Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa Doğan PAŞA Veterinary

Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication

Plan

Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa

Doğan PAŞA

Veterinary Department, Head of Serology

Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan



1. Introduction 2. Organisational Structure 3. Definition of The Disease 4. Epidemiology of Small Animals Brucellosis 5. Determination of Control and Eradiaction Strategies 6. Selection of The Strategy 7. Implementation of The Strategy 8. Contribution of Regional/National Economy 9. Budget 10. Economic analysis of The plan 11. Management of The plan 12. Monitoring and Evalauation of The plan 13. Recommendadion 14. Assumptions and risks 15. References


This plan is consisted of 15 sections. These are:


Aim of the Plan The aim of Bovine Brucellosis Control and

Eradication Plan is to control and eradication of the infection in the cattle population in Northern Part of Cyprus within five years.



Scope of Work

Identification of the brucellosis prevalence in cattle, Based on data to be obtained the control and

eradication strategy for the disease will be determined,

Necessary activities will be implemented to achieve the target in the annual programmes.



1.3. Legal Basis

Relevant EU and Local Legislations



The livestock Populaton and Farming Structure

Number of dairy cattle

farm is 1.632 and number of cattles are 50.187 heads


Years Cattle

2004* 47,970

2005 56,647

2006 60,493

2007 57,528

2008 50,928

2009** 50,187

Table 1 - Number of Cattle in Northern Cyprus (2004 - 2008)

(*): 2004-2009 CCA data, (**):2009 VD data


Bovine brucellosis infection is generally caused by Brucella abortus biotypes . Recently it has been reported that B. melitensis causes infection in the cattle population commingling with sheep and goats in some countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region.


DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE




Brucella spp.





Status of the Disease in Northern Cyprus



Figure – Epidemiolgical data for Northen Cyprus (VD)

Yıllar Serum Sayısı Pozitif (%)

2000 18314 1,19

2001 23322 0,77

2002 40296 0,99

2003 42446 0,57

2004 27581 0,34


Clinical Symptoms (endometritis , necrosis of placenta and may be aborted , orchitis in males )

Pathogenesis (bacteriemia , localization to genital organs and lymph nodes )

B. Abortus and B.Melitensis Immunity ( immunity for brucellosis can obtain by vaccination )

Diagnostic Methods ( isolation and identification of bacteria , **serologically RBPT , CFT , Indirect Elisa , c-Elisa )




The treatment of bovine brucellosis is strictly prohibited. Where the B.abrotus or B.melitensis prevalence is low, the

most appropriate method for eradication is test and culling.

However in countries where the prevalence is high, the competent authority will decide to the strategy.


CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES


Depopulation of Infected Flocks The effective way to eradicate bovine brucellosis is to apply

quarantine for infected animals (M+) and animals which have high transmission risk (M1 and M2) should be slaughtered in , registered slaughterhouse. Disease-free (M3 or M4) herds and holdings should be created, and certified accordingly (78/52/EEC)




Identification of Reactors and Culling The golden standard method to diagnose positive animals with

active brucellosis is isolation and identification of B. Abortus or B. Melitensis and to confirm with the PCR.

As a part of the testing and culling strategy, all animals older than six months old are tested with appropriate serological assays (e.g. RBPT, CFT , Indirect Elisa and c-ELISA).

Suspected cases are tested once again in one or two months. Positive animals are culled in no later than one month in registered slaughterhouses.

Tissue samples (e.g. lymph nodes) are sent to a microbiology laboratory for bacteriological diagnosis.




Identification of Reactors and Culling (Cont.) Calves of the reactors are separated from the flock. The flock should be tested regularly intervals (30 to 60 days). The testing and culling process is continued until the flock is

found negative in the last two consecutive tests. Negative flocks are monitored through serological tests

performed initially once in every six months, and then one in every 12 months (surveillance).

Approximately 5 per cent of the infected but seronegative calves may stay seronegative until the later stages of their first pregnancy. Thus, eradication efforts based merely on testing and culling may not be sufficient.


4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES


Control of the Animal Movements and Quarantine Quarantine measures should be applied immediately when there is a

suspected brucellosis case. The quarantine may be partial or total in large holdings in various areas, depending on the flock management and prevalence of the infection.

Cattle holdings should take necessary measures to prevent contact with dogs and even birds that can contaminate cattles with contaminated materials. Strict disinfection measures should be applied for isolated animals and whole flock . Suspected and risky animals should be advised to the owners for slaughtering . Declaration of the prohibition of animal movements should be regularly controled will help the eradication efforts.




4.5. Animal Waste and Side Products Brucella biotypes are sensitive to formalin of 0.03 %, phenol of

1 %, beta propiolactone of 0.01 %, sodium hypochoride, sodium hydroxide, iodines, disinfectants containing quarterner ammonium, ether and chloroform. Necessary amount of disinfectant should be available in the region. Rapid responds should be given to acute brucellosis cases, and disinfection process is performed under the supervision of the official veterinary surgeon.




4.6. Public Awareness and Media Cattle farmers should be trained through media

about brucellosis and its impact on human and animal health with clear examples of suspected animals, discharges, weak calves , aborted featus , placenta and as well as the effects on milk and milk products from these reactor animals.

This information should be provided via simple announcements, posters, internet pages, contact telephone numbers, forms, etc.,




4.7. Vector Control Although transmission via vectors is not important in

the epidemiology of brucellosis, it is possible that cats, dogs, foxes, flies and ticks act as mechanical carriers and transmit the disease




8. Establishment of Disease-Free Flocks Healthy flocks should be certificated as Disease-

Free Status for the Brucellosis”.




1. Surveillance Studies The following survey studies will be carried out:

-Aetiological survey

-Serological survey


EPIDEMIOLOGY


5.1. Serosurvey Studies

Random sampling will be apply in cattle population

in the selected villages and flocks. Sample sizes are determined on the basis of 10 %

prevalence, 95 % confidence interval, and 1 % error.


5. EPIDEMIOLOGY



IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

Scenario 1 Vaccination shall not be performed if the flock prevalence is

found below 2 % . The eradication efforts shall then include biological safety, disinfection, control of animal movements as well as testing and culling for a duration of five (5) years. A compensation scheme will be developed according the CA decision.




Scenario 2 If the flock prevalence is found 5 % to 20 % and the individual

prevalence is found between 2% and 5%, female young animals (4-6 months) will be vaccinated with S-19 / RB51 vaccine for a period of 3 years.

If aetiological survey studies show a existance of B. melitensis agent in infected animal B melitensis Rev.1 vaccine will be used in infected herd.




Scenario 3If the flock prevalence is found higher than 20 % and the individual

prevalence is higher than 5 %, female young animals (4-6 months) will be vaccinated with S-19 vaccine for a period of five years.

If aetiological survey studies show a existance of B. melitensis agent in infected animal B melitensis Rev.1 vaccine will be used in infected herd.



COST / BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Plan A = TL 3.811.785

Plan B = TL 8.501.395

Plan C= TL 14.629.785

COSTS


BENEFIT


When Plan A is implemented,

Estimated cost is TL 3.811.785 (within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs).

Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 82.572.250.

Cost / Benefit Ratio:

TL 82.572.250 / 3.811.785 = 21,66) = ~ 1:21,5


BENEFIT


When Plan B is implemented,


Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 86,986,720.


TL 86,986,720 / 8.501.395 = 10,24) = ~ 1:10


BENEFIT


When Plan C is implemented,


Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 94,822.944.


TL 94,822.944 / 14.629.785 = 6,47) = ~ 1:6.5



9. MANAGEMENT OF THE PLAN

The control and eradication plan should be managed by a technically and scientifically competent “Bovine Brucellosis Plan Implementation Committee” (PIC).



10. RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1. Training

10.2. Equipment

10.3. Legislation and Implementation



11. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS

11.1. Assumptions 11.1.1. Human Resources 11.1.2. Culling / Slaughtering The necessary legal and technical infrastructure should be established for

culling a high number of animals in appropriate facilities as a result of the intensive screening.

11.1.3. Milk Produced by Suspected Animals (heat treated) There should be necessary legal infrastructure and private sector

collaboration to collect the milk from animals in suspected flocks using appropriate methods, and to market after treating with heat.

11.1.4. Sufficient and Continuous Financial Resources 11.1.5.According to the Animal Health Law The Regulation On Bovine

Brucellosis should be accepted by parliament immidiatelly and applied for infected flocks and animals .

11.1.6.Animal movements should be prohibited strictly .


Thank you for your

attentions and patience . . .


Documents

Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa Doğan PAŞA Veterinary