BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PELLA HOUSING …€¦ · APPENDIX D: CV MW VAN ROOYEN.....60 . Pella housing development 2019 EKOTRUST CC i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The aim of the study was

BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PELLA HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT SITE

8April2019

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. i

TERMS OF REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................... iv

GENERAL INFORMATION ...........................................................................................................................v

REGULATIONS GOVERNING THIS REPORT ............................................................................................... vi

LIMITATIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES .................................................................................viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2: METHODS ................................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION............................................................................................3

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION...........................................................................................10

CHAPTER 5: VEGETATION .........................................................................................................................16

CHAPTER 6: FLORA AND VEGETATION....................................................................................................21

CHAPTER 7: ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS...................................................................................29

CHAPTER 8: ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .....................................34

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................42

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................................43

APPENDIX A: PLANT SPECIES CHECKLIST OF THE PELLA SITE ..................................................................48

APPENDIX B: PLANT SPECIES CHECKLIST OF 2919 AA (NEWPOSA, SANBI)...........................................49

APPENDIX C: VACHELLIA ERIOLOBA OF THE PELLA SITE ........................................................................53

APPENDIX D: CV N VAN ROOYEN...........................................................................................................55

APPENDIX D: CV MW VAN ROOYEN.......................................................................................................60

Pellahousingdevelopment2019

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Theaimofthestudywastodeterminethepossibleimpactoftheproposeddevelopmentof118standson

thediversityandecologicalstatusofthevegetationatthePellahousingdevelopmentsiteandsurrounds.

Pella issituated in theNorthernCapeprovincealongthe lowerOrangeRiver,northwestofPofadderatapproximately 29° 02' 24" South, and 19° 08' 59" East. The site covers approximately 11 ha. The

topocadastral grid reference is 2919 AA. The agricultural activities in the region include vineyards anddatepalmproduction.ThemeanannualrainfallmeasuredatthenearbyPofadderweatherstationis117

mm. The geology of the sandy plains comprisesQuaternarywind-blown sands and sheet-wash alluvialdeposits,overlyingyellow-browntogrey-weatheringbiotite-hornblendeaugengneiss.Thesiteoccursin

theAe84LandTypeindicatingred-yellowapedal,freelydrainedsoilswitharedhighbasestatusand>300mmdeep(nodunes).

TheproposedhousingdevelopmentsiteatPellafallsintheEasternGariepPlainsDesertvegetationtype

that occurs on the plains south of the Orange River and south of the Pella Mountains. The site ischaracterisedbydeepsandysoils,but isseverelydegraded,overgrazedandtrampled.Theeffectofthe

current drought has exacerbated the poor vegetation cover in the region. Only 18 plant species wererecordedonthesiteof11ha.

The most prominent tree species on site are the protected Vachellia erioloba and the alien invasive

Prosopiscf.glandulosa.TheshrublayerisrepresentedbySisynditespartea;withRhigozumtrichotomumand Senna italicarepresenting thedwarf shrub layer;andTetraenasimplexdominating theherbaceous

layer. The grass layer is basically non-existent with a few individuals of Schmidtia kalahariensis andStipagrostisspp.present.

Twenty-fiveindividualsofVachelliaeriolobawererecordedinthefootprintoftheproposeddevelopment,

whileanother34individualsweresurveyedintheareatothewest,southandeastofthesite(seeSection3.9andAppendixCfordetailsoneachindividualofVachelliaeriolobainthearea).

Theconservationstatusofthesiteisasfollows:

• TheEasternGariepPlainsDesertis"leastthreatened".Noneofthisvegetationtypeisconservedinstatutoryconservationareas.

• According to the Newposa plant species list for the immediate vicinity of the site (2919 AAquarterdegree),204planttaxawerelisted.

• NoIUCNredlistedspecieswererecordedonsite.• NoNCNCAspeciallyprotectedplantspecieswererecordedonsite.

• Oneprotectedplantspecieswasrecordedonsite,i.e.Jamesbritteniamaxii.• Nothreatenedorprotectedplantspecies(ToPS)accordingtoNEM:BA(2011)wererecordedon

site.• NoCITESplantspecieswererecordedonsite.

• SisynditesparteaistheonlyendemicspeciesfromtheGariepCentreofEndemismonsite.


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• NobiogeographicallyimportantendemictaxawerelistedbyMucina&Rutherford(2006)forthe

EasternGariepPlainsDesert.• Vachelliaerioloba,anationallyprotectedtreespecies,occursonsite(NationalForestAct,Act84

of1998) (NFA2018). In the footprintof theproposeddevelopment,25 individualsofVachelliaeriolobawererecordedandanother34individualswerefoundintheareatothewest,southand

eastofthesite.• The site at Pella falls within a Critical Biodiversity Area 2 area (CBA 2)(Namakwa Biodiversity

SectorPlan2016).CBAsshouldbekeptinanaturalornear-naturalstate,withnofurtherlossofhabitatorland-usechangepermitted.

• Prosopiscf.glandulosaistheonlyalieninvasivespeciesrecordedonsite.

Sensitivity

Byusinganumberofcriteriasuchasconservationstatusofthevegetationtype,presenceofrareorthreatened species, protected trees and endemic plant species, species richness and degree of

fragmentationof thehabitat, thesensitivity ratingof thehabitatonsitewasVeryLow(VL).Averylowsensitivitymeansthataminimumscoreisallocatedtoalmostallthesensitivitycriteriaused.Itis

usuallyapplicabletohabitatsinpoorconditionorthathavebeentransformed,especiallybyhumanactivities.

Impacts

Thefollowingimpactswereidentified:

• Lossofindigenousvegetation,includingtheprotectedtreeVachelliaeriolobaandconcomitantlossoffaunalhabitat.

• Establishmentofinvasivealienvegetation.• Increased erosion and water run-off by the clearing of the indigenous vegetation and paving of

drivewaysandstreets.• Increaseddustdepositionduringconstruction.

• Increasednoiselevelsduringconstruction.Mitigationmeasuresproposed:

• The removal of any individual of the protected treeVachellia erioloba will require the necessarypermitsfromDAFF.

• Vegetationclearanceshouldbeconfinedtothefootprintoftheproposedhousingdevelopment.• Thepositionofeachdwellingshouldbemicro-sitedtoaccommodatethetreeswherepossible.

• Theuseofarboricidesfortheclearingofvegetationisnotrecommended• Acontrolprogramtocombatdeclaredalieninvasiveplantspeciesshouldbeemployed.

• Noinvasivealienspeciesshouldbeusedinrehabilitationprojectsorforgardening.• Streetsshouldbedesignedtoreducetheriskoferosion.

• Planningforstormwaterdrainage(pipes)shouldbepartofthedevelopment.• Excessive dust during construction, can be reduced by spraying water regularly to control dust

generation.Othersuitabledustcontrolmitigationmeasurescanalsobeconsidered.• TheSANSnoisestandardsshouldbeadheredto.


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• Constructioncrew,inparticularthedrivers,shouldundergoenvironmentaltrainingtoincreasetheir

awarenessofenvironmentalconcerns.• Existingspeedlimitsshouldbeadheredto.

Significanceofimpacts:

Thesignificanceofimpactsforthevariouspotentialimpactsidentified(withmitigation)rangefromvery

lowtolow.ExceptfortheprotectedVachelliaerioloba,theimpactsoftheproposeddevelopmentontheindigenousvegetation in the sandyplainshabitat is regardedasnegligible.Thedisturbednatureof the

site,thepoorspeciesrichnessandabsenceofredlistedplantspeciesonthesite,leadstoanassessmentof very low impact. Therefore, the development will have almost no effect on the biodiversity of the

region.


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TERMS OF REFERENCE

• Summariseavailableliteratureonthevegetationoftheareaaswellasthephysicalenvironment,

e.g.climate,geology,landtypes,soil,topographyanddrainage.• Stratify the area into relatively homogeneous units or habitats based on physiography and

vegetationcover,usingaerialimagesandtopocadastralmaps.• Doasitesurveyofthestratifiedunits.

• Compilechecklistsoffloraandidentifyrareplantspecies,protectedspecies,endemicspeciesaswellasalieninvaders.Investigatemanagementoftheseplantspecies.

• Doasensitivityanalysisandproduceasensitivitymap.• Indicate the presence of unique habitats, ecologically sensitive areas and degraded areas that

mayneedfurtherinvestigation,protectionorrehabilitation.• Assessthepossible impactofthedevelopmentontheecosystem,habitats,drainageandfauna

andflora,andproposemitigationmeasures.


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GENERAL INFORMATION

Studysite: PellaMission39DistrictMunicipality: Namakwa

LocalMunicipality: Khäi-Ma

Approximatesizeofproperty: 11ha

EnvironmentalAssessmentPractitioner(EAP):

EnviroAfricaccContactperson:BernarddeWitt

Unit7,PastoriePark,ReitzSt,SomersetWest,7130

P.O.Box5367,Helderberg,7135Tel.+27218511616

Mobile:0836008882e-mail:[email protected]

Botanicalassessmentby:

Ekotrustcc

DrNoelvanRooyenPr.Sci.Nat;Reg.no.401430/83-BotanicalSciencesProf.GretelvanRooyenPr.Sci.Nat.,Reg.no.400509/14–EcologicalSciences;LAkadSA,SAAB;

7StGeorgeStreet,Lionviham,

SomersetWest,7130,Mobile:0828820886

e-mails:[email protected]

[email protected]


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REGULATIONS GOVERNING THIS REPORT This report has been prepared in terms of the EIA Regulations under the National Environmental

ManagementAct(ActNo.107of1998)(NEMA2014,2017).

Appointmentofspecialist

EkotrustccwascommissionedbyEnviroAfricacc(SomersetWest)toprovideabotanicalassessmentfora

BAapplicationforahousingdevelopmentatPellaintheNorthernCape.

Companyprofile:

NameofCompany:Ekotrustcc

(Registrationnumber:CK90/05465/23)

SoleMember:DrNoelvanRooyen

Foundingdate:1990

Ekotrust cc specialises in habitat evaluation, vegetation classification and mapping, floristic diversity

assessments,rarespeciesassessments,alienplantassessmentsandmanagement,wildlifemanagement,

wildlife production and economic assessments, veld condition assessment, bush encroachment, fire

management,carryingcapacity,wildlifenumbersandratios.

Declarationofindependence

I,NoelvanRooyen,declarethat:

• IamamemberofEkotrustcc:(CK90/05465/23);

• Iactasanindependentspecialistconsultantinthefieldsofecologyandbotany;

• I regard the information contained in the report to be objective, true and correct within the

frameworkofassumptionsandlimitations;

• Iundertaketodisclosetotheapplicantandthecompetentauthorityallinformationinmypossession

that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing any decision to be taken by the

competentauthority;and

• Idonothaveanybusiness,financial,personalorotherinterestintheactivityorapplicationother

thanfairremunerationforworkperformedinconnectionwiththeactivityorapplication.


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Indemnityandconditionsrelatingtothisreport

Theobservations,findings,recommendationsandconclusionsprovidedinthecurrentreportarebasedon

the compilers’ best scientific and professional knowledge and other available information. If new

informationshouldbecomeavailableEkotrustccreservestherighttomodifyaspectsofthereport.This

report(hardcopyand/orelectronic)mustnotbeamendedorextendedwithoutthepriorwrittenconsent

of theauthor. Furthermore,any recommendations, statementsor conclusionsdrawn fromorbasedon

thisreportmustmakereferencetothereport.Iftheserecommendations,statementsorconclusionsform

partofamainreportrelatingtothecurrentinvestigation,thisreportmustbeincludedinitsentirety(as

anAppendix).

Although Ekotrust cc has exercised due care in preparing this report, it accepts no liability, and by

receiving this document, the client indemnifies Ekotrust cc against all actions, claims, demands, losses,

liabilities,costs,damagesandexpensesarisingfromorinconnectionwithservicesrendered,andbythe

useoftheinformationcontainedinthisdocument.

Scopeandpurposeofreport

Thescopeandpurposeofthereportaresummarisedinthe“TermsofReference”sectionofthisreport.

DrNoelvanRooyen

Date:8April2019


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LIMITATIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND

UNCERTAINTIES

Thefollowingassumptions, limitationsoruncertaintiesare listedregardingtheecologicalassessmentof

thePellasite:

• The survey was conducted during very dry conditions in early April 2019. Additionally, the site is

disturbed,degradedandovergrazedresultinginaveryspeciespoorcompositionofthesite.

• Rare and threatened plant and animal species are generally uncommon and/or localised and the

once-off survey may fail to locate such species, especially if the survey is outside the flowering

seasonofsuchspecies.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

AbotanicalassessmentforahousingdevelopmentatthemissionarytownofPella intheKhâi-MaLocalMunicipality in theNorthern Capewas commissioned by EnviroAfrica cc as part of a Basic Assessment

accordingtoNEMA(2014,2017).Thesiteofapproximately11haislocatednexttothetownandoccurson the sandy plains south of the Pella Mountains. Pella has two kinds of commonage: an Act 9 land

comprising60000haandthenewcommonageacquiredafter1994covering40000ha.

Lossofhabitatisregardedastheforemostcauseoflossofbiodiversity.Itisessentialthattheimpactofdevelopmentonbiodiversityinsensitiveandirreplaceablehabitatsisminimized.Muchoftheimpactcan

be minimized through careful planning and avoidance of sensitive areas. Although the area has arelativelylowbiodiversity,anumberofrareandendemicspeciesarefoundinthisregion,especiallyinthe

mountainousregions,e.g.PellaMountain.

Theaimofthestudyistodeterminethepossibleimpactoftheproposeddevelopmentof118standsonthe diversity and ecological status of the vegetation at the Pella housing development site and the

surroundingarea.


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CHAPTER 2

METHODS

2.1 Approach Thestudycommencedasadesktopstudy,followedbyafield-basedsurveyandverificationinearlyApril

2019.Hardcopyanddigital informationfromspatialdatabases,suchasDAFFarcgis,topocadastralmaps(2919 AA) and vegetation types (Mucina& Rutherford 2006),were sourced to provide information on

topography,geology,landtypesandbroadvegetationtypesofthestudyarea.InformationontheclimatewassourcedfromtheWeatherBureau(1988,1998).

AGoogleEarthsatelliteimagewasusedtoselectsamplingsitesduringthesitevisit.Samplingconsistedof

systematically recording all identifiable woody species, grasses, forbs and alien (exotic) plant species.Physicalhabitatfeatures,e.g.geology,topographyandsoiltexturewerenotedateachsamplingpoint.A

checklist of the plant species recorded during the site visit was compiled. During the site visit, digitalphotographsofthesiteandsomeindividualplantspeciesweretakenandincludedinthereport.

2.2 Data analyses

The terrain, soil typeandvegetationon the relativelysmall siteprovedtobeveryhomogeneousandaformalclassificationofthevegetationwasnotdeemednecessary.Thevegetationwasdescribedaspartof

asandyplainshabitat.

2.3 Plant species checklists Allplantspeciesrecordedonsite(18species)are listed inthechecklist (seeAppendixA).Anadditional

plantspecieschecklistofthe2919AAquarterdegreegridwasobtainedfromtheNewPosadatabaseoftheSouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityInstitute(SANBI,April2019)whichlists204taxa(AppendixB).

2.4 Red Data plant species

The sitewas systematically surveyed for rare, threatened and/or endemic plant species. The RedDatastatus, conservation and protected status of plant species recorded on site were determined from

availableliteratureandActs.

2.5 Sensitivity and impact assessment

Asensitivityassessmentofthesandyplainshabitatwasdonebasedonanumberofcriteriaandaratingawarded.Anassessmentof theecological impacts and their significanceon the vegetation and flora is

discussedandmitigationmeasuresproposed.


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CHAPTER 3

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

3.1 Location

Pella issituated intheNorthernCapeprovincealongthe lowerOrangeRiver,northwestofPofadderatapproximately29°02'24"South,and19°08'59"East(Figures1&2).Thesitecoversapproximately11

ha.Thetopocadastralgridreferenceis2919AA.Theagriculturalactivitiesintheregionincludevineyardsanddatepalmproduction.

Figure1:TopocadastralmapofthePellasite(siteismarkedbyX).


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Figure2:SatelliteimageoftheimmediateenvironsoftheproposedPellahousingdevelopmentsitetothe

southofthetown.

3.2 Climate

Regionalclimate

AsummaryofthebroadclimateoftheareaisprovidedbyMucina&Rutherford(2006).Themeanannualprecipitation of the area covered by the EasternGariep Plains Desert is 57mmwith a rainfall peak in

March.Themeanannualtemperature is23.6°C.MeanmonthlymaximaandminimaforGoodhouseare44.9°Cand1.9°CforJanuaryandJuly,respectively.Frostisabsentorveryrare.

Rainfallandtemperature

ThemeanannualrainfallmeasuredatthePofadderweatherstation is117mm(Tables1&2) (seealso

Figure3).However,thetotalannualrainfallmayvaryfrom38mmto277mmduringdryandwetyearsrespectively,indicatinganannualprecipitationcoefficientofvariationof69%andarainfallscenariothat

ishighlyunpredictable.TherainyseasonispredominantlyfromDecembertoAprilwhenabout68%oftheannual rainfall occurs. The driestmonths are from July to November, when less than 7mm of rain is

recordedpermonth.Themaximumrainfallmeasuredovera24hourperiodatPofadderwas77mminApril.Thehighestmonthlyrainfallrecordedwas146mm,measuredinFebruary.


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Table1:RainfallatsomeweatherstationsinthegeneralareanearPella

Month Upington Pofadder Augrabies Goodhouse

Jan 24 9 2 3Feb 35 19 13 7

Mar 37 22 20 13Apr 26 21 15 6

May 10 7 2 4June 4 7 1 5

July 2 6 2 5Aug 4 3 1 2

Sep 4 6 0 2Oct 9 5 7 2

Nov 17 4 10 4Dec 17 8 10 4

Year 189 117 83 57

Table2: RainfallstatisticsforPofadderweatherstation (0247668A4;29°08'S;19°23'E; 989ma.s.l.;Period29years)

Month

Meanmonthly

24hmax

Maxpermonth

Minpermonth

Jan 9 41 77 0

Feb 19 77 146 0Mar 22 40 77 0

Apr 21 52 101 0May 7 38 70 0

June 7 27 40 0July 6 42 42 0

Aug 3 14 17 0Sep 6 20 27 0

Oct 5 27 43 0Nov 4 14 18 0

Dec 8 46 83 0

Year 117 77 277 38

Themean annual temperatures for Pofadder is 18.6°C (Table 3). The extrememaximumandminimumtemperaturesmeasuredatPofadderwere40.6°Cand -3.0°C.ThemeandailymaximumatPofadder for

Januaryis33.0°CandforJulyitis18.0°C(Table3).ThemeandailyminimumforJanuaryis16.6°CandforJulyitis5.1°C.FrostmaypotentiallyoccurfromMaytoSeptember,aperiodofapproximately150days.


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Table3Temperaturedata(°C)forPofadderweatherstation0247668A4;29°08'S;19°23'E;989ma.s.l.;

Period29years

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year Max 33.0 32.4 30.1 25.4 21.4 17.8 18.0 20.0 23.6 26.5 30.0 32.1 25.8 *Ext. Max 40.6 39.6 39.2 35.7 31.3 26.0 27.6 31.0 35.2 37.9 39.4 40.5 40.6 Min 16.6 17.2 16.0 12.4 8.6 5.7 5.1 6.0 8.6 10.9 14.0 15.5 11.4 *Ext. Min 6.4 5.6 4.4 0.5 -0.4 -2.7 -3.0 -2.7 -1.2 1.6 4.0 5.0 -3.0 Mean 24.8 24.8 23.0 18.9 15.0 11.8 11.6 13.0 16.1 18.7 22.0 23.8 18.6

Max = mean daily maximum temperature for the month *Ext. Max = extreme maximum temperature recorded per month Min = mean daily minimum temperature for the month *Ext. Min = extreme minimum temperature recorded per month Mean = mean monthly temperature for each month and for the year

Figure3:ClimatediagramforPofadder,about25kmtothesoutheastofPella.

Cloudcover

ThecloudcoveratPofadderat14:00ishighestfromFebruarytoAprilwhenameancloudcoverofmore

than20%(1.9/8)ormoreoccurs(Table4).Themeanpercentagerelativeairhumidityat08:00variesfrom63%to69duringtheperiodApril toJuly, to lessthan52%fromNovembertoJanuary.Thehumidityat14:00variesfrom42%inJuneto24%inDecember(Table4).


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Table4: Cloudcover(ineights)at14:00andrelativeairhumidityat08:00and14:00at

thePofadderweatherstation.Location:29°08'S;19°23'E;989ma.s.l.Period 29years

Cloudcover(0-8) Relativeairhumidity(%)

14:00 08:00 14:00

Jan 1.6 52 26Feb 1.7 56 29

Mar 1.9 60 33Apr 2.1 65 37

May 1.9 63 37June 1.7 69 42

July 1.4 65 38Aug 1.5 62 32

Sept 1.7 59 29Oct 2.1 54 26

Nov 1.7 50 25Dec 1.3 48 24

Year 1.7 59 32

3.3 Terrain morphology and drainage

The site occurs on the plains between the hills and rocky outcrops near theOrange River at altitudesvaryingfromabout480ma.s.l.atthesiteto1206ma.s.l.inthemountainstotheeastofPella(Figure1).

TheareaisdrainedtowardstheOrangeRiverinthenorthbytheT'GoobseLaagteandanumberofotherdrysandywatercourseswhichflowonlyaftersignificantamountsofrainfallhaveoccurred.

3.4 Geology

The geology of the sandy plains consists of Quaternary wind-blown sands and sheet-wash alluvialdeposits.Thesubstrateofthesiteconsistsofyellow-browntogrey-weatheringbiotite-hornblendeaugen

gneiss(Figure4).


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Figure4:GeologyofthePellaregion.LocationofthesiteisindicatedwithredX.

LegendtoFigure4:Alluvium:Foundalongthedrainagelines.

Q-S1: Redwind-blownsandandsanddunes-QuarternaryQ-S2: Sand,scree,rubble,sandysoil-Quaternary

Nsm: Yellow-browntogrey-weatheringbiotite-hornblendeaugengneissNp: Pegmatite

Kbk: Calc-silicategneiss,amphibolite,biotitegneissandmarbleoftheBrulkolkFormation,Aggeneys Subgroup,BushmanlandGroup

Klo: Calc-silicate gneiss, quartzitic calc-silicate gneiss, biotite gneiss and amphibolite of the LongsiekvleiFormation,DroëboomGroup

Kpe: QuartziteandconglomerateofthePellaSubgroup,DroëboomGroup.

3.5 Land Types Land Types denote areas that display amarked degree of uniformitywith respect to terrain form, soil

pattern and climate. A terrain unit is any part of the land surfacewith homogeneous form and slope.Terrainunit1representsacrest,2=scarp,3=midslope,4=footslopeand5=valleybottom.


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The site occurs in the Ae84 Land Type (Figure 5). Land Type Ae84 indicates red-yellow apedal, freely

drainedsoilswitharedhighbasestatusand>300mmdeep(nodunes).TheIc136LandTypeoccurstothenorthofthesitewhiletheAg36andAg63LandTypescovertheareastothewest,southandeastof

thesite.

Figure5:LandTypesofthePellaregionwiththesiteoccurringintheAe84LandType(redcross).


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CHAPTER 4

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 4.1 Introduction TheWhitePaperontheconservationandsustainableuseofSouthAfrica’sbiodiversityandtheNational

EnvironmentalManagementAct (ActNo.107of1998)specifythatduecaremustbetakentoconserveand avoid negative impacts on biodiversity and that the sustainable, equitable and efficient use of

biological resourcesmustbepromoted.Variousactsprovidecontrolovernatural resources in termsoftheir conservation, the use of biological resources and avoidance of negative impacts on biodiversity.

Someinternationalconventionsarealsorelevanttosustainabledevelopment.

4.2 National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA)

NEMA is the framework environmental management legislation, enacted as part of the government'smandatetoensureeveryperson’sconstitutionalrighttoanenvironmentthatisnotharmfultohisorher

healthorwell-being.ItisadministeredbyDEAbutseveralfunctionshavebeendelegatedtotheprovincialenvironmentdepartments.Oneof thepurposes ofNEMA is to provide for co-operative environmental

governancebyestablishingprinciplesfordecision-makingonmattersaffectingtheenvironment.TheActfurther aims to provide for institutions that will promote cooperative governance and procedures for

coordinatingenvironmentalfunctionsexercisedbyorgansofstateandtoprovidefortheadministrationandenforcementofotherenvironmentalmanagementlaws.

NEMA requires that measures are taken that ”prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote

conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources whilepromoting justifiable economic and social development.” In addition: (1) NEMA requires that the

disturbanceofecosystemsandlossofbiologicaldiversityareavoided,orwheretheycannotbealtogetheravoided,areminimisedandremedied,(2)arisk-averseandcautiousapproachisapplied,whichtakesinto

account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions, and (3)sensitive,vulnerable,highlydynamicorstressedecosystems,suchascoastalshores,estuaries,wetlands,

andsimilarsystemsrequirespecificattentioninmanagementandplanningprocedures,especiallywheretheyaresubjecttosignificanthumanresourceusageanddevelopmentpressure.

ThisreportconsiderstheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Regulations2014,withamendmentsin

2017, under the National Environmental Management Act, (Act No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA 1998, 2014,

2017).AccordingtotheRegulations(2017)underListingNotice1(GRNNo.327),ListingNotice2(GRNNo325)andListingNotice3 (GRNNo324), theactivities listedare identifiedasactivities thatmayrequire


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Environmental Authorisation prior to commencement of that activity and to identify competent

authoritiesintermsofsections24(2)and24DoftheAct.

The following listedactivitiesmaybeapplicable to thehousingprojectandmay requireEnvironmentalAuthorisationpriortocommencementofthatactivity.

ListingNotice1(GNR327):

Activity 27: The clearance of an area of 1 hectares or more, but less than 20 hectares of indigenous

vegetation*,exceptwheresuchclearanceofindigenousvegetationisrequiredfor-

(i) theundertakingofalinearactivity;or (ii) maintenancepurposesundertakeninaccordancewithamaintenancemanagement

plan. ListingNotice3(GRN324):

Activity 12 - The clearance of an area of 300m2 ormore of indigenous vegetation exceptwhere such

clearanceofindigenousvegetation*isrequiredformaintenancepurposesundertakeninaccordancewithamaintenancemanagementplan.

g.NorthernCape:

ii. Withincriticalbiodiversityareasidentifiedinbioregionalplans; iv. Onland,where,atthetimeofthecomingintoeffectofthisNoticeorthereaftersuch

landwaszonedopenspace,conservationorhadanequivalentzoning.

*“indigenousvegetation”referstovegetationconsistingofindigenousplantspeciesoccurringnaturallyinanarea,regardlessofthelevelofalieninfestationandwherethetopsoilhasnotbeenlawfullydisturbed

duringthepreceding10years(NEMA1998).

4.3 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004) (NEM:BA)

Astheprincipalnationalactregulatingbiodiversityprotection,NEM:BA,whichisadministeredbyDEA,is

concernedwiththemanagementandconservationofbiologicaldiversity,aswellastheuseofindigenousbiological resources in a sustainable manner. The term biodiversity according to the Convention on

Biodiversity (CBD) refers to the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter aliaterrestrial,marineandotheraquaticecosystemsandtheecologicalcomplexesofwhichtheyarepart;this

includesdiversityingenes,speciesandecosystems.

4.3.1 Threatenedecosystems

Section 53 of NEM:BA lists the threatened status of ecosystems, i.e. critically endangered ecosystems,endangeredecosystems,andvulnerableecosystems.Thelistofthreatenedecosystemswaspublishedin

2011(NEM:BA,2011).


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4.3.2 ThreatenedorProtectedSpecies(ToPS)Regulations

Section56ofNEM:BAmakesprovisionforthedeclarationofspecieswhichareofsuchhighconservationvalue, national importance or are considered threatened that they need protection, i.e. critically

endangeredspecies,endangeredspeciesandvulnerablespecies. Listsof species thatare threatenedorprotected, and associated activities that are prohibited and/or exempted from restriction have been

publishedintheGovernmentGazetteVol574,No36375of16April2013(NEM:BA2013).Anyproposedremovalofthreatenedorprotectedspeciesand/orprohibited/restrictedactivitieswillrequireapermitin

termoftheseThreatenedorProtectedSpecies(ToPS)Regulationsof2013,asreadwithNEM:BA.

4.3.3 AlienandInvasiveSpecies(AIS)Regulations

Chapter5ofNEM:BAprovidesfortheprotectionofbiodiversityfromalienandinvasivespecies.Theact

definesalienspeciesandcontemplatesthelistingof invasivespecies inregulations.AsforToPS,theactdefines certain activities that are restricted in connectionwith declared listed alien or invasive species

which include, among others, importing, exporting, growing, breeding, transporting and selling thosespecies,andwouldthereforerequireEnvironmentalAuthorisation.

TheAlienand InvasiveSpecies (AIS)Regulations, intermsofSection97(1)ofNEM:BA,waspublished in

Government Notice R598 in Government Gazette 37885 dated 1 August 2014. The Alien and InvasiveSpecies(AIS)listsintermsofsections66(1),67(1),70(1)(a),71(3)and71AofNEM:BAwassubsequently

publishedinGovernmentNoticeR864of29July2016.

Intermsoftheaforementionedlegislation,thefollowingcategoriesofdeclaredalienandinvasiveplantsarerecognisedinSouthAfrica:

ExemptedAlienSpeciesmeansanalienspeciesthatisnotregulatedintermsofthisstatutoryframework

-asdefinedinNotice2oftheAISList.ProhibitedAlien Speciesmean an alien species listed by notice by theMinister, in respect ofwhich a

permitmay not be issued as contemplated in section 67(1) of the act. These species are contained inNotice4oftheAISList,whichisreferredtoastheListofProhibitedAlienSpecies(withfreshwaterfishin

List7ofNotice4).Category1aListedInvasiveSpeciesmeanaspecieslistedassuchbynoticeintermsofsection70(1)(a)of

theact,asaspeciesthatmustbecombattedoreradicated.ThesespeciesarecontainedinNotice3oftheAIS List, which is referred to as the National Lists of Invasive Species. Landowners are obliged to take

immediatestepstocontrolCategory1aspecies.Category1bListedInvasiveSpeciesmeanspecieslistedassuchbynoticeintermsofsection70(1)(a)of

theact,asspeciesthatmustbecontrolledor‘contained’.ThesespeciesarecontainedinNotice3oftheAISList,whichisreferredtoastheNationalListsofInvasiveSpecies.However,whereanInvasiveSpecies

ManagementProgrammehasbeendevelopedforaCategory1bspecies,thenlandownersareobligedto“control” the species in accordancewith the requirements of that programme. Therefore, Category 1a

triggersanimmediateobligationtocontrol,whereasthatobligationonlycomesintoeffectforCategory


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1b species when an Invasive SpeciesManagement Programme is implemented for that species in the

specificarea.Category2ListedInvasiveSpeciesmeanspecieslistedbynoticeintermsofsection70(1)(a)oftheact,as

speciesthatrequireapermittocarryoutarestrictedactivitye.g.cultivationwithinanareaspecified intheNoticeoranareaspecifiedinthepermit,asthecasemaybe.Category2includesplantspeciesthat

haveeconomic,recreational,aestheticorothervaluedproperties,notwithstandingtheirinvasiveness.ItisimportanttonotethataCategory2speciesthatfallsoutsidethedemarcatedareaspecifiedinthepermit,

becomesaCategory1binvasivespecies.Permit-holdersmusttakeallthenecessarystepstopreventtheescapeandspreadofthespecies.

Category3ListedInvasiveSpeciesmeanspecieslistedbynoticeintermsofsection70(1)(a)oftheact,asspeciesthataresubjecttoexemptionsintermsofsection71(3)andprohibitionsintermsofsection71A

of act, as specified in the notice. Category 3 species are less-transforming invasive species which areregulatedbyactivity.Theprincipalfocuswiththesespeciesistoensurethattheyarenotintroduced,sold

ortransported.However,Category3plantspeciesareautomaticallyCategory1bspecieswithinriparianandwetlandareas.

4.4 The National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act No. 57 of 2003) (NEM:PAA)

NEM:PAA provides for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas representative ofSouth Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes and seascapes; for the establishment of a

nationalregisterofallnational,provincialandlocalprotectedareas;forthemanagementofthoseareasin accordance with national norms and standards; for intergovernmental co-operation and public

consultationinmattersconcerningprotectedareas;andformattersinconnectiontherewith.

4.5 National Forests Act (Act No. 84 of 1998)(NFA) The National Forest Act makes provision for the declaration of for example specially protected areas,

forestnaturereserves, forestwildernessareasandprotectedwoodlands.A listof treespeciesdeclaredprotectedintermsoftheNFA,waspublishedin2017.Intermsofsection15(1)ofthisact,nopersonmay

cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export,purchase, sell, donateor inanyothermanneracquireordisposeof anyprotected treeoranyproduct

derived from a protected tree, except under a license or exemption granted by the Minister to anapplicant and subject to such period and conditions as may be stipulated. The competent authority

responsibleforconsideringandissuingthelicensewillbethenationalDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(DAFF).

4.6 National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998)

TheNationalWaterActplacesstrongemphasisonsustainableuseofwaterresources,anditspurposeasper Subsection 2(g) of the NWA includes protecting aquatic and associated ecosystems and their

biological diversity.Wetlands, riparian zones and watercourses are defined as water resources by theWaterActandanycontemplatedactivitiesthatcouldaffecttheseareasrequireauthorisation.


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ThekeymechanismthroughwhichNEMA(2014,2017)attemptstomitigatetheimpactsofdevelopmenton streamflows and wetlands is by specifying a buffer zone of some 32 m from the edge of the

watercourseandwetlandareasNEMA(2014,2017)thatshouldnotbedevelopedwithoutauthorisation.It isthereforenecessarytodelineateallwatercoursesandwetlandsandtheirassociatedbufferzonesin

areastobedeveloped.

4.7 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983) (CARA)

The objectives of CARA (1983, 2001) are to provide for the conservation of the natural agricultural

resources by the maintenance of the production potential of the land, by combating and preventingerosion and weakening or destruction of the water resources, and by protecting the vegetation and

combatingweeds and invader plants. In order to achieve the objectives, certain controlmeasures areprescribed which shall be complied with by land users to whom they apply. The activities which are

mentionedrelateto(interalia):• thecultivationofvirginsoil;

• theutilisationandprotectionoflandwhichiscultivated;• theirrigationofland;

• thepreventionorcontrolofwaterloggingorsalinizationofland;• theutilisationandprotectionofvleis,marshes,watersponges,watercoursesandwatersources;

• theregulationoftheflowpatternofrun-offwater;• thecontrolofweedsandinvaderplants;

• therestorationorreclamationoferodedlandorlandwhichisotherwisedisturbedordenuded;• theprotectionofwatersourcesagainstpollutiononaccountoffarmingpractices;and

• the construction, maintenance, alteration or removal of soil conservation works or otherstructuresonland.

In addition, lists of alien invasive plant species are provided with associated categories indicating the

appropriatemanagementandmitigationofthesedeclaredalieninvasivespecies.

4.8 Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act (Act No. 9 of 2009) (NCNCA)

The Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act (Act No. 9 of 2009) restricts activities involving specially

protected,protectedandindigenousplantspecies.

Section50dealswiththerestrictedactivities involvingprotectedplantsandstatesthatnopersonmay,withoutapermit,pick,import,export,transport,cultivateortradeinaspecimenofaprotectedplant.

Section 51 involves the picking, receipt, possession, acquisition or handling of indigenous plants and

statesthatnopersonmay,withoutapermit,pickanindigenousplant–(a)onapublicroad;(b)onlandnexttoapublicroadwithinadistanceof100metersmeasuredfromthecentreoftheroad;or(c)within


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anareaborderinganaturalwatercourse,whetherwetordry,uptoandwithinadistanceof100meters

fromthemiddleofariveroneithersideofthenaturalwatercourse.

TheActlistsdifferentcategoriesoffloraandfauna,i.e.Schedules1,2,3and6forfloraandSchedules1,2,3,4,5and6 for fauna. The listsof flora in theActwereconsultedandcomparedwith listsofplant

speciesrecordedduringthevegetationsurveysofthesites.

Permit applications pertaining to selected plant species in terms of the Northern Cape NatureConservation Act (Act No. 9 of 2009) (see Appendix C) for purposes of the proposed Pella housing

developmentwillhavetobe lodgedwiththeNorthernCapeDepartmentofEnvironmentandNatureConservation.

4.9 Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)

SouthAfricabecameasignatorytotheUnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)in1993,whichwasratifiedin1995.TheCBDrequiressignatorystatestoimplementobjectivesoftheConvention,

whichare theconservationofbiodiversity; thesustainableuseofbiological resources;and the fairandequitablesharingofbenefitsarisingfromtheuseofgeneticresources.AccordingtoArticle14(a)ofthe

CBD, each Contracting Party, as far as possible and as appropriate, must introduce appropriateprocedures, such as environmental impact assessments of its proposedprojects that are likely to have

significant adverse effects on biological diversity, to avoid or minimize these effects and, whereappropriate,toallowforpublicparticipationinsuchprocedures.

4.10 Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

CITES is an international agreement to which countries adhere voluntarily. The aim is to ensure thatinternationaltradeinspecimensofwildanimalsandplantsdoesnotthreatentheirsurvival.Thespecies

coveredbyCITES(2017)arelistedinthreeappendicesreflectingthedegreeofprotectionthatthespeciesneeds. Appendix I includes species which are threatenedwith extinction and trade in these species is

permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily nowthreatenedwithextinctionbut thatmaybecome sounless trade is closely controlled.Appendix III lists

species that are protected in at least one country that has asked other CITES parties for assistance incontrollingthetrade(Website:www.cites.org).


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CHAPTER 5

VEGETATION

5.1 Introduction

Floristically thesite falls in theKaroo-NamibZoneofWhite (1983),anextensive regionstretching fromNamibia into the western interior of South Africa. Vegetation types such as the Eastern Gariep Plains

DesertandEasternGariepRockyDesertfallintheGariepDesertBioregionoftheDesertBiome(Mucina&Rutherford2006).Acocks(1953),Mostertetal.(1971)andGubb(1980)describedtheareaastheOrange

RiverBrokenVeld,whileLow&Rebelo(1998)classifiedtheareaaspartoftheOrangeRiverNamaKaroo.

The proposed housing development site at Pella falls in the Eastern Gariep Plains Desert (Mucina &Rutherford2006).Othervegetationtypes intheregion includetheEasternGariepRockyDesert (Dg10),

theBushmanlandAridGrassland(NKb3)andtheLowerGariepAlluvialVegetation(Aza3)(Figure6).

5.2 Vegetation types 5.2.1. EasternGariepPlainsDesert(Dg9)

ThesiteoccursontheplainssouthoftheOrangeRiverandsouthofthePellaMountains(Figure6).The

LowerGariepPlainsDesertoccursfromOnseepkansintheeasttonearVioolsdrifinthewest.Thealtitudeof this vegetation type varies from 250 to 900 m. The plains contrast with the surrounding hills and

mountains.TypicalwashvegetationoccursinthebreaksbetweenthemountainswithStipagrostisspeciesdominant.

The tree component includes Parkinsonia africana and Vachellia erioloba, while the shrub layer is

represented by Calicorema capitata, Sisyndite spartea, Euphorbia gregaria, Mesembryanthemumsubnodosum and Justicia spartioides.Dwarf shrubsand forbs includeHermbstaedtiaglauca,Petalidiumsetosum, Codon royenii and Rogeria longiflora. The grass layer is dominated by Stipagrostis spp., e.g.

Stipagrostisbrevifolia,S.ciliataandS.obtusa.Schmidtiakalahariensisisseasonallydominant.

This vegetation type is considered “least threatened”. Although few intact examples of this vegetationremain,noneofthisvegetationtypeisstatutoryconserved.Heavygrazingandthearidclimatecombined

mean thatpastoralactivities in thepasthavesignificantlyaltered thestructureandcompositionof thevegetation of this unit (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Prosopis spp. have the potential of becoming a

seriousproblemalongwatercoursesandaroundsprings.

5.2.2. EasternGariepRockyDesert(Dg10)

ThesiteunderevaluationinPelladoesnotoccurinthisvegetationtypeandthisunitwillthereforenotbediscussedindetail.ThisunitincludesalltherockydesertareasalongtheLowerOrangeRiverfromPellato


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Vioolsdrif. The altitude varies from 250m to 1 206m at the highest peak of the PellaMountain. The

landscapeconsistsofhillsandmountainswithbareoutcropsandverysparseshrubbyvegetation.

Figure6.VegetationtypesofthePellaregion(siteindicatedwithX)(Mucina&Rutherford2006).

The tree layer is represented by species such as Aloidendron dichotomum, Boscia foetida, Boscia

albitrunca, Ehretia alba, Euclea pseudebenus, Ficus cordata and Pappea capensis. Succulent speciesinclude Mesembryanthemum pseudoschlichtianum, Portulacaria namaquensis, Commiphora

gracilifrondosa,EuphorbiaavasmontanaandEuphorbiagregaria.

Thisvegetationtypeisconsidered“leastthreatened”.NoneofthisvegetationtypeisconservedinSouthAfricainstatutoryconservationareas.ThisunitalsooccursnorthoftheOrangeRiverinNamibia.

5.2.3. LowerGariepAlluvialVegetation(AZa3)

ThesiteunderevaluationinPelladoesnotoccurinthisvegetationtypeandthisunitwillthereforenotbe

discussedindetail.ThisvegetationtypeincludesthebroadalluvialplainsandislandsoftheOrangeRiverbetweenGroblershoopandthemouthof theAtlanticOceanatAlexanderBay.Conspicuousspeciesare

Searsia pendulina, Ziziphus mucronata, Euclea pseudebenus, Schotia afra var. angustifolia, SalixmucronataandTamarixusneoides,withbedsofPhragmitesaustralisoccurringlocally.


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This vegetation type is considered “Endangered” although 6% is conserved in the Richtersveld and

Augrabies Falls National Parks. Some 50% is transformed for agricultural purposes or alluvial diamondmining.

5.3 Habitats on the site and surrounding area

5.3.1 Sandyplains

This site occurs on the sandy plains of the Eastern Gariep Plains Desert (Figures 7, 8, 9 & 10) and ischaracterisedbydeepsandysoils.Itisseverelydegraded,overgrazedandtrampledandtheeffectofthe

current drought has exacerbated the poor vegetation cover of the area. Only 18 plant species wererecordedonthesiteof11ha.

The most prominent tree species on site are the protected Vachellia erioloba and the alien invasive

Prosopis cf. glandulosa. The shrub layer is represented by Sisyndite spartea (d), with Rhigozumtrichotomum and Senna italica representing the dwarf shrub layer. The grass layer is basically non-

existentwithafewindividualsofSchmidtiakalahariensisandStipagrostisspp.present.

The forbs species are represented by Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana, Aptosimum procumbens,Indigastrumargyroides,Jamesbritteniamaxii,Sesamumtriphyllum,TetraenasimplexandTribuluszeyheri.

OtherforbsincludeaLotononissp.andWahlenbergiasp.Becauseofthedrought,nobulbousplantswererecordedinthishabitatatthetimeofthesurvey.TheplantparasiteTapinanthusoleifoliuswasobserved

insomeofthetreesonsite.

Figure7:Viewofsitefromthenorthwesterncornertothesoutheast.


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Figure7:Viewofsitefromthenortheasterncornertothesouthwest.

Figure8:Viewofsitefromthesoutherncornertothenorthwest.


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Figure9:Viewofsitefromthewesterncornertotheeast.

Figure10:ViewfromsiteacrossthePellaroadtowardsthedrainagelineintheeast.

5.3.2 Drainagelines

This site occurs to the west of T'Goop se Laagte, the main drainage channel east of Pella flowing

northwardstotheOrangeRiver(Figure10).SomematureindividualsofVachelliaeriolobaoccuralongthedrainageline.However,nodrainagelinesoccuronsite.


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CHAPTER 6

FLORA AND VEGETATION

6.1 Threats

Environmental sustainability is threatened by changes in land use, land degradation, clearing ofindigenous vegetation, overgrazing, invasion of land by alien species, informal settlements, urban

development,industrialandagriculturalpollution,mining,impoundments,cultivation,waterabstractionand climate change. Development (or change in land use) usually contributes to habitat loss and

degradationinmanybiodiversityimportantareas.Muchoftheimpactcanbeminimizedthroughcarefulplanning and avoidanceof sensitive areas. Loss of habitat is regarded as the foremost causeof loss of

biodiversity.

6.2 Vegetation types TheconservationstatusoftheEasternGariepPlainsDesertis"leastthreatened"(NEMA2011).Noneof

thisvegetationtypeisconservedinstatutoryconservationareas.

6.3 Plant species richness Atotalof18plantspecies(thetermspeciesisusedhereinageneralsensetodenotespecies,subspecies

andvarieties)wasrecordedonthesiteduringthevegetationsurveyundertakenduringApril2019.

Becauseof thedry conditions anddegraded conditionof the siteduring the vegetation survey inApril2019, the species list is an underestimate of the potential species richness of the site. However, the

chancesoffindingrareplantspeciesonsitearelimited.

6.4 Threatened, protected and endemic plant species Red Data species are threatened with extinction and therefore require protection from threatening

factors. Species threatened by habitat destruction need to be conserved through mechanisms thatconservetheentireecosystem,wherepossible.

Todeterminethestatusoftheflorainthestudyareathefollowingsourcesofinformationwereconsulted

(seeTable5):• SpecieslistsofthequarterdegreegridsfallinginthestudyareaweredrawnfromtheSouthAfrican

BiodiversityInstitute(SANBI)websitefromtheNewposadatabase;• Red lists of southern African plants (SANBI: www.redlist.sanbi.org) together with the Red List of

SouthAfricanplants(Raimondoetal.2009);• NationalForestsAct(ActNo84of1998)(revisedlist2018);


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• National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, (Act No 10 of 2004) (ToPS lists) (NEM:BA

2013);• CITESlists(2018)(AppendicesI,II&III)(https://www.cites.org);and

• ListsofprotectedspeciesoftheNorthernCapeNatureConservationAct(ActNo9of2009)(NCNCA).

In the Newposa plant species list (Appendix C) for the immediate region of the site (2919 AA quarterdegree),204planttaxawerelisted.ThetwoIUCNthreatenedspeciesareonlyfoundinthemountainous

habitatoftheregion, i.e.Anginonjaarsveldii (EN)andLithopsdinteri (VU).TheNearthreatenedspecies(NT) isEctadium virgatum,whileAcanthopsis hoffmannseggiana andWahlenbergia divergens areData

Deficientspecies(DD).

Table5: Threatened,protectedandendemicplantspeciesonthesiteSpecies Ende

mic*NCNCA* NFA* CITES* NEM:BA IUCNRed

list*

Sch1* Sch2* Sch6* App.II ToPS*

Acanthopsishoffmannseggiana DDJamesbritteniamaxii x LCProsopiscf.glandulosa x NESisynditespartea x LCVachelliaerioloba x LC

*Endemic:GariepCentreofEndemism(VanWyk&Smith2001;Mucina&Rutherford2006)*NCNCA:NorthernCapeNatureConservationAct2009(No.9of2009) *Schedule1:Speciallyprotectedspecies;*Schedule2:Protectedspecies;*Schedule6:Alieninvasiveplantspecies*NFA(2017):Protectedtrees:NationalForestAct,(Act84of1998).*CITES:ConventionontheTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(2017)*NEM:BA(2013)-ToPSThreatenedorProtectedSpecieslist*IUCNRedListofSouthAfricanplants(NEWPOSA,SANBI)

*DD=DataDeficient:*LC=leastconcern;*NE=NotEvaluated

6.5 Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act 2009 (Act No 9 of 2009) (NCNCA 2009)

AsshowninTable5,thefollowingNCNCASchedules1–6speciesoccuronsite:

• Schedule1-Speciallyprotectedspecies:nonerecorded

• Schedule2-Protectedspecies: Oneprotectedspecieswasrecordedonsite,i.e.Jamesbritteniamaxii

• Schedule3:Commonindigenousplantspecies:

Theseareallindigenousspecies,exceptthoselistedasSchedule1and2species.

• Schedule6-Invasiveplantspecies: Prosopiscf.glandulosaisadeclaredalieninvasiveplantspeciesrecordednearthesite.


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6.6 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, (Act 10 of 2004) (ToPS lists)

NoToPSplantspecieswererecorded.

6.7 CITES classification (2018 lists)

CITES comprises three Appendices. Appendix I lists species that are threatened with extinction. CITESprohibitsinternationaltradeinspecimensofthesespeciesexceptwhenthepurposeoftheimportisnotcommercial, for instance for scientific research. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now

threatenedwithextinctionbutthatmaybecomesounlesstradeiscloselycontrolled.AppendixIIIisalistofspeciesincludedattherequestofaPartythatalreadyregulatestradeinthespeciesandthatneedsthe

cooperationofothercountriestopreventunsustainableorillegalexploitation.

NoCITESplantspecieswererecorded.

6.8 Gariep Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001)

Thetermendemicreferstoataxonthatislimitedinitsrangetoaspecifiedgeographicalarea.ACentreofEndemismisalocalisedareawhichhasahighoccurrenceofendemics(VanWyk&Smith2001).Thesite

atPella is located intheGariepCentreofEndemism(VanWyk&Smith2001).Atotalofapproximately2700 species/infraspecific taxa are found in this region with about 560 endemic or near-endemic

species/infraspecifictaxa(20.7%).About80%ofthetaxaaresucculents.

Figure11:Sisynditespartea,anendemicspeciesoftheGariepCentreofEndemism.


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SisynditesparteaisaprominentGariependemicspeciesonsite(Figure11,Table5).Nobiogeographically

importantendemictaxawerelistedbyMucina&Rutherford(2006)fortheEasternGariepPlainsDesert.

6.9 Protected trees (National Forest Act, Act 84 of 1998) (NFA 2018) Thecriteriausedtoselecttreespeciesforinclusionintheprotectedtreelist(NFA2018)are:

• RedListStatus(i.e.rareorthreatenedspecies);• keystonespeciesplayingadominantroleinanecosystem’sfunctioning;

• unsustainabilityofuse;• culturalorspiritualimportance;and

• whetheraspeciesisalreadyadequatelyprotectedbyotherlegislation.

Vachelliaeriolobaisthenationallyprotectedtreethatoccursonsite(NationalForestAct,Act84of1998)(NFA2018)(Figure12).AccordingtoGolding(2002),Golding&Geldenhuys(2003)andDAFF(undatedb),

thetechnicaldefinitionthatisusedforprotectedtreesisasfollows:“awoodyplant,self-supporting,withadiameteratbreastheightgreaterthan10mmandaheightgreaterthan3m(ifsingle-stemmed),andif

multi-stemmed, then a height greater than 5 m”. According to DAFF (undated a) documentation, thenumberofadultandsubadulttreesaffectedbyadevelopmentshouldbeindicated.Thesesubadultand

adulttrees,whichqualifyasprotectedtrees,aredefinedasindividualstallerthan3m.However,itshouldbenotedthatthedefinition indicatedabove, isnotused intheNationalForestsAct (ActNo9of1998)

(NFA1998)orinlateramendments.Thelegaldefinitionofa“tree”accordingtotheNFA(1998)isanytreeseedling,sapling,transplantorcoppiceshootofanyageandanyroot,branchorotherpartofit.

Thelocation(GPS)ofeachindividualtreeonthesiteandsurroundingareaisgiveninAppendixC.Twenty-

fiveindividualsofVachelliaeriolobawererecordedinthefootprintoftheproposeddevelopment,whileanother34individualsweresurveyedintheareatothewest,southandeastofthesite(seeAppendixC

fordetailsoneachindividualofVachelliaeriolobainthearea)(Figure13).

Themainaimofbiodiversityoffsets istocompensateforenvironmental impactsofadevelopmentthatcannotbeavoidedormitigated(residualimpacts).Thechallengethereforeliesinthedeterminationofa

cut-off point where offsets must be required, e.g. number of mature protected trees affected, andcalculatingthevalueoftheseoffsets.

TheguidelinesprovidedbyDAFF(undateda)tocalculateanoffsetforprotectedtreesof3mandhigher

aresummarizedbelow:• Treespecieslistedasprotectedduetorarityorwitharedliststatusofvulnerableorhighershould

be conserved. If exceptional circumstances do not allow avoidance, over and above thetransplantingoftreesasmitigationmeasure,anoffsetshouldbecalculatedbasedoncertaintree

values.• Whenbetween500and2000treespersitearerecorded,off-sitemitigationcanberequestedfor

thetrees.Thiscouldentailtheprovisionofthreetreesforurbangreeningforeachprotectedtreeremoved.

• Ifmorethan2000treesarerecordedonsite,anoffsetinvolvinglandforconservationorfundsforconservation projects can be requested. A task team of stake-holders and specialists shoulddeterminetheactualoffsetbasedonthenumberoftreesandareaaffected.


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BasedonthenumberofVachelliaeriolobatreesonsite,anoffsetisthereforenotrequired.

A license/permit is needed if an activity conducted in terms of Section 7 (1), 15 (1) and 23 (1) of theNational Forest Act.Permits are required for the utilisation, e.g. harvesting for wood, and medicinal

purposesofdeclaredprotectedtrees.TheeffectoftheActisthatnopersonmaycut,disturb,damageordestroyany indigenous, livingprotected tree inanatural forest;orpossess, collect, remove, transport,

export, purchase, sell, donateor in anyothermanneracquireordisposeof anyprotected tree,or anyforestproductderivedfromaprotectedtree,except intermsofa licensegrantedbytheMinister(ora

delegatedauthority)toanapplicantandsubjecttoaperiodandconditionsasmaybestipulated.Certainexemptions are also described in the Act. The listing of a tree species as protected does notmean it

cannotbeused,buttheobjectiveistoensuresustainableusethroughlicensingcontrolmeasures.

Vachelliaeriolobaisconsideredasendangeredinpartsofitsrangebecauseofover-use(firewood).Itisaprotected species because of its role as a keystone species in its natural environment, because of its

spiritual value and because it is not adequately protected by legislation. It is slow-growing and isestimatedtolivetoabout300yearsofage.Itincreaseshabitatheterogeneity,increasesspeciesrichness

byprovidinghabitatsandservicessuchasnestingforbirds,lizards,rodentsandothersmallmammals.Italsoprovidesshade,enrichesthesoilunderneathit,andprovidessuitablemicrohabitatforshade-tolerant

and fleshy-fruitedplants.Adiverse invertebratecommunityexistswithin these trees.Disturbances thatfundamentallychangethepopulationorsizestructureofthisspeciesarelikelytohavedetrimentaleffects

onbothbiodiversitypatternandprocess.

Figure12:ExampleofoneofthematureVachelliaeriolobatreesonsite.


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Figure13:The25 individualsofVachelliaeriolobawithin theboundariesof theproposedPellahousing

developmentsite(seeAppendixCformoredetails).

Thelocalhumanpopulationshouldbemadeawareofthebiodiversitystatusofprotectedspecies,theirimportanceintheecologicalfunctionoftheecosystem,theircommercialsignificanceandlegalstatus.Itis

important that the significance of ecosystem processes and biotic diversity be understood by humansocietiestoallowthemtomakedecisionsnecessarytoensurecontinuedfunctioningofthebiosphereto

sustainfuturegenerations.

6.10 Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) and Ecological Support Areas (ESAs) TheOrangeRiver and the area southwards to Pella are classified as a CBA 1 area,while the proposed

housingsiteatPellafallswithinaCBA2area(NamakwaBiodiversitySectorPlan2016,Figure14).CBAsare areas required to meet biodiversity targets for ecosystems, species or ecological processes. CBAs

should be kept in a natural or near-natural state, with no further loss of habitat or land-use changepermitted. An ESA is not essential for meeting biodiversity targets but plays an important role in

supportingtheecologicalfunctioninginaCBA.

Althoughtheproposedhousingdevelopmentsitetechnically fallswithinaCBA2, it is importanttonotethat the site forms part of the town of Pella and is highly disturbed and degraded. Furthermore, the

sensitivityanalysisrevealedthatthesensitivityoftheparticularsitewas‘VeryLow’(seeChapter8).


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Figure14:CriticalBiodiversityAreas (CBA1&CBA2),EcologicalSupportAreas (ESAs)andOtherNaturalAreas (ONAs) (Namakwa Biodiversity Sector Plan 2016; biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org; accessed April2019).Siteboundaryindicatedinred)

6.11 Alien and invasive plant species Thefollowingdeclaredalienandinvasiveplantspecieswasrecordedonsite(Figure15):

Prosopiscf.glandulosa Category3

Alien invaders should be controlled bymechanical and/or chemicalmeans.Mechanicalmeans includeringbarking(girdling),uprooting,chopping,slashingandfelling.Anaxeorchainsaworbrushcuttercanbe

used.Stumpsorring-barkedstemsshouldbetreatedimmediatelywithachemicalweedkiller.Follow-uptreatmentisusuallyneeded.


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Figure15:Prosopiscf.glandulosa,acategory3alieninvasivespecies.


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CHAPTER 7

ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

7.1 Introduction

Sensitivity is the vulnerability of a habitat to any impact, for example adune,wetlandor ridge systemwouldbemore vulnerable todevelopment thanwould a sandyplain. Several featuresof a site canbe

identifiedandassessedtoderiveasensitivityscore,e.g.:

• threatenedstatusoftheregionalvegetationtypewhereintheproposedsiteissituated;

• percentageofredlistplantspeciespercommunityorsite;• numberofprotectedtreespeciespercommunityorsite;

• percentageofprovinciallyprotectedplantspecies;• percentageofendemicplantspeciespercommunityorsite(endemictovegetationtype);

• conservationvalueofcommunity(habitat)orsite;• speciesrichnessperplantcommunityorpersampleplot(numberofplantspecies);

• degree of connectivity and/or fragmentation of the habitat, i.e. high connectivity and lowfragmentationinfersalowrating;

• soilerosionpotential;and• resilience(thisisameasureoftheabilityofaparticularhabitat/plantcommunitytorecoverafter

animpact,i.e.highresilienceinferslowrating).

Anoverallsensitivitymodel(Table6)isdevelopedforeachplantcommunityonsite.Thisisachievedbyweighting each criterion and calculating the sum for the community,which reflects the sensitivity and

sensitivityranking

Theparametersthatwereusedtoallocatethedifferentcategoriesofsensitivity(verylow,low,moderate,highandveryhigh)werethefollowing:

1. Threatened status of the ecosystem (depends on the percentage area intact, or degree of

transformation)(Driveretal.2005,Mucina&Rutherford2006,NEM:BA2011).

Theecosystemsareclassifiedintothefollowingcategories:

Lowsensitivity:If“LeastThreatened”,thevegetationtypehasmostofitshabitatintact,i.e.morethan 80%; or the vegetation type is adequately statutory or formally conserved in parks and

reserves.

Moderatesensitivity:If“Vulnerable”,thevegetationtypehasfrom60%to80%oftheecosystemintact; less than40%hasbeen transformedwhich could result in someecosystem functioning

beingaltered,and/ortheecosystemisstatutorypoorlyconserved.Forexample,thevegetation


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type is rich inplant speciesbut isnotapristineexampleofavegetation type, thereforesome

transformation or disturbance occurred, such as human structures and degraded veld due toovergrazingand/orbushencroachment.

High sensitivity: If “Endangered”, the vegetation type has from 40% to 60% of the ecosystem

intact; or 40% to 60% transformed due to disturbance, cultivation or alien species; or theecosystemisstatutorypoorlyconservede.g.lessthanabout3%conserved.

Veryhighsensitivity:If“CriticallyEndangered”,thevegetationtypehasonly16%to36%ofthe

ecosystem intact. The richer the ecosystem is in terms of species, the higher the percentagethreshold.

Categoryrating:

Low (LT) =1Moderate (VU) =2

High (EN) =3Veryhigh (CE) =4

2. PercentageofIUCNredlistplantspecies(listedhigherthan‘leastconcern’,LC).

The sensitivity scale ranges from low, moderate to high and the rating is determined by the

presenceof rare flora inaplant community (calculatedaspercentageof themeannumberofspeciespercommunity).

Categoryrating:

None (0%) =0Low (>0–2%) =1

Moderate (>2–5%) =2High (>5%) =3

3. Presenceofprotectedtreespecies(NationalForestsAct,ActNo.84of1998;NFA2015)

Thepresenceofprotected treespecies inavegetation type is ratedas low,moderateorhigh.This rating depends on the availability of habitat in the community and the protection and

management guidelines for these species and guidelines for biodiversity offsets of theDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries,DAFF).

Categoryrating:

None (0species) =0Low (1or2species) =1

Moderate (3–4species) =2High (>4species) =3

4. PresenceofNorthernCapeprotectedplantspecies(NorthernCapeNatureConservationAct,Act

No.9of2009):


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Thepresenceof'speciallyprotectedspecies'and'protectedspecies'inavegetationtypeisratedaslow,moderateorhighdependingonthenumberofprotectedspeciesinrelationtothetotalplantspeciesper

community.

Categoryrating:None (0%) =0

Low (>0-5%) =1Moderate (>5–10%) =2

High (>10%) =3

5. Percentage of plant species endemic to the regional vegetation type (VanWyk& Smith 2001;Mucina&Rutherford2006).

The scale ranges from none, low,moderate to high, and depends on the availability of habitat in the

community.Thenumberofspeciesisexpressedasapercentageofthenumberofspeciespercommunity.

Categoryrating:None (0%) =0

Low (>0-2%) =1Moderate (>2–5%) =2

High (>5%) =3

6. Conservationvalueoftheterraintypeand/orhabitat.

The criteriaare low,moderateandhigh. Thepresenceofe.g.quartziticoutcrops, ridges,wetlandsanddunesshouldbeconsideredtohaveamoderatetohighconservationvalue.However,thisshouldbeseen

inthecontextofthepresenceofrepresentativehabitatinthebroaderregionorinconservationareas.

Categoryrating:Low =1Moderate =2

High =3

7. Communityspeciesrichness

Thespecies-richness(numberofspeciespercommunity)willdependontheregion,climate,topography,ecosystemanddegreeoftransformation.Thescalerangesfromlow,moderatetohigh.

Categoryrating:

Low (<30) =1Moderate (30–50) =2

High (>50) =3

8. Degreeofconnectivityand/orfragmentationoftheecosystem


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The degree of connectivity with surrounding or adjacent natural areas and/or fragmentation of plantcommunities, is indicated as low, moderate or high, e.g. high connectivity with surrounding similar

habitat,orlowfragmentationofhabitatisconsideredashavingalowrating.

Categoryrating(notereverseorder):Low =3

Moderate =2High =1

9. Erosionpotentialofthesoil

Theerosionpotentialof thesoil is indicatedas low,moderateorhigh,e.g.coarsesandysoilsonplains

havealowerosionpotential.

Categoryrating:Low =1

Moderate =2High =3

10. Resilienceisameasureoftheabilityofaparticularhabitat/plantcommunitytorecoverafteran

impact,i.e.highresilienceinferslowrating.

Categoryrating(notereverseorder):Low =3

Moderate =2High =1

7.2 Weighting of sensitivity criteria

Threatenedstatusofthevegetationtype =x5 Percentageofredlistplantspecies =x4

NumberofNFAprotectedtreespecies =x3PercentageofNCNCAprotectedspecies =x4

Percentageofendemicspecies =x2Conservationvalue(habitat) =x4

Plantcommunityspeciesrichness =x2Degreeofconnectivity/fragmentationofhabitat =x2

Erosion =x2Resilience =x3

7.3 Sensitivity rating

≤30 =verylow (VL) (ratingscale=1)


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31–40 =low (L) (ratingscale=2)

41–50 =moderate (M) (ratingscale=3) 51–65 =high (H) (ratingscale=4)

>65 =veryhigh (VH) (ratingscale=5)

Table6: Sensitivityoftheplantcommunity/habitatofthePellasite(seeFigures13&24)

Plantcommunities 1

Threatenedstatus(x5) 5

%Reddataspecies(x4) 0Numberprotectedtrees(x3) 3

%NCNCAspecies(x4) 4%Endemicspecies(x2) 2

Conservationvalue(x4) 4Speciesrichness(x2) 2

Connectivity(x2) 2Erosion(x2) 2

Resilience(x3) 6

Sum: 28

Sensitivityrating: VL

Overall,thesensitivityratingofthehabitatonsitewasVeryLow(VL).

Explanationofsensitivityratings:

• Very low (1) sensitivitymeans that aminimum score is allocated to almost all the sensitivitycriteriaused.Itisusuallyapplicabletohabitatsinpoorconditionorthathavebeentransformed,

especiallybyhumanactivities.• Low (2) sensitivity means the sensitivity is not significant enough and should not have an

influence on the decision about the project. However, any protected species may not beremoved/destroyedwithoutapermit.

• Moderate (3) means a sensitivity rating that is real and sufficiently important to requiremanagement,e.g.mitigationmeasures,managementorprotectionoftherare/threatenedfauna

andflora,protectionofthespecifichabitatonthepropertyand/orrehabilitation.• High(4)meansasensitivityratingwherethehabitatshouldbeexcludedfromanydevelopment.

• Very high (5)means a sensitivity rating that should influence the decision whether or not toproceedwiththeproject.


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CHAPTER 8

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

8.1 Introduction

The identification of potential impacts includes impacts that may occur during the construction oroperationalphasesoftheproposeddevelopment.Theassessmentofimpactsincludesdirect,indirectas

wellascumulativeimpacts.

8.2 Methodology and definitions • Directimpactsareimpactsthatarecauseddirectlybytheactivityandgenerallyoccuratthesame

timeandattheplaceoftheactivity.These impactsareusuallyassociatedwiththeconstruction,

operationormaintenanceofanactivityandaregenerallyobviousandquantifiable.• Indirect impactsofanactivityare indirector inducedchanges thatmayoccurasa resultof the

activity. These impacts includeall thepotential impacts thatdonotmanifest immediatelywhentheactivityisundertakenorwhichoccuratadifferentplaceasaresultoftheactivity.

• Cumulativeimpactsareimpactsthatresultfromtheincrementalimpactoftheproposedactivityon a common resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably

foreseeable future activities. Cumulative impacts can occur from the collective impacts ofindividualminoractionsoveraperiodoftimeandcanincludebothdirectandindirectimpacts.

• Nature of impact - this reviews the type of effect that a proposed activity will have on theenvironmentandincludeswhatwillbeaffectedandhow?

• Spatialextent–Thesizeoftheareathatwillbeaffectedbytherisk/impact:

• Sitespecific(withinboundariesofsiteandimmediatelyadjacenttoprojectsite)• Local(<10kmfromsite)

• Regional(<100kmofsite)• National

• International(e.g.GreenhouseGasemissionsormigrantbirds).• Duration–Thetimeframeduringwhichtherisk/impactwillbeexperienced:

• Veryshortterm(instantaneous;lessthan6months)• Shortterm(lessthan1year)

• Mediumterm(1to10years)• Longterm(theimpactwillceaseaftertheoperationallifeoftheactivity(i.e.theimpactorrisk

willoccurfortheprojectduration))• Permanent(mitigationwillnotoccurinsuchawayorinsuchatimespanthattheimpactcan

beconsideredtransienti.e.theimpactwilloccurbeyondtheprojectdecommissioning).• Probability–Theprobabilityoftheimpactoccurring:


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• Extremelyunlikely(littletonochanceofoccurring)

• Veryunlikely(<30%chanceofoccurring)• Unlikely(30-50%chanceofoccurring)

• Likely(51–90%chanceofoccurring)• VeryLikely(>90%chanceofoccurringregardlessofpreventionmeasures).

• Consequence–Theanticipatedseverityoftheimpact:• Extreme (extreme alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where

environmentalfunctionsandprocessesarealteredsuchthattheypermanentlycease)• Severe(severealterationofnaturalsystems,patternsorprocesses,i.e.whereenvironmental

functionsandprocessesarealteredsuchthattheytemporarilyorpermanentlycease);• Substantial (substantial alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where

environmentalfunctionsandprocessesarealteredsuchthattheytemporarilyorpermanentlycease)

• Moderate (notable alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where theenvironmentcontinuestofunctionbutinamodifiedmanner)

• Slight (negligible alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where no naturalsystems/environmentalfunctions,patterns,orprocessesareaffected).

• Significance – To determine the significance of an identified impact/risk, the consequence is"multiplied" by probability (qualitatively as shown in Figure 16 below).Will the impact cause a

notablealterationoftheenvironment?

Figure16:Guidetoassessingimpactsignificanceasaresultofseverity(consequence)andprobability.

• Verylow(therisk/impactmayresultinveryminoralterationsoftheenvironmentandcanbeeasily avoided by implementing appropriate mitigation measures, and will not have an

influenceondecision-making)• Low (the risk/impactmay result inminor alterations of the environment and can be easily

avoidedbyimplementingappropriatemitigationmeasures,andwillnothaveaninfluenceondecision-making)


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• Moderate (the risk/impactwill result inmoderatealterationof theenvironmentandcanbe

reducedoravoidedbyimplementingtheappropriatemitigationmeasures,andwillonlyhaveaninfluenceonthedecision-makingifnotmitigated)

• High (the risk/impacts will result in a major alteration to the environment even with theimplementation on the appropriate mitigation measures and will have an influence on

decision-making)• Veryhigh(therisk/impactswill result inverymajoralterationtotheenvironmentevenwith

the implementation on the appropriatemitigationmeasures and will have an influence ondecision-making, i.e. the project cannot be authorised unless major changes to the

engineeringdesignarecarriedouttoreducethesignificancerating).• Confidence–Thedegreeofconfidenceinpredictionsbasedonavailableinformationandspecialist

knowledge:• Low

• Medium• High

8.3 Impacts during the construction phase, proposed mitigation measures and their significance

8.2.1 Directimpactsduringtheconstructionphase

Lossofindigenousvegetation

Nature: Some indigenous vegetationwill have to be cleared for the proposed housing development. Theremovalofnaturalvegetationwillresult innegativeeffects.The lossoftheprotectedandendemicspecies

willalsobeaccompaniedbyalossoffaunalhabitat.Overall,thismayleadtoalossofbiodiversity.Vegetationlossisalsoinvariablyassociatedwithincreasedwaterrun-offanderosion,bothwaterandwinderosion.

Thebuildingofhouseswillleadtopermanentlossofspecieswithnomitigationpossible(atthefootprintof

each house). Unnecessary clearing of vegetation beyond the footprint of the development can largely beavoided. Due to the degraded state of the vegetation on site, the severity of the impact is rated as

moderate.However,theremovalofanyindividualoftheprotectedtreeVachelliaeriolobaisdiscouragedandisdependedonthenecessarypermitsfromDAFF.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:

• Vegetationclearanceshouldbeconfinedtothefootprintoftheproposedhousingdevelopment.• Thepositionofeachdwellingshouldbemicro-sitedtoaccommodatethetreeswherepossible.

• Theuseofarboricidesfortheclearingofvegetationisnotrecommended.


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Significancewithoutandwithmitigation(residual)measures(assessmentreferstothesite):

Parameter Withoutmitigation Residual

Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Mediumterm MediumtermConsequence Moderate SlightProbability Verylikely UnlikelySignificance Low VerylowConfidencelevel High Medium

ThelossofindividualsofSpeciesofConservationConcern(SCC)

Nature:ThelossofthevegetationduetothehousingdevelopmentmaycausealossofindividualsofSCC,i.e.

Vachelliaerioloba.

Comment:PermitapplicationsshouldbedoneasrequiredbyDAFFfortheremovalofVachelliaeriolobaandbyDENCforJamesbritteniamaxii.


• Theposition of each dwelling should bemicro-sited to accommodate the individuals ofVachelliaeriolobawherepossible.

• Vegetationclearanceshouldbeconfinedtothefootprintoftheproposedhousingdevelopmentandunnecessaryclearanceshouldbeavoided.

Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures(assessmentreferstothesite):


Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Mediumterm MediumtermConsequence Moderate SlightProbability Likely UnlikelySignificance Low VerylowConfidencelevel Medium Medium

Thelossoffaunalhabitat

Nature:Thelossofthevegetationfortheproposedhousingdevelopmentwillbeaccompaniedbyalossoffaunalhabitat.


• Vegetation clearance should be confined to the footprint of the development and unnecessaryclearanceshouldbeavoided.


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• Theposition of each dwelling should bemicro-sited to accommodate the individuals ofVachellia

eriolobawherepossible.

Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures:


Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Long-term Long-termSeverity Moderate ModerateProbability Likely LikelySignificance Low LowConfidencelevel High Medium

Increaseddustdeposition

Nature: Increased dust deposition may harm physiological processes of plants and a reduction in the

photosyntheticcapacityoftheplantsmayoccur.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Excessivedustcanbereducedbysprayingwaterregularlytocontroldustgeneration.Othersuitable

dustcontrolmitigationmeasurescanalsobeconsidered.• Increaseddustlevelsarelargelytemporaryandprimarilyapplicabletotheconstructionphase.



Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Short-term Short-termConsequence Slight SlightProbability Likely UnlikelySignificance Verylow VerylowConfidencelevel High Medium

Increasednoiselevels

Nature:Constructionactivitieswill increasenoise levelsatthesite.Theelevatednoise levelsmayalterthebehaviouralpatternsofsomeanimals.


• TheSANSnoisestandardsshouldbeadheredto.• Noconstructionshouldbedoneatnight.


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Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Short-term Short-termConsequence Moderate ModerateProbability Likely LikelySignificance Low LowConfidencelevel High Medium

8.2.2 Indirectimpactsduringtheconstructionphase

Establishmentofinvasivealienvegetation

Nature:Asaresultofthelossofindigenousvegetationandresultingdegradation,alienspeciesmightinvade

the area. The alien invasive species that is currently common in the area is Prosopis cf. glandulosa.Disturbancedue to construction, import of soil fromelsewhere and gardeningmayhowever facilitate the

introductionofseedsofotheralienspecies. Infestationby invasivealienspeciesmaycausechangestothestructureandfunctioningoftheecosystemandoftenexacerbatesthefurtherlossofindigenousvegetation.


• Acontrolprogramtocombatdeclaredalieninvasiveplantspeciesshouldbeemployed.• Noinvasivealienspeciesshouldbeusedinrehabilitationprojectsorforgardening.



Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Long-term Short-termConsequence Moderate SlightProbability Likely UnlikelySignificance Low VerylowConfidencelevel Medium Medium

Increasederosionandwaterrun-off

Nature: Increased water run-off and soil erosion (water and wind) will be caused by the clearing of the

indigenousvegetationandpavingofdrivewaysandstreets.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Clearing of vegetation, compaction and levelling should be restricted to the footprint of the

proposeddevelopment.• Streetsshouldbedesignedtoreducetheriskoferosion.• Planningforstormwaterdrainage(pipes)shouldbepartofthedevelopment.


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Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Long-term Long-termConsequence Moderate SlightProbability Likely LikelySignificance Low Verylow

8.4 Impacts during the operational phase and their significance 8.3.1 Directimpactsduringtheoperationalphase

Lossand/ordisturbanceofindigenousvegetation

Nature:Clearingordisturbanceofnaturalvegetationshouldbelimitedduringtheoperationalphase.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Establishmentofindigenousvegetationingardensshouldbeencouraged.



Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Long-term Long-termConsequence Slight SlightProbability Likely LikelySignificance Verylow VerylowConfidencelevel Medium Medium

8.3.2 IndirectimpactsduringtheoperationalphaseAlterationtohydrologicalprocesses

Nature:Increasederosionandwaterrun-offwillbecausedbytheclearingoftheindigenousvegetationand

soil disturbance during the construction phase. Increased run-off and erosion could affect hydrologicalprocessesintheareaandcouldchangewaterdischargeintothestreamsandincreasesiltload.


• Properstormwaterdrainageandroadmaintenanceproceduresshouldbeinplace.


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Extent Sitespecific SitespecificDuration Long-term Long-termConsequence Moderate ModerateProbability Likely UnlikelySignificance Low LowConfidencelevel High Medium


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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Thesiteofabout11haoccursinanaridregionwithameanrainfalloflessthan120mmperannum,with

a marked seasonality, high unpredictability and variance. Therefore, the ecological processes have arainfall-driven nature. The vegetation of the area, and especially the herbaceous species, react to the

occurrenceof rainfall events or the lack thereof, resulting in large variations in the annual herbaceousspecies composition, cover and production from year to year. The focus of this investigation was

therefore on the perennial plant species of the area and specifically the presence of a number ofindividualsoftheprotectedtreeVachelliaerioloba.ThesiteislocatednexttothetownofPellaandthe

terrain isdisturbed,degradedandovergrazed.Thearea is currentlyalsoexperiencinga severedroughtandtheplantspecieslististhereforeverylimited.

Thesiteoccurs intheEasternGariepPlainsDesertthatcoversthesandyplainsbetweenthemountains

southoftheOrangeRiver.Thisvegetationtypeisclassifiedas'Leastthreatened"andisnotconservedinany statutory conservation areas. The proposed housing site is homogeneous in terms of terrain and

vegetationandisdescribedasasandyplainshabitattypewiththeprotectedtreeVachelliaeriolobaandtheendemicSisynditesparteatheprominentplantspecies.

The sensitivity of the site was analysed using parameters such as conservation status, presence of

threatened species, protected trees and endemic plant species, species richness and degree offragmentationofthehabitat.Thesensitivityofthesandyplainshabitatisregardedasverylow.

ExceptfortheprotectedVachelliaerioloba,theimpactsoftheproposeddevelopmentontheindigenous

vegetationinthesandyplainshabitatisregardedasnegligible.Thedisturbednatureofthesite,thepoorspeciesrichnessandabsenceof red listedplantspeciesonthesite, leadstoanassessmentofvery lowimpact.Furthermore,thehousingdevelopmentintendstomicrositethehousesinsuchawayastoretain

the Vachellia erioloba individuals. Therefore, the development will have almost no effect on thebiodiversityoftheregion.


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karoo-likeareas.Bulletin428.DepartmentofAgriculture,Pretoria.LOW, A.B. & REBELO, A.G. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of

EnvironmentalAffairsandTourism,Pretoria.MANNHEIMER,C.A.,MAGGS-KOLLING,KOLBERG,H.&RUGHEIMER,S.2008.Wildflowersofthesouthern

Namib.Nampower.MacMillan,Namibia.MANNHEIMER,C.A.&CURTIS,B.A.(eds).2009.LeRouxandMullers’sFieldguidetothetreesandshrubs

ofNamibia.Windhoek:MacmillanEducationNamibia.MANNING,J.2003.WildflowersofSouthAfrica.Briza,Pretoria.

MILTON,S.J.&DEAN,W.R.J.1995.Howuseful isthekeystonespeciesconcept,andcanitbeappliedtoAcaciaeriolobaintheKalaharidesert?ZeitschriftfurOkologieundNaturschutz4:147-156.

MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD,M.C. (Eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.Strelitzia19.SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityInstitute,Pretoria.

MüLLER, M.A.N. 2007. Grasses of Namibia. John Meinert Publ., Ministry of Agriculture, Water andForestry.Windhoek,Namibia.

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NEMA.2014.EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentRegulations,2014.NationalEnvironmentalManagementAct(ActNo.107of1998).GovernmentNoticeR.982andListingsNoticesR.983,R.984&R.985.

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MANYAMA,P.A. (Eds).2009.Red listsofSouthAfricanplants2009.Strelitzia25.SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityInstitute(SANBI),Pretoria.

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oftheBotanicalSurveyofSouthAfrica63.2ndedition.NationalBotanicalInstitute,Pretoria.SETCHOGO,M.P&VENTER,F.2003.TreesofBotswana:namesanddistribution.SABONET18,Pretoria.

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SouthAfrica.CapeTown.SMITH,G.F., CROUCH,N.R.& FIGUEIREDO, E. 2017.Field guide to Succulents in southernAfrica. Struik

Nature,CapeTown.STEYN,M.2003.SouthernAfricaCommiphora.BendorPlace,Polokwane.

VANDERWALT,P.T.&LERICHE,E.A.N.1999.DieKalahariensyplante.Pretoria.VAN JAARSVELD, E., VANWYK, B-E & SMITH, G. 2000.Vetplante van Suid-Afrika. Tafelberg Uitgewers,

CapeTown.VANOUDTSHOORN,F.2012.GuidetograssesofsouthernAfrica.3rdEdition.Briza,Pretoria.

VANROOYEN,N.2001.FloweringplantsoftheKalaharidunes.EkotrustCC,Pretoria.VANROOYEN,N&VANROOYEN,M.W.1998.Vegetationofthesouth-westernaridKalahari:anoverview.

Trans.Roy.Soc.S.Afr.53:113-140.VANROOYEN,T.H.&BURGER,RduT.1974.Plant-ecologicalsignificanceofthesoilsofthecentralOrange

RiverBasin.S.Afr.Geogr.J.56:60-66.

VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 1998. Regions of Floristic Endemism in southern Africa. Umdaus Press,Pretoria.

VANWYK,A.E.&VANWYK,P.2013.FieldguidetotreesofsouthernAfrica.Secondedition.Struik,CapeTown.

VANWYK,B-E.&SMITH,G.1996.GuidetotheAloesofSouthAfrica.Briza,Pretoria.VANWYK,B-E.,VANHEERDEN,F.&VANOUDTSHOORN,B.2002.PoisonousplantsofSouthAfrica.Briza,

Pretoria.VAN WYK, B-E, VAN OUDTSHOORN, B. & GERICKE, N. 1997.Medicinal plants of South Africa. Briza,

Pretoria.VANWYK,B-E.&GERICKE,N.2000.PeoplesPlants.Briza,Pretoria.

VANZYL,K.2012.Problemplantcontrolcompendium.AVCASA,HalfwayHouse.WEATHERBUREAU.1988.ClimateofSouthAfrica.WB40.GovernmentPrinter,Pretoria.

WEATHERBUREAU.1998.ClimateofSouthAfrica.GovernmentPrinter,Pretoria.


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WHITE,F.1983.ThevegetationofAfrica.AdescriptivememoirtoaccompanytheUNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO

vegetationmapofAfrica.UNESCO,Paris.


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APPENDIX A

Plant species checklist of the Pella site AcanthopsishoffmannseggianaAptosimumprocumbensIndigastrumargyroidesJamesbritteniamaxiiLotononissp.Prosopiscf.glandulosaRhigozumtrichotomumSchmidtiakalahariensisSennaitalicaSesamumtriphyllumSisynditesparteaStipagrostisciliataStipagrostisobtusaTapinanthusoleifoliusTribuluszeyheriVachelliaeriolobaWahlenbergiasp.Tetraenasimplex


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APPENDIX B

NEWPOSA (SANBI) LIST OF THE 2919 AA QUARTER DEGREE

Family Genus Species Subsp IUCN NCNCAAcanthaceae Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana DD Acanthaceae Barleria rigida LC

Acanthaceae Justicia guerkeana

Acanthaceae Justicia saxatilis Acanthaceae Justicia spartioides Acanthaceae Petalidium setosum Aizoaceae Antimima hantamensis LC ProtectedAizoaceae Conophytum fulleri LC ProtectedAizoaceae Conophytum marginatum subsp. haramoepense LC ProtectedAizoaceae Drosanthemum intermedium LC ProtectedAizoaceae Drosanthemum praecultum LC ProtectedAizoaceae Drosanthemum schoenlandianum LC ProtectedAizoaceae Ebracteola fulleri LC ProtectedAizoaceae Galenia namaensis LC ProtectedAizoaceae Lithops dinteri subsp. frederici VU ProtectedAizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum LC ProtectedAizoaceae Mesembryanthemum subnodosum ProtectedAizoaceae Ruschia cradockensis subsp. cradockensis LC ProtectedAizoaceae Ruschia divaricata LC ProtectedAizoaceae Ruschia spinosa LC ProtectedAizoaceae Schwantesia triebneri LC ProtectedAizoaceae Tetragonia arbuscula LC ProtectedAizoaceae Trianthema parvifolia var. rubens LC ProtectedAmaranthaceae Amaranthus capensis subsp. capensis LC Amaranthaceae Hermbstaedtia glauca LC Amaranthaceae Salsola barbata LC Amaranthaceae Sericocoma avolans LC Amaranthaceae Sericocoma pungens LC Amaryllidaceae Brunsvigia sp. ProtectedAmaryllidaceae Haemanthus sp. ProtectedAnacampserotaceae Anacampseros albissima ProtectedAnacampserotaceae Anacampseros baeseckei ProtectedAnacampserotaceae Anacampseros papyracea subsp. namaensis Protected

Anacardiaceae Ozoroa dispar LCSpeciallyprotected

Anacardiaceae Searsia burchellii Anacardiaceae Searsia populifolia Apiaceae Anginon jaarsveldii EN ProtectedApocynaceae Ectadium virgatum NT ProtectedApocynaceae Gomphocarpus filiformis LC ProtectedApocynaceae Microloma incanum LC ProtectedApocynaceae Microloma sagittatum LC Protected

Apocynaceae Pachypodium namaquanum LCSpeciallyProtected

Apocynaceae Stapelia similis LC ProtectedAsparagaceae Asparagus asparagoides LC Asparagaceae Asparagus ovatus LC

Asphodelaceae Aloe dabenorisana LCSpeciallyprotected

Asphodelaceae Aloe gariepensis LC Protected


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Asphodelaceae Bulbine striata LC ProtectedAsphodelaceae Trachyandra divaricata LC ProtectedAspleniaceae Asplenium cordatum LC Asteraceae Arctotis leiocarpa LC Asteraceae Arctotis venusta LC Asteraceae Berkheya chamaepeuce LC Asteraceae Berkheya spinosissima subsp. spinosissima LC Asteraceae Chrysocoma sparsifolia LC Asteraceae Crassothonna sedifolia LC Asteraceae Dicoma capensis LC Asteraceae Dimorphotheca polyptera LC Asteraceae Dimorphotheca sinuata LC Asteraceae Doellia cafra LC Asteraceae Eriocephalus merxmuelleri LC Asteraceae Eriocephalus scariosus LC Asteraceae Euryops dregeanus LC Asteraceae Euryops multifidus LC Asteraceae Euryops subcarnosus subsp. vulgaris LC Asteraceae Felicia muricata subsp. muricata LC Asteraceae Felicia namaquana LC Asteraceae Foveolina dichotoma LC Asteraceae Gazania lichtensteinii LC Asteraceae Geigeria pectidea LC Asteraceae Geigeria vigintisquamea LC Asteraceae Gorteria corymbosa LC Asteraceae Helichrysum herniarioides LC Asteraceae Ifloga molluginoides LC Asteraceae Kleinia cephalophora LC Asteraceae Orbivestus cinerascens LC Asteraceae Pegolettia retrofracta LC Asteraceae Pentatrichia petrosa LC Asteraceae Pteronia lucilioides LC Asteraceae Senecio flavus LC Asteraceae Senecio niveus LC Asteraceae Senecio sisymbriifolius LC Asteraceae Ursinia nana subsp. nana LC Boraginaceae Codon royenii LC Boraginaceae Trichodesma africanum LC Boraginaceae Wellstedia dinteri subsp. dinteri LC Brassicaceae Heliophila carnosa LC Brassicaceae Heliophila trifurca LC Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia annularis LC Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia divergens DD Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia prostrata LC Capparaceae Boscia foetida subsp. foetida LC ProtectedCaryophyllaceae Dianthus namaensis Celastraceae Gymnosporia heterophylla LC ProtectedCleomaceae Cleome angustifolia subsp. diandra LC Cleomaceae Cleome foliosa var. lutea LC Cleomaceae Cleome oxyphylla var. oxyphylla LC Crassulaceae Cotyledon orbiculata var. orbiculata LC ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula corallina subsp. macrorrhiza ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula garibina subsp. garibina ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula muscosa var. muscosa ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula sericea var. sericea ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula sericea var. velutina ProtectedCrassulaceae Crassula tabularis ProtectedCrassulaceae Tylecodon rubrovenosus ProtectedCrassulaceae Tylecodon sulphureus var. armianus ProtectedCucurbitaceae Cucumis africanus LC Didiereaceae Portulacaria fruticulosa LC Didiereaceae Portulacaria namaquensis Ebenaceae Diospyros acocksii LC Ebenaceae Euclea pseudebenus


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Ebenaceae Euclea undulata LC Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia gariepina subsp. gariepina LC ProtectedEuphorbiaceae Euphorbia gregaria LC ProtectedEuphorbiaceae Euphorbia gummifera LC ProtectedEuphorbiaceae Jatropha orangeana LC Fabaceae Adenolobus garipensis LC Fabaceae Calobota spinescens LC Fabaceae Indigastrum argyroides LC Fabaceae Indigofera heterotricha subsp. pechuelii LC Fabaceae Indigofera pungens LC Fabaceae Leobordea platycarpa LC Fabaceae Lotononis rabenaviana LC Fabaceae Parkinsonia africana LC Fabaceae Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa NE Fabaceae Prosopis velutina NE Fabaceae Rhynchosia totta var. totta LC Geraniaceae Monsonia ciliata LC

Geraniaceae Pelargonium spinosum LCSpeciallyprotected

Geraniaceae Pelargonium xerophyton LCSpeciallyprotected

Gisekiaceae Gisekia africana var. africana LC Hyacinthaceae Bowiea volubilis subsp. gariepensis Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria undulata LC Hypoxidaceae Pauridia scullyi LC Iridaceae Gladiolus saccatus LC ProtectedIridaceae Lapeirousia littoralis subsp. littoralis LC ProtectedIridaceae Lapeirousia plicata subsp. foliosa ProtectedLamiaceae Acrotome pallescens LC Lamiaceae Stachys linearis LC Limeaceae Limeum aethiopicum var. lanceolatum NE Loasaceae Kissenia capensis LC Loranthaceae Septulina glauca LC Malvaceae Abutilon pycnodon LC Malvaceae Hermannia cernua LC Malvaceae Hermannia gariepina LC Malvaceae Hermannia minutiflora LC Malvaceae Hermannia stricta LC Malvaceae Hibiscus elliottiae LC Molluginaceae Suessenguthiella scleranthoides LC Montiniaceae Montinia caryophyllacea LC Moraceae Ficus cordata subsp. cordata LC Moraceae Ficus ilicina LC Neuradaceae Grielum humifusum var. humifusum LC Orobanchaceae Hyobanche rubra LC ProtectedOxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae var. pes-caprae LC ProtectedPassifloraceae Adenia repanda LC Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus parvulus var. parvulus LC Poaceae Aristida adscensionis LC Poaceae Aristida engleri var. engleri LC Poaceae Danthoniopsis ramosa LC Poaceae Digitaria eriantha LC Poaceae Enneapogon desvauxii LC Poaceae Enneapogon scaber LC Poaceae Eragrostis homomalla LC Poaceae Eragrostis nindensis LC Poaceae Eragrostis rotifer LC Poaceae Leucophrys mesocoma LC Poaceae Melinis repens subsp. grandiflora LC Poaceae Panicum arbusculum LC Poaceae Schmidtia kalahariensis LC Poaceae Sporobolus nervosus LC Poaceae Stipagrostis hochstetteriana var. secalina LC Poaceae Stipagrostis uniplumis var. uniplumis LC


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Poaceae Tragus berteronianus LC Poaceae Tricholaena capensis subsp. capensis LC Poaceae Triraphis ramosissima LC Polygalaceae Polygala leptophylla LC Polygalaceae Polygala seminuda LC Pteridaceae Cheilanthes deltoidea subsp. deltoidea LC Rubiaceae Anthospermum spathulatum subsp. spathulatum LC Rubiaceae Kohautia caespitosa subsp. brachyloba LC Rubiaceae Plocama crocyllis LC Ruscaceae Eriospermum ernstii LC Ruscaceae Eriospermum pusillum LC Sapindaceae Pappea capensis LC Scrophulariaceae Antherothamnus pearsonii LC Scrophulariaceae Aptosimum procumbens LC Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia aridicola LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia maxii LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia ramosissima LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Lyperia tristis LC Scrophulariaceae Manulea gariepina LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Manulea nervosa LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Nemesia maxii LC ProtectedScrophulariaceae Peliostomum leucorrhizum LC Scrophulariaceae Polycarena pubescens LC Solanaceae Solanum humile LC Urticaceae Forsskaolea candida LC Verbenaceae Chascanum garipense LC Zygophyllaceae Sisyndite spartea LC Zygophyllaceae Tetraena simplex LC Zygophyllaceae Tribulus pterophorus LC Zygophyllaceae Tribulus zeyheri subsp. zeyheri LC Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum dregeanum LC


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APPENDIX C

Vachellia erioloba on the proposed Pella housing site and nearby areas

IndividualsofVachelliaeriolobawithintheboundariesoftheproposedhousingdevelopmentsite:

Number Height(m) Stemdiameter(cm) GPS(degree,minutes,seconds)1 4.5 30 290229.04S;190905.50E2 2.5 10 290228.18S;190906.30E3 8.5 50 290226.52S;190907.03E4 9.5 150 200224.08S;190905.66E5 12.0 150 290226.42S;190905.19E6 12.5 200 290226.09S;190903.62E7 12.0 150 290226.19S;190903.05E8 9.5 150 290227.25S;190902.64E9 11.0 180 290228.00S;190902.58E

10 12.0 130 290227.05S;190901.99E11 6.0 30 290223.15S;190902.09E12 3.5 25 290223.08S;190902.32E13 5.5 30 290222.22S;190901.14E14 7.0 35 290222.40S;190859.69E15 5.5 25 290222.33S;190858.81E16 1.2 5 290223.27S;190859.48E17 7.5 50 290222.77S;190859.28E18 4.5 18 290223.97S;190857.28E19 6.0 40 290225.78S;190858.18E20 3.5 10 290226.04S;190859.92E21 4.0 12 290226.10S;190900.20E22 5.0 30 290226.09S;190900.76E23 3.5 12 290227.38S;190900.96E24 6.5 50 290228.43S;190858.35E25 7.0 40 290229.84S;190902.53E


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IndividualsofVachelliaeriolobawestandsouthofthesiteandwestofPellaRoad:

Number Height(m) Stemdiameter(cm) GPS(degree,minutes,seconds)26 7.0 40 290219.02S;190852.59E27 7.0 50 290228.86S;190858.32E28 9.0 70 290233.21S;190856.33E29 3.0 10 290233.25S;190857.34E30 12.0 170 290234.40S;190858.92E31 3.5 15 290235.11S;190857.26E32 4.0 20 290237.74S;190855.85E33 13.5 150 290235.19S;190859.52E34 6.0 40 290236.77S;190859.10E35 4.0 20 290239.04S;190858.80E36 11.0 120 290240.07S;190858.74E37 7.0 40 290239.77S;190900.23E38 6.0 25 290239.66S;190900.53E39 5.0 30 290237.71S;190902.27E40 8.0 40 290234.94S;190904.06E41 5.0 40 290234.93S;190902.31E42 4.5 20 290234.28S;190901.87E43 8.0 50 290233.44S;190901.83E44 11.0 120 290232.15S;190901.35E45 10.0 80 290235.01S;190903.71E46 2.5 5 290219.83S;190848.38E47 2.0 5 200220.62S;190847.16E48 13.0 140 290240.16S;190857.50E

IndividualsoutsidetheboundariesofthesiteandeastofPellaRoad(alongthedrywatercourse):Number Height(m) Stemdiameter(cm) GPS(degree,minutes,seconds)

49 5.0 25 290231.35S;190907.90E50 8.0 50 290232.05S;190909.45E51 7.5 60 290233.33S;190908.64E52 8.0 45 290234.53S;190908.20E53 9.0 55 290237.27S;190905.28E54 12.0 75 290236.73S;190906.41E55 10.0 50 290235.34S;190910.26E56 9.0 50 290236.45S;190909.93E57 5.0 15 290226.68S;190909.20E58 4.0 13 290226.75S;190908.99E59 2.0 8 290227.84S;190910.12E


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APPENDIX D

Curriculum vitae: DR NOEL VAN ROOYEN

Surname VanRooyen

Firstnames Noel

IDnumber 5012255034084

Citizenship SouthAfrican

Businessaddress

EkotrustCC

7StGeorgeStreet

Lionviham7130

SomersetWest

SouthAfrica

Mobile 0828820886

e-mail [email protected]

Currentposition MemberofEkotrustcc

Professional

registrationBotanicalScientist:Pr.Sci.Nat;Regno.401430/83

Academicqualifications includeBSc (Agric),BSc (Honours),MSc (1978)andDScdegrees (1984) inPlant

Ecology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Until 1999 I was Professor in Plant Ecology at the

UniversityofPretoriaandatpresentIamamemberofEkotrustcc.

I am the author/co-author of 127 peer reviewed research publications in national and international

scientific journals andwas supervisor or co-supervisor of 9 PhD and 33MSc students.More than 350

projectswereundertakenbyEkotrustccasconsultantoveraperiodofmorethan28years.

1. Biographical information

2. Publications


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Books

VANROOYEN,N.2001.Floweringplantsof theKalaharidunes. EkotrustCC,Pretoria. (In collaboration

withH.Bezuidenhout&E.deKock).

Author/co-authorofvariouschaptersontheSavannaandGrasslandBiomesin:

LOW,B.&REBELO,A.R.1996.VegetationtypesofSouthAfrica,LesothoandSwaziland,Departmentof

EnvironmentalAffairsandTourism,Pretoria.

KNOBEL,J.(Ed.)1999,2006.TheMagnificentNaturalHeritageofSouthAfrica.(ChaptersontheKalahari

andLowveld).

VANDERWALT,P.T.2010.Bushveld.Briza,Pretoria.(ChapteronSourBushveld).

Contributedtochaptersonvegetation,habitatevaluationandveldmanagementinthebook:

BOTHMA, J. du P. & DU TOIT, J.G. (Eds). 2016.Game Ranch Management. 5th edition. Van Schaik,

Pretoria.

Co-editorofthebook:

BOTHMA,J.duP.&VANROOYEN,N. (eds).2005. Intensivewildlifeproduction insouthernAfrica.Van

Schaik,Pretoria.

Ekotrust CC specializes in vegetation surveys, classification andmapping,wildlifemanagement,wildlife

productionandeconomicassessments,vegetationecology,veldconditionassessment,carryingcapacity,

biodiversity assessments, rare species assessments, carbon pool assessments and alien plant

management.

Numerous vegetation surveys and vegetation impact assessments for Baseline, Scoping and

EnvironmentalImpactAssessments(EIA’s)weremadebothlocallyandinternationally.

Numerousprojectshavebeenundertakeningameranchesandconservationareascoveringaspectssuch

as vegetation surveys, range condition assessments andwildlifemanagement.Of note is the Kgalagadi

Transfrontier Park; iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Ithala Game Reserve, Phinda Private Game Reserve,

MabulaGameReserve,TswaluKalahariDesertReserve,MaremaniNatureReserveandAssociatePrivate

NatureReserve(previouslyTimbavati,Klaserie&UmbabatPrivateGameReserve).

2. Ekotrust CC: Core Services

3. Examples of projects


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57

Involvementinvariousresearchprogrammes:vegetationofthenorthernKrugerNationalPark,Savanna

Ecosystem Project at Nylsvley, Limpopo; Kuiseb River Project (Namibia); Grassland Biome Project;

NamaqualandandKrugerParkRiversEcosystemresearchprogramme.

VANROOYEN,N.,THERON,G.K.,BREDENKAMP,G.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.,DEUTSCHLäNDER,M.&STEYN,

H.M.1996.Phytosociology,vegetationdynamicsandconservationofthesouthernKalahari.Final

report:DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs&Tourism,Pretoria.

VANROOYEN,N.1999&2017.Thevegetationtypes,veldconditionandgameofTswaluKalahariDesert

Reserve.

VANROOYEN,N.2000.VegetationsurveyandmappingoftheKgalagadiTransfrontierPark.PeaceParks

Foundation,Stellenbosch.

VAN ROOYEN, N, VAN ROOYEN,M.W. & GROBLER, A. 2004. Habitat evaluation and stocking rates for

wildlifeandlivestock-PANTRUSTRanch,Ghanzi,Botswana.

VANROOYEN,N.2004.VegetationandwildlifeoftheGreaterStLuciaWetlandPark,KZN.

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2008.Vegetation classification,habitat evaluationandwildlife

management of the proposed Royal Big Six Nsubane-Pongola Transfrontier Park, Swaziland.

Ekotrustcc.

VANROOYEN,N.,VANDERMERWE,H.&VanRooyen,M.W.2011.ThevegetationofVaalputs. Report

toNECSA.

VANROOYEN,M.W.&VANROOYEN,N.2013.CarboninthewoodyvegetationintheMayoko area,

RepublicofCongo.ReporttoFlora,Fauna&ManEcologicalConsultants.

VANROOYEN,M.W.&VANROOYEN,N.2013.ResourceassessmentofElephantorrhiza elephantina on

farms(orportions)ofAbbey,Tweed,ConcordiaandBellville,Northern Cape.ReporttoCSIR.

VAN ROOYEN, N. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2014. Ecological evaluation and wildlife management on

NdzalamaNatureReserveandadjacentfarms,Gravelotte,Limpopoprovince.

VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & VAN ROOYEN, N. & VAN DEN BERG, H. 2016. Kathu Bushveld study:

Research offset for first development phase of Adams Solor Energy Facility. Project

conductedforDepartmentofEnvironmentandNatureConservationNorthernCape (DENC)

andtheDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(DAFF).

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2016.EcologicalevaluationofthefarmSpringbokoogintheVan

WyksvleiregionofNorthernCape,includingahabitatassessmentfortheintroductionofblack

rhinoceros.Ekotrustcc.

4. Selected references of projects done by Ekotrust CC


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58

VANROOYEN,N.1978.AsupplementarylistofplantspeciesfortheKrugerNationalParkfromthePafuri

area.Koedoe21:37-46.

VANROOYEN,N.,THERON,G.K.&GROBBELAAR,N.1981.Afloristicdescriptionandstructuralanalysisof

theplantcommunitiesofthePundaMilia-Pafuri-WambiyaareaintheKrugerNationalPark,

RepublicofSouthAfrica.2.Thesandveldcommunities.JlS.Afr.Bot.47:405-449.

VANROOYEN,N.,THERON,G.K.&GROBBELAAR,N.1986.ThevegetationoftheRoodeplaatDamNature

Reserve.4.Phenologyandclimate.S.Afr.J.Bot.52:159-166.

VANROOYEN,N.1989.Phenologyandwaterrelationsoftwosavannatreespecies.S.Afr.J.Sci.85:736-

740.

VANROOYEN,N.,BREDENKAMP,G.J.&THERON,G.K.1991.Kalaharivegetation:Veldconditiontrends

andecologicalstatusofspecies.Koedoe34:61-72.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,GROBBELAAR,N.,THERON,G.K.&VANROOYEN,N.1992.Theephemeralsof

Namaqualand:effectofgerminationdateondevelopmentofthreespecies.J.Arid.Environ.22:

51-66.

VANROOYEN,N.BREDENKAMP,G.J.,THERON,G.K.,BOTHMA,J.DUP.&LERICHE,E.A.N.1994.

VegetationalgradientsaroundartificialwateringpointsintheKalahariGemsbokNationalPark.J.

AridEnviron.26:349-361.

STEYN,H.M.,VANROOYEN,N.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&THERON,G.K.1996.Thephenologyof

Namaqualandephemeralspecies:theeffectofsowingdate.J.AridEnviron.32:407-420.

JELTSCH,F.,MILTON,S.J.,DEAN,W.R.J.&VANROOYEN,N.1997.Analyzingshrubencroachment in thesouthernKalahari:agrid-basedmodellingapproach. JournalofAppliedEcology34 (6):1497-1509.

VAN ROOYEN, N. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 1998. Vegetation of the south-western arid Kalahari: an

overview.Trans.Roy.Soc.S.Afr.53:113-140.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.,THERON,G.K.&VANROOYEN,N.1999.Vegetationdiversityofthe

Brand-se-Baai coastaldunearea,WestCoast, SouthAfrica:apre-miningbenchmark survey for

rehabilitation.LandDegradation&Development10:207-224.

VAN ESSEN, L.D., BOTHMA, J. DU P., VAN ROOYEN, N. & TROLLOPE,W.S.W. 2002. Assessment of the

woodyvegetationofOlChoroOiroua,MasaiMara,Kenya.Afr.J.Ecol.40:76-83.

MATTHEWS, W.S., VANWYK, A.E., VAN ROOYEN, N. & BOTHA, G.A. 2003. Vegetation of the Tembe

ElephantPark,Maputaland,SouthAfrica.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany67:573-594.

BOTHMA,J.DUP.,VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2004.Usingdietandplantresourcestoset

wildlifestockingdensitiesinAfricansavannas.WildlifeSocietyBulletin32(3):840-851.

5. Selected publications


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VAN ROOYEN, M.W., THERON, G.K., VAN ROOYEN, N., JANKOWITZ, W.J. & MATTHEWS, W.S. 2004.

Mysterious circles in the Namib Desert: review of hypotheses on their origin. Journal of Arid

Environments57:467-48.

STEENKAMP,J.C.VOGEL,A.,VANROOYEN,N.,&VANROOYEN,M.W.2008.AgedeterminationofAcacia

eriolobatreesintheKalahari.JournalofAridEnvironments72:302-313.

VANDERMERWE,H.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&VANROOYEN,N.2008.VegetationoftheHantam-Tanqua-

Roggeveldsubregion,SouthAfricaPart2.SucculentKarooBiome-relatedvegetation.Koedoe50:

160-183.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,VANROOYEN,N.&BOTHMA, J.DUP.2008. Landscapes in theKalahariGemsbok

NationalPark,SouthAfrica.Koedoe:50:32-41.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,HENSTOCK,R.,VANROOYEN.N.&VANDERMERWE,H.2010.Plantdiversityand

floweringdisplaysonoldfieldsinthearidNamaquaNationalPark,SouthAfrica.Koedoe52:Art.

#1004,7pages.DOI:10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.1004.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,LEROUX,A.,GELDENHUYS,C.,VANROOYEN,N.,BROODRYK,N.&VANDERMERWE,

H.2015.Long-termvegetationdynamics (40yr) in theSucculentKarooSouthAfrica:effectsof

rainfallandgrazing.AppliedVegetationScience18:311-322.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,VANROOYEN,N.,ORBAN,B.,GAUGRIS,B.,MOUTSAMBOTÉ,J.M.,NSONGOLA,G.&

MIABANGANA, E.S. 2016. Floristic composition, diversity and stand structure of the forest

communitiesintheKouilouDépartement,RepublicofCongo.TropicalEcology:54:805-824.


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APPENDIX E

Curriculum vitae: PROF M.W. (Gretel) VAN ROOYEN

Surname VanRooyen Maidenname RöschFirstnames MargarethaWilhelmineIDnumber 5004130033084 Citizenship SouthAfricanHomeaddress 7StGeorgeStreet

Lionviham7130SomersetWest

Workaddress DepartmentofBotanyUniversityofPretoriaPretoria0002SouthAfrica

Mobile 0720253386 e-mail [email protected] HonoraryProfessorinPlantEcology

Scientificadvisor-EkotrustAcademicqualifications BSc;BSc(Hons),HNOD,MSc(Botany),PhD(Plantecology)

Iamauthor/co-authorofmorethan100peerreviewedresearchpublicationsandhavepresented/co-presentedmorethan100postersorpapersatinternationalandnationalconferences.FivePhD-studentsand29Mastersstudentshavecompletedtheirstudiesundermysupervision/co-supervision.Ihaveco-authored a book as part of a series on the Adaptations of Desert Organisms by Springer Verlag (VanRheede van Oudtshoorn, K. & Van Rooyen, M.W. 1999.Dispersal biology of desert plants. SpringerVerlag,Berlin) and twowildflower guides (VanRooyen,G., Steyn,H.&DeVilliers, R. 1999.Cederberg,ClanwilliamandBiedouwValley. WildFlowerGuideofSouthAfricano10. BotanicalSocietyofSouthAfrica, Kirstenbosch, and Van der Merwe, H. & Van Rooyen, G.Wild flowers of the Roggeveld andTanqua).Ihavealsocontributedtosixchaptersinthefollowingbooks:(i)Dean,W.R.J.&Milton,S.J.(Eds)TheKaroo:Ecologicalpatternsandprocesses.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.pp.107-122;(ii)Knobel, J. (ed.) Themagnificent heritage of South Africa. Sunbird Publishing, Llandudno. pp. 94-107;(iii)Hoffman,M.T.,Schmiedel,U.,Jürgens,N.[Eds]:BiodiversityinsouthernAfrica.Vol.3:Implicationsforlanduseandmanagement:pp.109–150,KlausHessPublishers,Göttingen&Windhoek;(iv)Schmiedel,U.,Jürgens,N.[Eds]:BiodiversityinsouthernAfrica.Vol.2:Patternsandprocessesatregionalscale:pp.222-232,KlausHessPublishers,Göttingen&Windhoek;(v)Stoffberg,H.,Hindes,C.&Muller,L.SouthAfricanLandscapeArchitecture:ACompendiumandAReader.Chapter10,pp.129–140;and(vi)Stoffberg,H.,Hindes,C.&Muller,L.SouthAfricanLandscapeArchitecture:ACompendiumandAReader.Chapter11,pp.141–146.

6. Biographical information

7. Publications

8. Research interests

2. Publications


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Myprimary research interests lie in population biology and vegetation dynamics. Themain aimof theresearch is to gain an understanding of ecosystemdynamics and to use this understanding to developstrategies to conserve,manage,use sustainablyor restoreecosystems.Geographically the focusof thestudieshasbeenprimarilyinNamaqualand(NorthernCapeProvince,SouthAfrica;classifiedasSucculentKaroo) and the Kalahari although several studies were conducted in Maputaland (Northern KwaZulu-Natal)andNamibia. Overthepast40yearsmyresearchhascentredaroundthepopulationbiology,vegetationdynamicsandclassification of the vegetation in the Succulent Karoo (Namaqualand, Tanqua, Hantam, Roggeveld),Kalahari (arid grassland) and Namib Desert in Namibia. All three regions are relevant to the currentprojectarea.Abriefselectionofprojectsundertakenforindustryortheprivatesectorintheseregionsisprovided:Initially the research carried out in Namaqualand was done on behalf of the Department ofEnvironmentalAffairsandTourism,SouthAfrica.Theobjectiveoftheresearchistodevelopscientificallysoundmanagementplansfortheoptimal land-useofthisareawhetherforconservation,ecotourismorfarming.Amaintopicofthisresearchcentresaroundtheeffectsofdisturbanceontheannualvegetation.This is an important issue to South African National Parks and they requested a study, which couldindicatetheminimumdisturbancerequiredtoproducemassfloweringdisplaysintheNamaquaNationalPark. Recommendations are made to SANParks on the management of the vegetation on abandonedfieldsintheNamaquaNationalParktoattracttourists.Several projects were also conducted for Anglo American Association (Namaqua Sands) on therehabilitation of mined areas along the West Coast. Ekotrust was also requested to evaluate therehabilitation at Namaqua Sands for the Department of Minerals Affairs and Energy and to do anEnvironmentalAuditofNamaquaSands.Several projects in Namaqualand are currently still running on behalf of Northern Cape NatureConservationServicesonvegetationchangeandstockingdensitiesinGoegapNatureReserve.I was collaborator inBIOTA Southern Africa – a program thatwas funded by theGermanMinistry ofEducationandResearch.Thismultidisciplinaryprograminvestigatedchangesduetoland-useandclimatechange andaimedat sustainableuseandconservationofbiodiversity. Iwasalsopartof theSucculentKaroo Ecosystem Plan (SKEP) that was launched to gather information on biodiversity and land-usepressures in the Succulent Karoo. The aim was to use systematic conservation planning methods toidentifyprioritiesforconservationactionintheregion. EkotrustwasalsocommissionbySouthAfricanNuclearEnergyCorporation(NECSA)toclassifyandmapthe vegetation; determine veld condition; calculate grazing capacity; and to prepare a wildlifemanagementplanon theirVaalputs site inBushmanland.Vaalputsis theonlySouthAfrican radioactivewaste-disposal facility. It is located about 100km southeast of Springbok and covers an area ofapproximately10000hectare.Research conducted in Namibia includes (a) the Kuiseb River; (b) the fairy circles; (c) environmentalimpactassessmentsforproposeduraniumminesintheNamiband(d)seedbankstudiesinthevicinityofKeetmanshoop(Karasregion).

9. Projects


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UYS, N. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2008. The status of Aloe dichotoma subsp. dichotoma (quiver tree)

populationsinGoegapNatureReserve.ReporttoNorthernCapeNatureConservation.VANROOYEN,M.W,VANROOYEN,N.,BOTHMA,J.DUP.&VANDENBERG,H.M.2007.Landscapesinthe

KalahariGemsbokNationalPark,SouthAfrica.ReporttoSANParks.VANROOYEN,M.W.2000.EffectofdisturbanceontheannualvegetationinNamaqualand.FinalReport

forSouthAfricanNationalParksonSkilpadDisturbancePlots.VANROOYEN,M.W.,THERON,G.K.&VANROOYEN,N.1997.StudiesontheephemeralsofNamaqualand.

ReportonaprojectexecutedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsandTourism1994–1996.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,VANROOYEN,N.&GAUGRIS,J.Y.2018.Vegetation,plantsandhabitatsoftheDishMountainProject, Ethiopia.BiodiversityBaselineReportbyFLORAFAUNA&MAN,EcologicalServicesLtd.

VANROOYEN,N.,THERON,G.K.,BREDENKAMP,G.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.,DEUTSCHLÄNDER,M.&STEYN,H.M.1996.Phytosociology,vegetationdynamicsandconservationofthesouthernKalahari.Finalreportonaprojectexecutedonbehalfof theDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs&Tourism,Pretoria.

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2000.EnvironmentalauditofNamakwaSandsMineatBrand-se-Baai,WesternCape.ReportforNamaquaSandstoDepartmentofMineralAffairsandEnergy.

VAN ROOYEN, N. & VAN ROOYEN,M.W. 2004. Vegetation of the Langer Heinrich area, Swakopmund,Namibia.ReporttoSoftChem.

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2004.VegetationofthePowerLineRoutefromWalvisbaaitoLangerHeinrich.Namibia.Ekotrustcc,Pretoria.

VAN ROOYEN, N, VAN ROOYEN,M.W. & GROBLER, A. 2004. Habitat evaluation and stocking rates forlivestock and wildlife - PAN TRUST RANCH, Ghanzi, Botswana. Report to People and NatureTRUST,Botswana.

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2010.VegetationoftheInca,TubasandShiyelasitesofReptileUraniumNamibia,Swakopmund,Namibia.Ekotrustcc,Pretoria.

VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W. 2011.EcologicalevaluationofKalahariGameLodge,Namibia.Ekotrustcc,Pretoria.

VANROOYEN,N.VANDERMERWE,M.W.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2011.Thevegetation,veldconditionandwildlifeofVaalputs.ReporttoNECSA.

VAN ROOYEN, N., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & VAN DER MERWE, H. 2012. The vegetation of Ratelkraal,NorthernCape.ReporttoNorthernCapeNatureConservation.

VAN ROOYEN, N., & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2013. Vegetation of the Ongolo and Tumas sites of ReptileUraniumNamibia(RUN),Swakopmund,Namibia.Ekotrustcc,Pretoria.

VAN ROOYEN, N. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2013. Vegetation Monitoring Report: 2013 Veld conditionVaalputs.ReporttoNECSA.

VELDSMAN,S.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2003.AnanalysisofthevegetationoftheWitsandNatureReserve.ReporttoNorthernCapeNatureConservation.

BENEKE, K., VAN ROOYEN,M.W., THERON, G.K. & VAN DE VENTER, H.A. 1993. Fruit polymorphism inephemeral species of Namaqualand: III. Germination differences between polymorphicdiaspores.JournalofAridEnvironments24:333-344.

BENEKE, K., VON TEICHMAN, I., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1992. Fruit polymorphism in

10. Selected project references

11. Selected research publications


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ephemeralspeciesofNamaqualand:I.AnatomicaldifferencesbetweenpolymorphicdiasporesoftwoDimorphothecaspecies.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany58:448-455.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.VANROOYEN,M.W.THERON,G.K.&VANDEVENTER,H.A.1994.GerminationofthreeNamaqualandpioneerspecies,as influencedbysalinity,temperatureandlight. SeedScience&Technology22:427-433.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&THERON,G.K.1994.Comparisonoftwomethodsforestimatingthesizeoftheviableseedbankoftwoplantcommunities intheStrandveldoftheWestCoast,SouthAfrica.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany60:81-84.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.,THERON,G.K.&VANROOYEN,N.1999.VegetationdiversityoftheBrand-se-Baai coastaldunearea,WestCoast, SouthAfrica:apre-miningbenchmark survey forrehabilitation.LandDegradationandDevelopment10:207-224.

DE VILLIERS, A.J., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 2001. The role of facilitation in seedlingrecruitment and survival patterns in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal ofAridEnvironments49:809-821.

DE VILLIERS, A.J., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 2002a. Germination strategies of StrandveldSucculentKarooplantspeciesforrevegetationpurposes:I.Temperatureandlightrequirements.SeedScience&Technology30:17-33.

DE VILLIERS, A.J., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 2002b. Germination strategies of StrandveldSucculent Karoo plant species for revegetation purposes. II. Dormancy-breaking treatments.SeedScience&Technology30:35-49.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&THERON,G.K.2002c.SeedbankclassificationoftheStrandveldSucculentKaroo,SouthAfrica.SeedScienceResearch12:57-67.

DEVILLIERS,A.J.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&THERON,G.K.2003.Similaritybetweenthesoil seedbankandthe standing vegetation in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Land Degradation &Development14:527-540.

DE VILLIERS, A.J., VAN ROOYEN,M.W. & THERON, G.K. 2004. The restoration of Strandveld SucculentKaroo degraded by mining: an enumeration of topsoil seed banks. South African Journal ofBotany70:1-9.

DREBER, N., OLDELAND, J. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2011. Impact of severe grazing on soil seed bankcomposition and its implications for rangeland regeneration in arid Namibia. Agriculture,EcosystemsandEnvironment141:399-409.

GAUGRIS, J.Y.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2010. Evaluating theadequacyof reserves in theTembe-Tshaninicomplex:acasestudyinMaputaland,SouthAfrica.Oryx44:399-410.

JANKOWITZ,W.J., VANROOYEN,M.W., SHAW,D., KAUMBA, J.S.& VANROOYEN,N. 2008.MysteriousCirclesintheNamibDesert.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany74:332-334.

LAUCHLAN H.F., PITHER, J., JENTSCH, A., STERNBERG, M., ZOBEL, M., ASKARIZADEH, D., BARTHA, S.,BEIERKUHNLEIN, C., BENNETT, J., BITTEL,A., BOLDGIV,B., BOLDRINI, I.I., BORK, E., BROWN, L.,CABIDO,M.,CAHILL,J.,CARLYLE,C.N.,CAMPETELLA,G.,CHELLI,S.,COHEN,O.,CSERGO,A.,DÍAZ,S., ENRICO, L., ENSING, D., FIDELIS, A., FOSTER, B., GARRIS, H., GOHEEN, J.R., HENRY, H.A.L.,HOHN,M., JOURI, M.H., KLIRONOMOS, J., KOOREM, K., LKHAGVA, A., LODGE, R.L., LONG, R.,PETEMANNING,P.,RANDALLMITCHELL,R.,MOORA,M.,MÜLLER,S.C.,NABINGER,C.,NASERI,K., OVERBECK, G.E., PALMER, T.M., PARSONS, S., PESEK, M., PILLAR, V.D., PRINGLE, R.M.,ROCCAFORTE,K.,SCHMIDT,A.,SHANG,Z.,STAHLMANN,R.,STOTZ,G.,SUGIYAMA,S.,SZENTES,S., THOMPSON, D., TUNGALAG, R., UNDRAKHBOLD, S., VAN ROOYEN, M., WELLSTEIN, C.,WILSON, J.B., ZUPO, T. 2015. Worldwide Evidence of the Unimodal Relationship BetweenProductivityandPlantSpeciesRichness.Science349:302–305.

NAUDE, Y., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & ROHWER, E.R. 2011. Evidence for a geochemical origin of themysteriouscirclesinthePro-Namibdesert.JournalofAridEnvironments75:446-456.

OOSTHUIZEN, M.A., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1996. A replacement series evaluation ofcompetition between three Namaqualand ephemeral plant species. South African Journal ofBotany62:342-345.

RÖSCH, H., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1997a. Competitive effect and response of ten


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Namaqualandpioneerplantspeciesattwonutrient levels. SouthAfricanJournalofBotany63:210-215.

RÖSCH, H., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1997b. Predicting competitive interactions betweenpioneerplantspeciesonthebasisofplanttraits.JournalofVegetationScience8:489-494.

SCHMIEDEL, U., LINKE, T., CHRISTIAAN, R.A., FALK, T., GRÖNGRÖFT, A., HAARMEYER, D.H., HANKE,W.,HENSTOCK, R., HOFFMAN, M.T., KUNZ, N., LABITZKY, T., LUTHER-MOSEBACH, J., LUTSCH, N.,MEYER,S.,PETERSEN,A.,RÖWER, I.U.,VANDERMERWE,H.,VANROOYEN,M.W.,VOLLAN,B.,WEBER, B. 2010. Environmental and socio-economic patterns and processes in the SucculentKaroo frame conditions for the management of this biodiversity hotspot. In: Hoffman, M. T.,Schmiedel, U., Jürgens, N. [Eds.]: Biodiversity in southern Africa. Volume 3: Implications forlanduseandmanagement:109–150,KlausHessPublishers,Göttingen&Windhoek.

STAPELBERG, F.H., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & BOTHMA, J. DU P. 2008. Seasonal nutrient fluctuation inselectedplantspeciesintheKalahari.AfricanJournalofRange&ForageScience25(3):

STEENKAMP,C.J.,VOGEL,J.C.,FULS,A.,VANROOYEN,N.,&VANROOYEN,M.W.2008.AgedeterminationofAcaciaeriolobatreesintheKalahari.JournalofAridEnvironments72:302-313.

STEYN, H.M., VAN ROOYEN, N., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1996a. The phenology ofNamaqualandephemeralspecies.Theeffectofwaterstress.JournalofAridEnvironments 33:49-62.

STEYN, H.M., VAN ROOYEN, N., VAN ROOYEN, M.W. & THERON, G.K. 1996b. The prediction ofphenological stages in fourNamaqualandephemeral speciesusing thermalunit indices. IsraelJournalofPlantSciences44:147-160.

STOFFBERG, G.H., VAN ROOYEN, M.W., VAN DER LINDE, M.L. & GROENEVELD, H.T. 2010. Carbonsequestration estimates of indigenous street trees in the City of Tswane, South Africa.UrbanForestryandUrbanGreening.

THERON,G.K.,VANROOYEN,N.&VANROOYEN,M.W.1980.ThevegetationoftheLowerKuisebRiver.Madoqua11:327-345.

THERON,G.K.,VANROOYEN,N.,VANROOYEN,M.W.&JANKOWITZ,W.J.1985a.VegetationoftheLowerKuiseb River. In: The Kuiseb environment: The development of a monitoring baseline. Ed.Huntley,B.J.SouthAfricanNationalScientificProgrammesReport106:73-80.

THERON,G.K., VANROOYEN,N., VANROOYEN,M.W.& JANKOWITZ,W.J. 1985b. Vegetation structureandvitality intheLowerKuiseb.In:TheKuisebenvironment:Thedevelopmentofamonitoringbaseline.Ed.Huntley,B.J.SouthAfricanNationalScientificProgrammesReport106:81-91.

UECKERMANN,C.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2000.InsectpollinationandseedsetinfourNamaqualandplantspecies.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany66:28-30.

VANDERMERWE, H., VAN ROOYEN,M.W.& VAN ROOYEN, N. 2008a. The vegetation of the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveldsubregion,SouthAfrica.Part1:FynbosBiomerelatedvegetation.Koedoe50:61-81.

VANDERMERWE, H., VAN ROOYEN,M.W.& VAN ROOYEN,N. 2008b. The vegetation of the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld subregion, South Africa. Part 2: Succulent Karoo Biome related vegetation.Koedoe50:160-183.

VANDERMERWE,H.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2011a.GuidingconservationeffortsintheHantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld (South Africa) using diversity parameters. Koedoe 53: doi:10.4102/koedoe.v53i1.1018.

VANDERMERWE,H.&VANROOYEN,M.W.2011b.LifeformspectraintheHantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld,SouthAfrica.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany77:371-380.

VAN DER MERWE, H. & VAN ROOYEN, M.W. 2011c. Life-form and species diversity on abandonedcroplands,Roggeveld,SouthAfrica.AfricanJournalofRangeandForageScience28:99-110.

VANDERMERWE,H.&VANROOYEN,M.W. 2011d. Species–area relationships in theHantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld,SucculentKaroo,SouthAfrica.BiodiversityandConservation20:1183-1201.

VANDERMERWE,H.&VANROOYEN,M.W. 2011e. Vegetation trends following fire in the Roggeveld,MountainRenosterveld,SouthAfrica.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany77:127-136.

VANROOYEN,M.W.2002.ManagementoftheoldfieldvegetationintheNamaquaNationalPark,South


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Africa:conflictingdemandsofconservationandtourism.GeographicalJournal168:211-223.VANROOYEN,M.W.,GROBBELAAR,N.&THERON,G.K.1979.PhenologyofthevegetationintheHester

MalanNatureReserveintheNamaqualandBrokenVeld:2.Thetherophytepopulation.JournalofSouthAfricanBotany45:433-452.

VAN ROOYEN, M.W., GROBBELAAR, N., THERON, G.K. & VAN ROOYEN, N. 1991. The ephemerals ofNamaqualand: Effects of photoperiod, temperature and moisture stress on development andfloweringofthreespecies.JournalofAridEnvironments20:15-29.

VAN ROOYEN, M.W., GROBBELAAR, N., THERON, G.K. & VAN ROOYEN, N. 1992a. The ephemerals ofNamaqualand. Effect of germination date on development of three species. Journal of AridEnvironments22:51-66.

VAN ROOYEN, M.W., GROBBELAAR, N., THERON, G.K. & VAN ROOYEN, N. 1992b. The ephemerals ofNamaqualand. Effect of germination date on parameters of growth analysis of three species.JournalofAridEnvironments22:117-136.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,HENSTOCK,R.,VANROOYEN.N.&VANDERMERWE,H.2010.PlantdiversityandfloweringdisplaysonoldfieldsinthearidNamaquaNationalPark,SouthAfrica.Koedoe52:Art.#1004,7pages.DOI:10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.1004.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,THERON,G.K.&GROBBELAAR,N.1979.PhenologyofthevegetationintheHesterMalanNatureReserve in theNamaqualandBrokenVeld: 1. Generalobservations. JournalofSouthAfricanBotany45:279-293.

VAN ROOYEN, M.W., THERON, G.K. & GROBBELAAR, N. 1990. Life forms and dispersal spectra of theNamaqualandflora.JournalofAridEnvironments19:133-145.

VANROOYEN,M.W.,THERON,G.K.&VANROOYEN,N.1992.TheephemeralsofNamaqualand:effectofdensityonyieldandbiomassallocation.JournalofAridEnvironments23:249-262.

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BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PELLA HOUSING …€¦ · APPENDIX D: CV MW VAN ROOYEN.....60 . Pella housing development 2019 EKOTRUST CC i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The aim of the study was