

4 5

GRASS WEEDS 52–81

Cynodon dactylon 52Dactyloctenium aegyptium 55Digitaria ciliaris 56Echinochloa colona 58E. crus-galli 61E. glabrescens 62Eleusine indica 65Imperata cylindrica 66Ischaemum rugosum 69Leersia hexandra 70Leptochloa chinensis 73Panicum repens 74Paspalum distichum 77P. scrobiculatum 78Rottboellia cochinchinensis 81

SEDGE AND SEDGE-LIKE WEEDS 82–95Cyperus difformis 82C. iria 85C. rotundus 86Fimbristylis dichotoma 89F. miliacea 90Scirpus juncoides 93S. maritimus 94

Appendices 96Selected references 115

Speciesby common name in English

Barnyardgrass 61Bermuda grass 52Bulrush 93Chinese sprangletop, red sprangletop 73Cogon grass 66Crab grass 56Creeping water primrose 32Crowfoot grass 55False daisy 27Forked fringerush 89Giant sensitive plant 39Globe fringerush 90Goosegrass 65Gooseweed 48Horse purslane, giant pigweed 51Indian joint-vetch 15Itchgrass 81Jungle-rice 58Knotgrass 77Kodo millet 79Longfruited primrose-willow 35Marsh-pepper smartweed, water pepper 44Monochoria 40Purple nutsedge 86Purslane 47

6 7

Weed infestations are a never-ending concern for everyfarmer. Depending on the type of rice production practiced,rice farmers across Asia, from Korea to Nepal to Indonesia,often must contend with the same or similar weed species.That group of species is relatively small, but of great impor-tance, and includes many of the “world’s worst weeds.”

In this guide, we have tried to collect practical informa-tion about some of the most common weeds of rice in Asia.The guide contains useful information about the botany,ecology, and cultural control of these species in a short textthat should be easy to use in the field. In addition, it in-cludes pictures to aid in early and accurate species identifi-cation.

Our goal was to give farmers, extension agents, research-ers, and others a practical in-field means of assessing weedcontrol problems and, where possible, to provide strategiesfor improving integrated weed management in rice systems.We especially hope that the guide will help farmers betterunderstand the relationships among land preparation, riceestablishment methods, and early season water manage-ment practices that often strongly influence the particularweed species that infest their rice fields.

PrefaceRice flat sedge 85Saltmarsh bulrush 94Sessile joyweed 19Smallflower umbrella sedge 82Sola pith plant 12Southern cutgrass 70Spiny amaranth 20Spreading dayflower 24Torpedo grass 74Tropic ageratum, goat weed 16Tropical spiderwort 23Water clover 36Waterlettuce 43Water spinach, swamp morningglory 31Water hyacinth 28Wrinkled grass, saramollagrass 69

8 9

Terms and definitions

Apical (bud) dominance—growth of lateral buds is inhib-ited until the terminal bud stops growingCreeping—a plant that often spreads horizontally usingstolons or rhizomesErect—stems or branches growing verticallyHypocotyl—the part of the stem below the first true leafor leaves (seed leaf)Inflorescence—a structure with flowersLeaf blade—the extended portion of the leafNode—a place on the stem that may bear leavesPropagule—a reproductive structure, for example, a seedor tuberRhizome—underground stemRunner—a long, aboveground stem that roots at nodes toform new plants; longer than stolonsSheath—basal part of leaf extending around stemStolon—a short, aboveground stem that roots at nodes toform new plantsTuber—underground food-storing organ from which stemsand roots may growTufted—growing in clumps

The authors thank the following people for their contribu-tions to this project: Ross Lubigan and Joel Janiya, photog-raphy; Panya Romyen and Dome Harnpichitvitaya for edit-ing Thai common names.

Acknowledgments

10 11

Reported resistance (to herbicides): reported cases world-wide by herbicide type. AUS = Australia, BRA = Brazil,BUL = Bulgaria, COL = Colombia, COS = Costa Rica, FRA= France, JAP = Japan, POL = Poland, USA = UnitedStates of America, and see other Asian nations below.

Life cycle: A = annual, lives for only one season; P = peren-nial, may live for two or more seasons.

Seed wt: measured or reported seed mass or weight (wt), inmg.

Method(s) of reproduction: main types of propagules pro-duced by the species.

Flowering/maturity time: days till flowering begins or ma-turity is reached.

Dormancy: whether propagules can germinate immediatelyafter shedding or not. If so, seed banks are likely to betransient.

Flower: general description.Elevation: maximum reported elevation.Light: preference for radiation intensity.Notes: other information that may be of interest.Reported in: countries where the species has been found.

BAN = Bangladesh, BHU = Bhutan, CAM = Cambodia,CHN = China, IDO = Indonesia, IND = India, KOR =Korean peninsula, LAO = Lao PDR, MAL = Malaysia, MYA= Myanmar, NEP = Nepal, PAK = Pakistan, PHI = Philip-pines, SRI = Sri Lanka, THA = Thailand, VIE = Vietnam.

Note: all times approximate. The absence of a listing indi-cates that no information was found.

Key to species listings

Common name(s)Scientific name: Genus and species.Bayer code, cotyledon number, family name.Found in: upland or lowland fields.Establishment method: methods of rice establishment af-

ter which species may commonly occur. DS = dry-seeded,WS = wet-seeded, TP = transplanted. “>” indicates morethan and “>>” much more than, e.g., DS > TP meansthat the species is likely to occur more in direct-seededthan transplanted rice.

Growth habit: general appearance of growing plant.Moisture: range of soil moisture, from dry to moist to wet

(saturated) to flooded. The first listed is preferred.Emergence time: approximate time of emergence, usually

relative to germination rather than rice planting.Competitiveness: potential of a species to reduce rice yields

at high weed densities; low = 20% or less yield loss,moderate = 20% to 50% loss, high = greater than 50%loss, very high = up to 100% loss.

Seed contaminant: either reported or the possibility ofcontamination of rice seeds.

Cultural control: nonchemical methods that may help con-trol a species.

12 13

1

2

BROADLEAF WEEDS

SOLA PITH PLANT

Aeschynomene aspera L.AESAS, dicot, Fabaceae

Found in: lowland riceEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: floating or erect, much-branched; up to 2 mMoisture: aquatic, moist to wetCompetitiveness: unreportedSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: tillage, split applications of fertilizerReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 36Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: shortFlower: pale yellow to yellow; smallElevation: up to 1,500 mLight: sunny

Notes: C3 plant; often larger than A. indica; prefers fertilesoils; pith is used as insulation in several products in India;useful as green manure or cover crop

Reported in: BAN, CAM, IDO, IND, MYA, NEP, PHI, SRI, THA,VIE

(1) Seedling, (2) young plant

1514

INDIAN JOINT-VETCH

Aeschynomene indica L.AESIN, dicot, Fabaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: floating and erect, much-branched; up to 2 mMoisture: moist to wetCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: high fertility; early removal or cultivationReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 7.3Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: yes, pronouncedFlower: yellowElevation: 1,000 mLight: sunny

Notes: seedpod is distinctive of leguminous plants; red lightinhibits germination; fodder

Reported in: BAN, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL,MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

3 4

5

(3) Flower, (4) pod, (5) mature plant

16 17

6 7

8

TROPIC AGERATUM; GOAT WEED

Ageratum conyzoides L.AGECO, dicot, Asteraceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: erect, often-branched herb; up to 1.2 mMoisture: moist to dryCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: early cutting and shallow cultivationReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: quick flowering and short-lived, as little as2 moDormancy: half can germinate immediately; light requiredfor germinationFlower: white to pale purpleElevation: 3,000 mLight: shade-tolerant

Notes: very plastic growth habit; may emerge throughoutthe entire season; responds to fertilizer; prefers higher el-evations; toxic to livestock

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(6) Seedling, (7) flower, (8) mature plant

1918

SESSILE JOYWEED

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.ALRSE, dicot, Amaranthaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: creeping and floating; many suberectbranches, up to 1 mMoisture: wet to moist; more terrestrial than aquaticCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: floodingReported resistance: None

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.5Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolonsDormancy: unknownFlower: white or pinkish, very smallElevation: up to 2,650 mLight: sunny

Notes: C3 plant; sometimes consumed by humans

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL,MYA, NEP, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE


9 10

11

20 21

12

13

SPINY AMARANTH

Amaranthus spinosusAMASP, dicot, Amaranthaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: erect, much-branched; thorns; up to 1 mMoisture: moistCompetitiveness: moderate to highSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: early removal (before thorns grow) or cul-tivation; saturation and flooding suppress growthReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.2Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: variable, none to 4 mo; long viability; no lightrequirement for germinationFlower: yellowishElevation: up to 1,800 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; prefersfertile soils and higher temperatures; sometimes consumedby humans; young plants poisonous to livestock

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(12) Mature plant, (13) mature plant

2322

TROPICAL SPIDERWORT

Commelina benghalensis L.COMBE, monocot, Commelinaceae

Found in: upland, lowlandEstablishment method: DS >> WSGrowth habit: herb; creeping with erect stems; up to 1 mMoisture: moist to wet; drier than C. diffusaEmergence time: 10 to 12 dSeed contaminant: unknownCompetitiveness: moderateCultural control: flooding; hand and mechanical weedingdifficult because pieces may re-rootReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 2.0Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolonsMaturity time: aerial flowers in 35 d; rhizomes with under-ground flowers in 42 dDormancy: yes, innateFlower: purple or blueElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny to slightly shaded

Notes: germinates best in full light; somewhat tolerant ofherbicides; annual in temperate zones; prefers high fertil-ity; single plant can cover a large area; useful forage andhuman food

Reported in: BAN, BHU, IDO, IND, KOR, MYA, NEP, PAK,PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(14) Seedling, (15) flower(14) Seedling, (15) fower

14

15

24 25

16 17

18

SPREADING DAYFLOWER

Commelina diffusa Burm. f.COMDI, monocot, Commelinaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: creeping and prostrate; up to 1 mMoisture: wet, not floodedCompetitiveness: at least moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early continuous flooding; hand and me-chanical weeding difficult because pieces may re-rootReported resistance: synthetic auxins (USA)

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 11.5Method(s) of reproduction: stolonsFlowering time: earlier than riceDormancy: innate and induced by high temperaturesFlower: blueElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: shaded

Notes: more common than C. benghalensis; somewhat tol-erant of herbicides; very persistent in fields

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL,MYA, NEP, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(16) Young plant, (17) flower, (18) mature plant

2726

FALSE DAISY

Eclipta prostrata L.ECLAL, dicot, Asteraceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: herb; prostrate or semierect, much-branched;up to 0.9 mMoisture: wet to moistCompetitiveness: low to moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early removal or cutting; high fertilityReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.4Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: 42 dDormancy: none; light required for germinationFlower: whiteElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny

Notes: no emergence from depth; C3 plant; saline-tolerant;often in field margins; somewhat tolerant of butachlor

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO,MAL, MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(19) Young plant, (20) flower, (21) mature plant(19) Young plant, (20) flower, (21) mature plant

19 20

21

28 29

22

23

WATER HYACINTH

Eichhornia crassipes (Hart.) SolmsEICCR, monocot, Pontederiaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TP > WSGrowth habit: floating, rooted in shallow water; up to 0.3 mMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wetCompetitiveness: low to moderate; greater early, and greaterthan many other aquaticsSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: drainage and physical removal useful forsmall infestationsReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: stolons, plant fragments >seedsDormancy: variable—none to many yearsFlower: blue or purple with yellow patchesElevation: up to 1,600 mLight: sunny

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; seeds viable for upto 15 years; causes increased water loss through evapo-transpiration

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL,MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(22) Vegetative growth, (23) flower

3130

WATER SPINACH, SWAMP MORNINGGLORY

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.IPOAQ, dicot, Convulvulaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TP > WSGrowth habit: vine, widely spreading and much-branched;prostrate unless climbingMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wetCompetitiveness: low; greater earlySeed contaminant: yesCultural control: physical removal if all nodes are gottenReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 36Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, runnersFlowering time: 45–60 dDormancy: yes; may require seed coat to be brokenFlower: white with pink centersElevation: 1,200 mLight: sunny

Notes: consumed by humans; known widely in many South-east Asian nations as kangkong

Reported in: BAN, CAM, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(24) Mature plant

24

32 33

25 26

27

28

CREEPING WATER PRIMROSE

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) HaraLUDAC, dicot, Onagraceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TP > WSGrowth habit: herb; floating or rooted and creeping; up to0.5 mMoisture: aquatic—flooded or wetCompetitiveness: lowSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: unknownReported resistance: none

Life cycle: PMethod(s) of reproduction: seeds, plant fragments, stolonsDormancy: unknownFlower: white to yellowElevation: up to 1,600 mLight: unknown

Notes: restricts waterways; reduces oxygen content in wa-ter; dangerous to cattle

Reported in: BAN, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(25–27) Roots and shoots, (28) flower

3534

LONGFRUITED PRIMROSE-WILLOW

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) RavenLUDOC, dicot, Onagraceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: WS, TPGrowth habit: herb; erect, much-branched; up to 2 mMoisture: wet to damp; drier than L. adscendensCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early flooding can be very effectiveReported resistance: none

Life cycle: PMethod(s) of reproduction: runners and rhizomes, plantfragments, seedsDormancy: low or none; light requirement for germinationFlower: white to yellowElevation: up to 1,450 mLight: unknown

Notes: responsive to fertilizers; red hypocotyl, entire seed-ling often reddish

Reported in: BAN, CAM, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA, NEP,PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(29) Flower, (30) mature plant

29

30

36 37

31

32

WATER CLOVER

Marsilea minuta L.MARMI, monocot, Marsiliaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: WS, TPGrowth habit: fern; creeping, erect or leaves floatingMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wetEmergence time: first 10 days after transplantingCompetitiveness: moderate, but can be severe early; strongcompetitor for nutrientsSeed contaminant: unlikelyCultural control: minimize wet tillage; dry tillage after har-vest to desiccate rhizomesReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: tinyMethod(s) of reproduction: spores, rhizomes, and frag-ments of rhizomesLight: probably sunny

Notes: four-leaf clover appearance is distinctive; rhizomesestablish best from surface; height responds plastically towater depth

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO,MAL, MYA, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(31) Shoots, (32) mature plant

3938

GIANT SENSITIVE PLANT

Mimosa diplotricha C. WrightMIMIN, dicot, Fabaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: erect, many-branched shrub; up to 2 mMoisture: dry to wetCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: probably early floodingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 6Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: yes, long; also long viability because of hardseedsFlower: purpleElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny to partly shaded

Notes: improves soil fertility (legume); high early growthrate; a single plant can cover a large area; dangerous tocattle

Reported in: CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA, PHI,SRI, THA, VIE

(33) Seedling, (34) mature plant

33

34

40 41

35

36

37

MONOCHORIA

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex KunthMOOVA, monocot, Pontederiaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TP > WSGrowth habit: herb; suberect; up to 0.5 mMoisture: aquatic—wet to floodedCompetitiveness: moderate with great densities earlySeed contaminant: yesCultural control: stale seedbed with wet tillageReported resistance: ALS inhibitors (KOR)

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.07Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, perhaps stolonsFlowering time: within 60 dDormancy: may need long anaerobic period to germinateFlower: pale to dark blueElevation: up to 1,550 mLight: sunny

Notes: germinates best in full light; often an annual inrice; consumed by humans



4342

WATERLETTUCE

Pistia stratiotes L.PIIST, monocot, Araceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TP > WSGrowth habit: floating, sometimes rooting; about 0.1 mMoisture: aquatic—flooded to moistCompetitiveness: probably lowSeed contaminant: unlikelyCultural control: drainage; physical removalReported resistance: none

Life cycle: PMethod(s) of reproduction: stolons >> seedsMaturity time: stolons by 5- to 6-leaf stage; maturity at120 dDormancy: yes, seems to require long submergence periodElevation: up to 1,000 mLight: sunny

Notes: seeds germinate while submerged; survives extendedperiods in unflooded conditions; cold-sensitive, so not usu-ally found in temperate regions

Reported in: BAN, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(38) Mature plant

38

44 45

39

40

MARSH-PEPPER SMARTWEED, WATER PEPPER

Polygonum hydropiper L.POLHY, dicot, Polygonaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: DS, WS, TPGrowth habit: herb; creeping, erect, or ascending; branched;up to 0.8 mMoisture: flooded to damp; may require saturation for es-tablishmentCompetitiveness: probably lowSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: completely uproot or bury early, as cutstems may resprout; control before floweringReported resistance: photosystem II inhibitor (FRA)

Life cycle: AMethod(s) of reproduction: seeds, sometimes rooted stemsMaturity time: flowering at 90 dDormancy: variable, but usually an after-ripening period;light requirement for germinationFlower: greenishLight: unknown

Notes: acid-tolerant

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, MAL, NEP,THA


4746

PURSLANE

Portulaca oleracea L.POROL, dicot, Portulacaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DS >> WSGrowth habit: erect and semierect branches; up to 0.5 mMoisture: dry to moistCompetitiveness: low to moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: flooding; perhaps mulches or cover crops;hoeing often not very effectiveReported resistance: multiple to photosystem II inhibitor+ ureas/amides (USA)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.07Method(s) of reproduction: seeds > stem fragmentsMaturity time: flowers in 1 mo, maturity in 2 to 4 moDormancy: low or noneElevation: up to 2,700 mLight: sunny to partly shaded

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; prefers fertile soils;growth is slow until about 14 d; pig fodder and consumedby humans

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, MAL, MYA,PAK, PHI, THA, VIE


41

42

43

48 49

44

GOOSEWEED

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.SPDZE, dicot, Campanulaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: DS, WS > TPGrowth habit: erect, branched herb with hollow stems; upto 1.5 mMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wet; prefers stagnant waterCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: narrow rows and good stand establish-ment to reduce weed densitiesReported resistance: synthetic auxins (PHI, MAL)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.01Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: yes; light requirement for germinationFlower: small and whiteElevation: 300 mLight: unknown

Notes: height is very plastic; usually not a weed of othercrops

Reported in: BAN, CAM, IDO, IND, LAO, MAL, MYA, NEP,PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(44) Mature plant

5150

47

HORSE PURSLANE, GIANT PIGWEED

Trianthema portulacastrum L.TRTPO, dicot, Aizoaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: prostrate with fleshy leaves, branched atbase; up to 0.5 mMoisture: dry to moistEmergence time: with riceCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: flooding; tillage often ineffective becauseof stem regrowth; do not allow to mature; remove fruitingplants from field to stop sheddingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 1.3Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: flowers in 20–30 d; maturity about 20 dafter pollinationDormancy: secondary; long viability because of hard seedFlower: pink or whiteElevation: up to 800 mLight: partial shade

Notes: green (most competitive) and red (most reproduc-tive) biotypes in India; solar-tracking leaves; may produce3 to 4 flushes in one season

Reported in: CAM, IDO, IND, LAO, MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI,THA, VIE


45

46

52 53

48

49

BERMUDA GRASS

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.CYNDA, monocot, PoaceaeFound in: upland, lowlandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: creeping; branches and culms ascendant; upto 0.4 mMoisture: dry to moist, drainedEmergence time: 14 dCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: stale seedbed; tillage and removal; drytillage to desiccate rhizomes; soil solarization; perhapsmulching or cover cropsReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.3Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomes and stolons >> seedsMaturity time: tillers at 25 to 30 d; maturity at 120 dDormancy: no; seeds survive 50 d of submergenceFlower: white or pinkish, very smallElevation: up to 2,300 mLight: sunny, partial shade

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; alkaline-and acid-tolerant; flood- and drought-tolerant; numerousbiotypes


GRASS WEEDS

(48) Young plant, (49) mature plant

5554

50

51

CROWFOOT GRASS

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt.DTTAE, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: upland, lowlandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: creeping with ascendant culms; up to 1 mMoisture: moistEmergence time: shortly after rainfallCompetitiveness: moderate to highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: stale seedbed; flooding; early removal;do not allow to matureReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.3Method(s) of reproduction: seeds > stolonsMaturity time: 21 to 28 d; senescence in 4 moDormancy: unknownElevation: up to 1,000 mLight: sunny, partial shade

Notes: C4 plant; seed viability is long; fodder, but somereports of poor nutrition, and may be toxic to livestock dur-ing hot weather

Reported in: BAN, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE


56 57

CRAB GRASS

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.DIGSP, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: creeping, tufted with prostrate to erect culms;up to 0.6 mMoisture: dry to moistCompetitiveness: moderate to highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: flooding, early removalReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.6Method(s) of reproduction: seeds and rooted partsDormancy: variable, up to 7 moElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: tolerates defoliation; very responsive to nutrients;C4 plant; useful forage



52

53

58 59

54 55

56

JUNGLE-RICE

Echinochloa colona (L.) LinkECHCO, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: tufted and erect; up to 0.9 mMoisture: dry to wetCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: clean seed; early cultivation; early con-tinuous flooding; rotationReported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (COS), ureas andamides (COL, COS)

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 1.0Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, stolonsFlowering time: 30 to 45 dDormancy: low or none; light requirement for germinationElevation: below 2,000 mLight: sunny, partial shade

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; soil saturationstrongly reduces emergence of buried seeds; responsive tonutrients; profuse root production; good forage; C4 plant



6160

57

58

BARNYARDGRASS

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.ECHCG, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WS > TPGrowth habit: erect, up to 2 mMoisture: wet to moistCompetitiveness: very highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: ensure clean seed or seedlings; early, deepflooding; rotationReported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (THA),chloroacetamides (CHN, THA), dinitroanilines (BUL), pho-tosystem II inhibitors (several), synthetic auxins (USA, BRA),thiocarbamates (CHN), ureas and amides (several)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 3Method(s) of reproduction: seedsFlowering time: 42 to 64 dDormancy: variable, up to 4 moElevation: up to 2,500 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; phenotypi-cally variable; responds to nitrogen, potassium, and phos-phorus, in that order



62 63

59

[NONE]

Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f.ECHGL, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: DS, WS, TPGrowth habit: tufted, erect; up to 1 mMoisture: wetCompetitiveness: highEmergence time: within 7 dSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: ensure clean seed or seedlings; continu-ous floodingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 2Method(s) of reproduction: seedsFlowering time: 30 to 35 dDormancy: unknownElevation: unknownLight: probably sunny

Notes: emerges from depth relatively well (better than I.rugosum)

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(59) Mature plants

6564

60

61

GOOSEGRASS

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.ELEIN, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: stems ascending or prostrate, branched; upto 0.6 mMoisture: moist to wetCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: early continuous flooding; cultivation be-fore roots get large; manually control on levees; soil solar-izationReported resistance: ALS inhibitor (COS), dinitroanilines(USA), multiple: ACCase inhibitor + glycines (MAL)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.4Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: flowering in 30 d; maturity in 4 to 6 moDormancy: some, but usually shortElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; multiplegenerations in one season; does not emerge well from depthsof 0.08 m or more


(60) Mature plant, (61) flower

66 67

62 63

64

COGON GRASS

Imperata cylindrica (L.) RaeuschelIMPCY, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: erect, tufted, and unbranched; creeping rhi-zomes; up to 2 mMoisture: moist to dry; well-drainedCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: legume cover crops; tillage to desiccaterhizomes; flooding; rotationReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 1Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomesMaturity time: rhizomes after 28 dDormancy: none in seeds, but lateral buds are dormant;seeds viable for up to 1 yearElevation: up to 3,000 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; C4 plant; acid- andalkaline-tolerant; prefers light-textured soils; many infestedfields are abandoned; burning does not injure rhizomes

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL,MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(62) Shoots, (63) flower, (64) mature plant

6968

66

65

WRINKLED GRASS, SARAMOLLAGRASS

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.ISCRU, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS >> WS, TPGrowth habit: tufted, erect, creeping, and much-branched;up to 1.2 mEmergence time: within 7 dMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wetCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: unknownCultural control: early continuous flooding; early removalReported resistance: bipyridiliums (MAL)

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 4Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomes, stolonsMaturity time: 130 dDormancy: yes; light required for germinationElevation: up to 2,400 mLight: sunny; shade-tolerant

Notes: red leaf sheaths at the base; new cohorts emergeafter drainage, from up to 5-cm soil depth; responsive tofertilizer; acid-tolerant; good forage if young; germinateson surface of saturated soil; C4 plant


(65) Young plant, (66) mature plant

70 71

67

SOUTHERN CUTGRASS

Leersia hexandra Sw.LERHE, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: WS, TP > DSGrowth habit: creeping, tufted, and erect; up to 1.2 mMoisture: aquatic—flooded to wetCompetitiveness: moderate to highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: stale seedbed; drainageReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.8Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomes, stolons >> seedsDormancy: unknownElevation: up to 2,200 mLight: unknown

Notes: stem fragments will root at nodes


(67) Mature plants

7372

68

69

CHINESE SPRANGLETOP, RED SPRANGLETOP

Leptochloa chinensis (L.) NeesLEFCH, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: DS > WS > TPGrowth habit: tufted, erect, and slender; sometimes withreclining stems; up to 1.2 mMoisture: aquatic—wet to floodedCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: stale seedbed in DS or puddling in TP;permanent flood within 1 weekReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, plant fragmentsDormancy: low or noneElevation: up to 1,400 mLight: probably sunny

Notes: C4 plant; good fodder

Reported in: BAN, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL,MYA, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE


74 75

71

TORPEDO GRASS

Panicum repens L.PANRE, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: creeping; erect and branching stems; up to0.9 mMoisture: dry to moist; drought-tolerantCompetitiveness: perhaps moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: continuous flooding; shallow tillageReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.67Method(s) of reproduction: rhizomesMaturity time: rhizomes in 30 d; flowers in 50 to 60 dDormancy: unknownElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny; shade-tolerant

Notes: prefers sandy soils; acid- and salt-tolerant; deepplowing increases rate of spread; after establishment cansurvive moderate drought; fodder


(70–71) Mature plants

70

7776

72

73

KNOTGRASS

Paspalum distichum L.PASDS, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WS, TPGrowth habit: creeping, erect stems; up to 0.6 mMoisture: moist to wetCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: frequent tillage early; continuous flood-ing; tillage during dry season may desiccate rhizomesReported resistance: none

Life cycle: PMethod(s) of reproduction: stolons > seeds and rhizomesMaturity time: 82 dDormancy: yes, perhaps requires cold to germinate; apicaland bud dominance in new stemsElevation: up to 1,500 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: detached stolons easily regenerate; increases underzero tillage; somewhat herbicide-tolerant; similar to Pani-cum repens but more slender



78 79

75

74

KODO MILLET

Paspalum scrobiculatum L.PASSC, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WSGrowth habit: erect, tufted, and creeping with rooting atnodes; up to 1 mMoisture: flooded to moistCompetitiveness: lowSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early tillage (perhaps more effective thanfor P. distichum); deep floodingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: PMethod(s) of reproduction: seeds >> stolonsMaturity time: 90 dDormancy: undetectedElevation: up to 3,000 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: very responsive to nutrients; very heterogeneous;good forage; grown as cereal grain in some places, but alsoreported toxic in some cases


(74) Young shoot, (75) mature plants

8180

76 77

ITCHGRASS

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. ClaytonROOEX, monocot, Poaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: tufted, erect, and branching; rooting at nodes;up to 3 mMoisture: dry to moist; well-drainedCompetitiveness: very highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: clean seed and implements; flooding; ro-tate to broadleaf crops; control in nearby areasReported resistance: ACCase inhibitors (USA)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 15Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: 1 to 4 mo; after-ripening requirementElevation: up to 1,500 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: one of the world’s worst weeds; emerges from up to0.15-m depth, but relatively low seed viability

Reported in: CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL, MYA, NEP,PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

(76) Seedling, (77) hairs on stem, (78) mature plant78

82 83

80

SMALLFLOWER UMBRELLA SEDGE

Cyperus difformis L.CYPDI, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: WS > TP > DSGrowth habit: tufted and erect; up to 0.9 mMoisture: wet to moistEmergence time: within 7 d; continual throughout seasonCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early, deep, continuous floodingReported resistance: ALS inhibitors (USA)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.01Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: as little as 30 dDormancy: noneElevation: up to 1,400 mLight: sunny

Notes: germinates best in full light

Reported in: BAN, BHU, CAM, CHN, IDO, IND, LAO, KOR,MAL, MYA, NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE

SEDGE AND SEDGE-LIKE WEEDS


79

8584

82

RICE FLAT SEDGE

Cyperus iria L.CYPIR, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS, WS >> TPGrowth habit: erect; up to 0.8 mEmergence time: within 7 dMoisture: moist to wetCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: deep floodingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: seedsMaturity time: as little as 30 dDormancy: yes; can germinate about 75 d after sheddingElevation: up to 1,200 mLight: sunny

Notes: germinates best in full light; C4 plant; may havemultiple generations in one season; prefers lower eleva-tions; used as forage and in mat-making



81

86 87

83 85

84

86

PURPLE NUTSEDGE

Cyperus rotundus L.CYPRO, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: uplandEstablishment method: DSGrowth habit: erect; tubers in chains on rhizomes; up to0.75 mEmergence time: simultaneous with riceMoisture: dry to moistCompetitiveness: moderate to low, but competitive earlySeed contaminant: yesCultural control: stale seedbed; narrow rows; high plantdensity; flooding suppresses growth but does not kill tu-bers; interrow cultivation; clean implementsReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: tubers, rhizomesMaturity time: from 21 to 56 dDormancy: yes, apical dominance in tubersElevation: up to 1,800 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: the world’s worst weed; C4 plant; saline-sensitive;tubers may be viable for several years; tubers consumed byhumans; forage


(83) Mature plant, (84) young plant, (85) roots and tubers,(86) flower

8988

87

88

FORKED FRINGERUSH

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) VahlFIMDI, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: upland, lowlandEstablishment method: DS, WSGrowth habit: erect; up to 0.75 mMoisture: dry to wetCompetitiveness: moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: early, deep floodingReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.1Method(s) of reproduction: seeds, rhizomesDormancy: unknownElevation: up to 2,500 mLight: sunny

Notes: very heterogeneous species; saline-tolerant; C4 plant;better adapted to drier soils; useful for mat-making

Reported in: BAN, CHN, IDO, IND, KOR, LAO, MAL, MYA,NEP, PAK, PHI, SRI, THA, VIE


90 91

GLOBE FRINGERUSH

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) VahlFIMMI, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: lowland, uplandEstablishment method: DS > WS > TPGrowth habit: erect and strongly tillering; up to 0.6 mMoisture: moist to wetEmergence time: within 7 dCompetitiveness: moderate; strong root competitionSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: ensure clean seed; early, continuous floodingReported resistance: ALS inhibitors (BRA); synthetic aux-ins (MAL)

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 0.02Method(s) of reproduction: seedsFlowering time: 30 dDormancy: none; light requirement for germinationElevation: up to 1,000 mLight: sunny

Notes: saline-tolerant; may emerge throughout season; mayproduce multiple generations in one season; C4 plant; usefulin mat-making


(89) Seedling, (90) flower, (91–92) mature plants

89 90

91

92

9392

94

BULRUSH

Scirpus juncoides Roxb.SCPJO, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: TPGrowth habit: erect and strongly tillering; up to 0.75 mMoisture: wetCompetitiveness: low to moderateSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: wet or dry cultivation; early deep flood-ing; stop regrowth after rice harvestReported resistance: ALS inhibitors (JAP)

Life cycle: A Seed wt: 0.2Method(s) of reproduction: seedsDormancy: 2 to 3 moElevation: up to 2,000 mLight: sunny

Notes: requires burial or submergence for optimal germina-tion; germinates best at less than full light; fodder for cattle


(93–94) Flowers

93

94 95

95

SALTMARSH BULRUSH

Scirpus maritimus L.SCPMA, monocot, Cyperaceae

Found in: lowlandEstablishment method: WS, TP > DSGrowth habit: erect and slender; up to 1.5 mMoisture: wet to floodedEmergence time: within 7 d of last tillageCompetitiveness: highSeed contaminant: yesCultural control: rotation; deep tillage may bury tubers;alternately, long drainage periods and zero tillageReported resistance: none

Life cycle: P Seed wt: 5.6Method(s) of reproduction: tubers > stolons > seedsDormancy: yes, in tubersElevation: up to 3,000 mLight: sunny; shade-sensitive

Notes: saline-tolerant; seed production may increase withwater depth, helping its persistence through wet/dry cycles


(95) Mature plant showing roots and tubers

96 97

Appendix A. Weed species synonyms*

Weed Synonym(s)

Aeschynomene aspera Hedysarum lagenariumA. indica A. virginicaAgeratum conyzoides A. hirsutumAlternanthera sessilis A. repens A. triandra Gomphrena sessilisCommelina benghalensis C. prostrataC. diffusa C. agraria C. aquatica C. communis C. nodifloraCynodon dactylon C. arcuatus C. parviglumisCyperus rotundus C. odoratus C. tetrastachyos C. tuberosus Schoenus tuberosus Dactyloctenium aegyptium D. meridionale Cynosurus aegyptius Eleusine aegyptiaca E. mucronataDigitaria ciliaris D. adscendens D. biformis D. marginata Panicum adscendens P. ciliare Syntherisma ciliarisD. sanguinalis D. digitata D. nuda Paspalum digitatum Panicum/Paspalum sanguinaleEchinochloa colona E. colonum Panicum colonumE. crus-galli E. spiralis Panicum crus-galliEclipta prostrata E. alba E. erectaEichhornia crassipes E. cordifolia E. crassicaulis E. speciosa Eichhorniae azureae Pontederia crassipesEleusine indica Cynodon indicus Cynosurus indicus Eleusine japonicaFimbristylis dichotoma F. annua F. communis

continued on next page

F. diphylla F. laraF. miliacea F. littoralisImperata cylindrica I. allang I. arundinacea I. koenigii Lagurus cylindricus Saccharum cylindricum S. koenigiiIpomoea aquatica I. repens I. reptans I. subdentata Convolvulus reptansLeersia hexandra L. abyssinica L. capensis Homalocenchrus hexandrusLeptochloa chinensis Poa chinensisLudwigia adscendens Jussiaea repens J. adscendens J. diffusa J. stolonifera Ludwigia natansL. octovalvis Jussiaea augustifolia J. octovalvisMarsilea minuta M. crenata M. diffusa M. crenulataMimosa diplotricha M. invisa Panicum repens P. gouiniiPaspalum distichum P. paspalodes Digitaria paspalodesP. scrobiculatum P. commersonii P. orbiculare P. polystachyumPistia stratiotes P. stratemoidesPolygonum hydropiper Persicaria hydropiperPortulaca oleracea P. sativaRottboellia cochinchinensis R. exaltataScirpus spp. Schoenoplectus spp.S. juncoides S. erectus S. junctiformus S. luzonensis S. scirpus var. elatoir Eleocharis juncoides S. maritimus Bolboschoenus maritimusTrianthema portulacastrum T. monogyna

*Largely based on International Seed Testing Association’s “List of Stabilized Plant Names,” 2001, at www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/istaintrod.htm.

Appendix A continued.

Weed Synonym(s)

98 99

Appendix B. Common names of weeds in Bangladesh

Weed Common name(s)

Ageratum conyzoides Fulkuri, ochunti, shialmutiAlternanthera sessilis Phul haicha, chanchi, malcha, sachi shakAmaranthus spinosus Katanata, kata noteyCommelina benghalensis Dholpata, kanaibashi, kanchiraC. diffusa Kanainala, manainaCynodon dactylon Doorba (durba), dubla, durbaghasCyperus difformis Behua, alighasha, matichaise, chotochaise, moishnoomC. iria BarachuchaC. rotundus Badhail, bedalle, dila, motha, nagarmuta, sadakufiDactyloctenium aegyptium Kachita ghas Digitaria sanguinalis Makunjali, belai lengurEchinochloa colona Alighasha, khudhey shayma, shymaghas E. crus-galli Barashymaghas, dalghas, gobra, jatghasha, shamaE. glabrescens ShymaEclipta prostrata KeshutiEichhornia crassipes KachuripanaEleusine indica Binna challa, chapra, gaicha, malangakuri, malankuriFimbristylis dichotoma Joina chaiseF. miliacea Bara javani, bara pukkera, chatki ghash, joina, murighashImperata cylindrica UluIschaemum rugosum Mona, moraroLeersia hexandra AraliLeptochloa chinensis FulkaLudwigia adscendens Hulmuri?L. octovalvis MarichaMarsilea minuta Sushni sak, angta ghash, hamai lottiMonochoria vaginalis Kosturi, kochoripana, panee kachuPanicum repens Baranda, cheraPaspalum scrobiculatum AngtaPistia stratiotes Topapana, takapana, barapana, phena tokapanaPolygonum hydropiper Bishkatali, pakurmal, panimarichPortulaca oleracea Bara laniya, bara nunia, ghee kalam, nuniaScirpus juncoides Chisra

Appendix C. Common names of weeds in Cambodia*

Weed Common name(s)

Alternanthera sessilis Chaeung bang kangAmaranthus spinosus Phti banlaCynodon dactylon Smao anchienCyperus iria Kak kangkepC. rotundus Smao kravanh chroukEichhornia crassipes Kam-plaukEleusine indica Smao choeung tukkeImperata cylindrica SbauvIpomoea aquatica TrakuonIschaemum rugosum Smao srauvMimosa invisa Banla saet (sael)M. diplotricha Banla saetMonochoria vaginalis ChrachPanicum repens ChhlongPistia stratiotes Chak thomPortulaca oleracea Kbet choun

100 101

Appendix D. Common names of weeds in China*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene indica 田皂角，合萌Ageratum conyzoides 胜红蓟，鱼香蓟Alternanthera sessilis 莲子草，虾钳草Amaranthus spinosus 刺草Commelina diffusa 竹节菜Cynodon dactylon 狗芽根，绊根草Cyperus difformis 异型莎草C. iria 碎米莎草C. rotundus 香附子，莎草Digitaria ciliaris 毛马唐D. sanguinalis 马唐Echinochloa colona 芒稷E. crus-galli 长芒野稗Eclipta prostrata 鳢肠，旱莲草，墨草Eichhornia crassipes 凤眼莲Eleusine indica 牛筋草Fimbristylis dichotoma 两岐飘拂草F. miliacea 水虱草，日照飘拂草Imperata cylindrica 白茅，茅草Leersia hexandra 李氏禾，游草Leptochloa chinensis 千金子Ludwigia adscendens 水龙，过江藤Marsilea minuta 蘋，四叶蘋，田字草Monochoria vaginalis 鸭舌草Paspalum distichum 双穗雀草P. scrobiculatum 皱稃雀稗，鸭也母草 Pistia stratiotes 大薸，水浮莲Polygonum hydropiper 水蓼，辣蓼Portulaca oleracea 马齿苋，马齿菜Sagittaria sagittifolia 慈姑Scirpus juncoides 萤蔺

*Weeds present were listed in Wang (1990).

Appendix E. Common names of weeds in India*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene aspera SolaAgeratum conyzoides Bhurbhurwa, gundhaubon, mahakua Amaranthus spinosus Bajra, chauli, katemath, kantili chaulaiCommelina benghalensis Kanchura, kanasiri, kanchara, kankaua, kenaCynodon dactylon Dub, hariyaliCyperus spp. MothaC. iria MorphulaDactyloctenium aegyptium Madana, makra, makara, makariDigitaria ciliaris Nargorwa, suruwari, takriEchinochloa colona Sanwa E. crus-galli Kayada, sanwakEclipta prostrata Bhangra, bhringraj, ghuziEichhornia crassipes Falkhumbi, jalkhumbi, kulavaliEleusine indica Jangali marua, jhingari, kodaiImperata cylindrica Dab, siru, chero, dharba, modewa gaddiIpomoea aquatica Kalmua, kalmi, kalmi sag, patuasagLudwigia adscendens Keshandam, keshara Mimosa diplotricha AnathottavadiPanicum repens Injipilla, karigaddiPaspalum scrobiculatum Kodo, kodraPistia stratiotes Jalakumbi, kumbi, takapanaPolygonum hydropiper Bishkatal, packurmulPortulaca oleracea Ghol, jangali palak, jowar, kufa, kulfa Rottboellia cochinchinensis Barsali, bura, swooate, dholu, konda panookooTrianthema portulacastrum Patharchatta

102 103

Appendix F. Common names of weeds in Indonesia*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene indica Dinding, Gĕdèyân, Kâtisân, Lorotis (Jav.)Ageratum conyzoides Bândotân, berokanAlternanthera sessilis Krĕmâh, tolodAmaranthus spinosus Bâyâm duri, bayam eri, bayam cikron, senggang cucukCommelina spp. Brâmbângân, gèwor Cynodon dactylon GrintingânCyperus difformis Jĕungân, Jukut pendul, Râmon brèndèlân (Jav.)C. iria Rumput mĕndĕrong, Dekeng wangin, Djekeng, Nyur-nyuran, Rumput jekeng kunyit, UmbungC. rotundus Tĕki, Tĕki berumbi Dactyloctenium aegyptium Sukĕt dringoân, Sukĕt kâtèlân, Sukĕt kârtut (Jav.), Sapabang babiDigitaria ciliaris Jâlâmpârân, Sukĕt câkârâyâmEchinochloa colona Rumput kusâ-kusâE. crus-galli Pâdi burungEclipta prostrata Orâng-âring, Urâng-âringEichhornia crassipes ÈcèngEleusine indica Rumput bĕlulângFimbristylis dichotoma Bulu (jukut) mâtâ munding (Sund.)F. miliacea Âdâs-âdâsân, Riwit, Sunduk wĕlut, Tumbârân (Jav.)Imperata cylindrica Âlâng-âlângIschaemum rugosum Blĕmbĕm (Jav.)Leersia hexandra BèntâLeptochloa chinensis Timunân (Jav.) Ludwigia adscendens Pângèor L. octovalvis Lâkum âirMimosa diplotricha Pis koetjing, Rèmbètè (Jav.)Monochoria vaginalis Ècèng pâdiPanicum repens Kĕrunong pâdi, Lâmpuyângân, Rumput jâè-jâè Paspalum distichum ÂsinânP. scrobiculatum Jâringân, Rumput kĕtih bĕlâlângPistia stratiotes Kiâmbâng, Âpu-âpuPortulaca oleracea Gelâng, KrokotRottboellia cochinchinensis Brânjângân, Bludru bâyung (Jav.)Scirpus juncoides Kâmbo mâncikSphenoclea zeylanica GundâTrianthema portulacastrum Subang-subang

*Most weeds present were listed in Soerjani et al (1986). Pronunciation as in that text. Except where noted, only common names for the Indonesian language are given. Jav. = Javanese; Sund. = Sundanese. Some names were from Galinato et al (1999).

Appendix G. Common names of weeds in Korea

Weed Common name(s)

Cyperus difformis Albang dong saniC. iria Chambang-donsaniFimbristylis miliacea BarambaneulgijiMonochoria vaginalis Mooldalgebi

104 105

Appendix H. Common names of weeds in Laos

Weed Common name(s)

Ageratum conyzoides Nya khiuAlternanthera sessilis Nea kon ta sarngAmaranthus spi nosus Pak hom nahm Commelina benghalensis Nya kabpi hyaiC. diffusa Nya kabpi noyCynodon dactylon Nya pongCyperus iria Nya khompaoC. rotundus Nya heomuDactyloctenium aegyptium Nya pak kuei Digitaria ciliaris Nya tinnokEchinochloa spp. Nya khao nôkEclipta prostrata Nya hom keoEleusine indica Nya phak koieFimbristylis dichotoma Nya nuet meoF. miliacea Nya khai khiadImperata cylindrica Nya kha Ipomoea aquatica Phak bungIschaemum rugosum Nya kabthoonLeptochloa chinensis Nya dok khaoPortulaca oleracea Nya en eyan, nya tha kong

Appendix I. Common names of weeds in Malaysia

Weed Common name(s)

Ageratum conyzoides Rumput tahi-ayum, tombok jantan, sianggitAlternanthera sessilis Keremak, akar rumput, bayam pasir, bayam tana, kelama hijau, kerak-kerak paya, kerumak bukit payaAmaranthus spinosus Bayam duriCommelina diffusa Rumput aur, Pulau aur, Rumput kukupu, tapak etiCynodon dactylon Rumput minyak, crintinganCyperus iria Rumput menderongC. rotundus Rumput haliya hitan, Rumput cina lariDigitaria ciliaris Rumput jejari berbulu, cakar ayamEchinochloa colona Padi burung, Rumput kusa-kusaE. crus-galli Rumput sambauEclipta prostrata Aring-aringEichhornia crassipes Keladi bunting, bunga jambanEleusine indica Rumput kekuasa, godong ula, rumput sambariFimbristylis miliacea Rumput kuran, rumput tahi kerabau, rumput keladiImperata cylindrica LalangIpomoea aquatica KangkongIschaemum rugosum Rumput ekor cawi, Rumput colok chine, Rumput kemarauLeersia hexandra Rumput lidah rimau, Rumput bentaLeptochloa chinensis Rumput ekor tebuLudwigia adscendens Tinggir bangan, tinggir bangau, inai pasir, katang-katang, telinga banganMarsilea minuta Tapak itek, semanggi Monochoria vaginalis Rumput air, kelayar, chacha layar, keladi agas, encheng padiPanicum repens Kerunung padi, telur ikan, Rumput kerbauPaspalum scrobiculatum Rumput tulong sentadok, Rumput hijau, Rumput patah sikuPistia stratiotes Kiambang besar Portulaca oleracea Gelang pasir, seganScirpus juncoides Kambmantjik, rumput bulat, rumput purun tikusSphenoclea zeylanica Cempedak air

106 107

Appendix J. Common names of weeds in Myanmar*

Weed Common name(s)

Ageratum conyzoides acG;ao;yef;/ u@ifryef;zl

Alternanthera sessilis ykZGefpmAmaranthus spinosus [if;EkEG,fql;aygufCommelina benghalensis 0ufu|wfC. diffusa r#pfcsK

Cynodon dactylon a_rZm_ruf/ _rif;pm_rufCyperus difformis _rufrkHnSif;tpdrf;C. iria _rufrkHnSif;t0g

C. rotundus _rufrkHnSif;OewfDactyloctenium aegyptium av;cG_ruf yef;awmfeD/ yef;awmfkHndK/ Digitaria ciliaris tifwkdif;_rufcg; vufoJcG_rufD. sanguinalis vufoJcG_rufEchinochloa colona 0rf;1mJpmG_ruf

E. crus-galli 1mJpm_ruf/ _ruf1mD;/ _rufOdLEclipta prostrata }udwfrSefEichhornia crassipes aA'gEleusine indica qifikd_rufFimbristylis dichotoma _rufuGrf;1mD;}uD;F. miliacea _rufuGrf;1mD;av;Imperata cylindrica 1mufu,fIpomoea aquatica a&uefZGef;

Leersia hexandra 1mref;_rufLeptochloa chinensis a'gif;_rD;yHsLudwigia adscendens a&unGwfMarsilea minuta r+dewdkMimosa diplotricha xdu&kH;}uD;Monochoria vaginalis qwf Panicum repens _ruf}udrfPistia stratiotes /a&qvyfPortulaca oleracea 1mJyk&pf/ a_ryk&pf/ a_rR. cochinchinensis _ruf,m;i,fScirpus juncoides _rufuvkH;/ wvkHif;acgif;

Sphenoclea zeylanica v,fy'lT. portulacastrum vdyf&ifbwf

*Weeds present were listed in Morris and Waterhouse (2001) or Myanma Agriculture Service (1996).

Appendix K. Common names of weeds in Nepal

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene indica armale, Sola, shola, SaaolaaAgeratum conyzoides ganne, elamey Alternanthera sessilis Bhirungi, iBarungaI Amaranthus spinosus ludey jhar kadey Commelina spp. Kane, kane jhar, knaoCynodon dactylon dubo Cyperus spp. chhatre, Motha maaoza, Chow,

Guchen, OchumaniDigitaria ciliaris chittrey bansoEchinochloa colona Saamaa ghans, saamaa GansaE. crus-galli Tunde saamaa, Tundo saamaaEclipta prostrata BhangraiyoEichhornia crassipes Jal kumbhi, jala kumBaIEleusine indica Kode banso, kaodo bansaaoFimbristylis miliacea Zhiruwa, ËIruvaImperata cylindrica khar, sirru Ipomoea aquatica Karaiya, krOyaIschaemum rugosum mandilo Monochoria vaginalis milo jaluke, pirulay, imalaao jalaukoPaspalum dilitatum Banso, bansaaoP. distichum Ghunde banso, Gaundo bansaao P. scrobiculatum kodu, kondo, kaooduPistia stratiotes Khumbhika, KaumBaIkPolygonum hydropiper Pire, iparoPortulaca oleracea phagpa jakpoSagittaria sagittifolia Laph, lafScirpus juncoides swirey

108 109

Appendix L. Common names of weeds in Pakistan

Weed Common name(s)

Cynodon dactylon Khabbal, tallaCyperus iria KhanaC. rotundus NothaEichhornia crassipes gulbakauli, kalaliPanicum repens Chimacara, surpurrcharelaPortulaca oleracea kulfa, lunak

Appendix M. Common names of weeds in the Philippines*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene indica Makahiyang lalakiAgeratum conyzoides Bulak-manok, damong mabaho, damong-pallasAlternanthera sessilis Bonga-bonga, tagtaguAmaranthus spinosus Bayambang, kulitis, oray, urayCommelina benghalensis Alikbangon, likbangan, ulikbangonC. diffusa Tari-tariCynodon dactylon Kawad-kawad, kawad-kawaran, kotati, malitCyperus difformis Ballayang, ubod-ubodC. iria Payung-payung, taga-tagaC. rotundus MuthaDactyloctenium aegyptium Damong balang, krus-krusanDigitaria ciliaris Baludgangan, halosEchinochloa colona Bulang, gutad, pulang-pwet, tiribuhanE. crus-galli BayakibokE. glabrescens Daua, daua-dauahanEclipta prostrata Higis-manokEleusine indica Bakis-bakisan, kabit-kabit, parag-is, sambaliFimbristylis dichotoma Tikog-tikog (Vis)F. miliacea Gumi, taulatImperata cylindrica KogonIpomoea aquatica KangkongIschaemum rugosum Tiritrigo, trigo-trigohanLeersia hexandra BaritLeptochloa chinensis Palay-mayaLudwigia adscendens Kangkong dapaL. octovalvis Balakbak, malapakoMarsilea minuta Kaya-kayapuan Mimosa diplotricha Aroma, kamit-kabag, makahiyaMonochoria vaginalis Biga-bigaan, gabing-uwak, kalabuwaPanicum repens Luya-luyahanPaspalum distichum Luya-luyang dagat, malit-kalabaw, pagetpetP. scrobiculatum Sabung-sabunganPistia stratiotes KiapoPortulaca oleracea OlasimanRottboellia cochinchinensis AgiñgaySagittaria sagittifolia Gauai-gauai (Vis)Scirpus juncoides BitubituinanS. maritimus ApulidSphenoclea zeylanica Dilang-butiki, silisilihanTrianthema portulacastrum Toston

*Weeds present were listed in Moody et al (1984). Only Filipino (Tagalog) names were given, except as noted. Vis = Visayas.

110 111

Appendix N. Common names of weeds in Sri Lanka

Weed Common name(s)

Commelina benghalensis diya-meneriyaCynodon dactylon Aruham-pul, buha Cyperus rotundus Kalanthi, kalanduruDactyloctenium aegyptium Puta tana Digitaria ciliaris Arisi pul, guru tanaEchinochloa colona Adipul, gira-tanaE. crus-galli Kutirai-val-pul, martuEichhornia crassipes Diya manel, diya kehel, habara, habarala, sabara, yapuraFimbristylis miliacea muduhalpanImperata cylindrica Iluk, inanka-piluIpomoea aquatica KankunIschaemum rugosum KudukeduPanicum repens Etora

Appendix O. Common names of weeds in Thailand*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene aspera viQ1y41.A. indica viQjy4x.>

Ageratum conyzoides iyR!bC4iyR.yAlternanthera sessilis TC.{-SLQy(Amaranthus spinosus TC.v/`jQy`Commelina benghalensis TC.SbyRC. diffusa TC.SbyRwR{b$afCynodon dactylon jE,y!]b.

Cyperus difformis ../Qy.C. iria ..Obya

C. rotundus !j(fj`[Dactyloctenium aegyptium jE(ySy.1fya

Digitaria ciliaris jE(yM$QQ.

Echinochloa colona jE(yQ.i$7`][

E. crus-galli jE(y/(yfQ.

Echinochloa glabrescens jE(ySd(s4du`yQ

Eclipta prostrata .u{`-4Eichhornia crassipes TC.MR7fyEleusine indica jE(yM$Q.y

Fimbristylis dichotoma jE(yQ:VfjQ[

F. miliacea jE(yjQfLSdy1Z.

Imperata cylindrica jE(y1y Ipomoea aquatica TC.RZ(4Ischaemum rugosum jE(y!L4

Leersia hexandra jE(yx8

Leptochloa chinensis jE(yLs./yf

Ludwigia adscendens {O$aQQyL. octovalvis {O$aQQV¤yMarsilea spp. TC.!f>QMimosa diplotricha x`abyR{d$Vsa

Monochoria vaginalis /y{/$aLPanicum repens jE(y7CQ.yL

Paspalum distichum jE(y7u.yLQV¤y{1-`

P. scrobiculatum jE(ySd(s4j:Q

Pistia stratiotes 5s.Polygonum hydropiper TC.xT>QV¤yPortulaca oleracea TC.{R$VawjERottboellia cochinchinensis jE(yNsLSd(s4, jE(yv/a>4

Sagittaria sagittifolia {M>y{.$aLScirpus juncoides !j(fOb4.bu{O$a`{d-.Sphenoclea zeylanica TC.SsLQyTrianthema portulacastrum TC.{R$Vaj:Q

*Weeds present were listed in Radanachaless and Maxwell (1992).

112 113

Appendix P. Common names of weeds in Vietnam*

Weed Common name(s)

Aeschynomene aspera Điền ma nhámA. indica Điền ma án, Rứt nướcAgeratum conyzoides Cỏ cứt heoAlternanthera sessilis Diếc không cuốngAmaranthus spinosus Dền gaiCommelina benghalensis Đầu riều, Trai anC. diffusa Rau trai, Thài lài trắngCynodon dactylon Cỏ chỉ, Cỏ ông, Cỏ ga Cyperus difformis Cỏ cháo, Cỏ tò tyC. iria Lác rận, Cú rậnC. rotundus Cỏ cu, Hương phụ, Cỏ gauDactyloctenium aegyptium Cỏ chân gà, Cỏ chân vịt Digitaria ciliaris Túc hình rìa, Túc hình nho,

Túc hình leo Echinochloa colona Cỏ lồng vực cạn, Cỏ nước mặnE. crus-galli Cỏ lồng vực, Cỏ gạo, Cỏ mỹ,

gai-hao-muong, lồng-vựcEclipta prostrata Cỏ mựcEichhornia crassipes Lục bình, Bèo tây Eleusine indica Mần trầu, Ngưu càn Fimbristylis dichotoma Mao thư lướng phân,

Cỏ quăng lôngF. miliacea Cỏ chác, Cỏ tò te, Cỏ chatImperata cylindrica Cỏ tranh, Bạch mao Ipomoea aquatica Rau muốngIschaemum rugosum Cỏ mom, Cỏ mo vanLeersia hexandra Cỏ noi, Cỏ bacLeptochloa chinensis Đuôi phụng, Mảnh hòa Trung quốcLudwigia adscendens Rau dừa nướcL. octovalvis Rau mương đứngMarsilea minuta Rau bo nhoMimosa diplotricha Trinh nữ mócMonochoria vaginalis Rau mác bao, Cui dia,

Rac mác lá thonPanicum repens Cỏ cua-ga, Cỏ ongPaspalum distichum San nướcP. scrobiculatum Cỏ dang, san tron, trung echPistia stratiotes Bèo cái, Bèo tai tướngPolygonum hydropiper Nghể rămPortulaca oleracea Rau sam, SamRottboellia cochinchinensis Cỏ day xanh, Cỏ mia,

myet-yarSagittaria sagittifolia Từ côScirpus juncoides Hoan-thao henSphenoclea zeylanica Cỏ xà bông Trianthema portulacastrum Cỏ tam khoi

*Most weeds present were listed in Koo et al (2000).

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um Selected references

Ampong-Nyarko K, De Datta SK. 1991. A handbook for weed control in rice. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Re-search Institute. 113 p.

Crop protection compendium—global module. 3rd edition. 2001. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.

Ecoport, Global Pest Plant Information Service, an FAO database: www.ecoport.org/default.htm.

Fujisaka S, Guino RA, Lubigan RT, Moody K. 1993. Farmers’ rice seed management practices and resulting weed seed contami-nation in the Philippines. Seed Sci. Technol. 21:149-157.

Galinato MI, Moody K, Piggin CM. 1999. Upland rice weeds of South and Southeast Asia. Los Baños (Philippines): Interna-tional Rice Research Institute. 156 p.

Heap I. 2002. The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. www.weedscience.com.

Holm L, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, editors. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution. New York (USA): Wiley. 1,129 p.

Ismail AA, Man A. 1988. Rumpai Sawah Padi. Hakcipta Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute. 168 p.

Koo SJ, Kwon YW, Chin DV, Cung HA. 2000. Co Dai Pho Bien Tai Vietnam (Common weeds in Vietnam). Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam): Agriculture Publishing House. 291 p.

Lazarides M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia (ex-cluding bamboos). Vaduz (Germany): J. Cramer. 225 p.

Mai V, Chien HV, A VV, Thi V, Suong T, Thiet LV. 2000. Rice seed contamination in Vietnam. In: Baki BB, Chin DV, Mortimer M, editors. Wild and weedy rice in rice ecosystems in Asia: a review. Limited Proceedings No. 2. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 17-19.

Martinez ML, Valverde T, Moreno-Casasola P. 1992. Germination response to temperature, salinity, light and depth of sowing of ten tropical dune species. Oecologia 92(3):343-353.

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Moody K. 1989. Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 442 p.

Moody K, Munroe CE, Lubigan RT, Paller EC Jr. 1984. Major weeds of the Philippines. Los Baños (Philippines): Weed Science Society of the Philippines. 328 p.

Morris H, Waterhouse DF. 2001. The distribution and importance of arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Myanmar. ACIAR Monograph No. 67. Canberra (Australia): Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 73 p.

Myanma Agriculture Service. 1996. Some major weeds of Myan-mar. Myanma Agriculture Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangon, Myanmar.

Radanachaless T, Maxwell JF. 1992. List of weeds reported in Thailand. Chiang Mai (Thailand): Multiple Cropping Center, Chiang Mai University. 138 p.

Rao AN, Moody K. 1990. Weed seed contamination in rice seed. Seed Sci. Technol. 18:139-146.

Ranjit JD, Bhattarai AN. 1988. Crop weeds and their control in Nepal. Agricultural Research and Production Project, Winrock International/USAID, Kathmandu, Nepal. 40 p.

Soerjani M, Kostermans AJHG, Tjitrosoepomo G. 1986. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Jakarta (Indonesia): Balai Pustaka. 716 p.

Wang Z, editor. 1990. Farmland weeds in China: a collection of coloured illustrative plates. Beijing (China): Agricultural Publishing House. 506 p.

Waterhouse DF. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia: distribution, importance and origin. Canberra (Australia): Australian Centre for Interna-tional Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 141 p.

Zimdahl RL, Lubigan RT, Moody K, Mabbayad MO. 1989. Seeds and seedlings of weeds in rice in South and Southeast Asia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 63 p.

Documents

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