Bosons and Photons and Gluons, Oh My(My apologiesto Frank Baum!)

Brian Toren and Hank Lederer

TopicsThe Beginning

The Scientific Method

Create, Detect and Display

Particle Discovery

Particles

Timelines

Analyze and Apply

Higgs

Workshop

Short and long term Futures

In the beginning there was a void. Then a God Created Light, Earth and Stars

(not necessarily in that order)

The Laws of Physics are no different

They all have one thing in common, “A Trigger”

This is true in all religions from the Judeo/Christian to

the Muslims, to the Buddhists to the Hindus to

the Native Americans

The Beginning

And Then

And light was created

And then Matter

And here we are; All because of the Big Bang

Scientific Method

Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

It must be repeatable and can always be disproven.

Hypothesis - Theory - Law

HYPOTHESIS - an educated guess, based on observation.

THEORY - A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing.

One definition of a theory is to say it's an accepted hypothesis.

LAW - a body of observations. At the time it is made, no exceptions have been found to a law.

Then Man Discovered Physics

E = mc2

Particle Discovery Process

Question

Hypothesis

Test

Produce

Detect

Record

Display

Analyze

Repeat

Theory

Apply

Law?

Particle Sources

Man Made

Stars

Radioactive Materials

Particle Detectors

Cloud Chanbers

Bubble Chambers

Photo

Energy

Big Undeground Pools

Laser Interferometer (gravity waves)

Colliders

Linear Accelerator ( Linac) Circular Accelerator (Synchrotron)

ALONG COMES THE LHC

Accelerator – accelerates particles to a smidge SOL.

Calorimeter Detector – measures the energy of the created particles; Atlas and CMS among others.

Computers – record data and display on digital displays.

Analyze – crowd computmg with 100,000 computers.

Cloud Chamber Image

Sealed Chamber with supersaturated liguid

A charged particle (alpha or beta particle for example) interacts with the mixture, and ionizes it

A mist forms around the ionized particle

a

Since many ions are produced, a trail is left

Each particle leaves a different trial

Bubble Chamber

Seeing the invisibleMaking the Invisible Visible

Superheated liquid used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it

Bubbles grow until large enough to be photographed

Atlas Calorimeter

Atlas CalorimeterMeasures Particle’s Energy

Resultng Comuter Generated Image

Analyze

Early DiscoveriesTimeline 1

460 BC – Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms”,1803 - John Dalton defined the atom and created atomic weights

1897 – J. J. Thomson discovered the electron1899 – Ernest Rutherford finds the alpha and beta particles, models HE atom

1900 – Paul Villard discovered the Gamma ray1900 – Planck stated these packets of energy must be discrete wave-packets

These were named photons1905 – Albert Einstein stated the packets of energy must be discrete wave-packets, which he called light quantum or photons.

1919 - Ernist Rutherford hypothesized the proton

Particle discovery Timeline 2

1955 – Erwin Muehler first saw an atom, using a field ion microscope

1956 – Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines discovered the neutrino mass

1977 –Fermilab demonstrated the existence of the bottom quark

1983 – Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer discovered the W and Z bosons

1995 – Top quark discovered at Fermilab;

2012 – Higgs-Boson-like particle at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

What Are FieldsFields are a mathematical representation of how forces act on particles. There are 3 basic field in The standard theory, four if Higgs boson is real. The fields require two things, a mediator and something to mediate. The exchange of the mediator particle creates the force field. The fields are:

Field Mediator Mediatee Type FieldElectromagnetic Photon Electron VectorWeak W & Z bosons Radioactive Matter VectorStrong Gluons Quarks VectorGravitation Higgs Boson Gravitons (hypothetical) Scalar

Higgs bosons, excitations of one component of the Higgs

field, which gives mass to fundamental particles

Gravitation Force Field

The Feynman diagram for the hypothetical Graviton as described in “Loop Gravity” equations

Source [Open in new window]

http

Particle FamilyForce Carriers are required for our existence. This is where Higgs Fits

Also need nuetrinofor our existance

Required for our existance

MediatorsThe Standard Model explains forces as resulting from matter particles exchanging other particles, known as force mediating particles. When a force-mediating particle is exchanged, at a macroscopic level the effect is equivalent to a force influencing both of them, and the particle is therefore said to have mediated that force.

Feynman Force diagrams

Electomagnetic

Weak

Stong

TimelinesPARTICLE PHYSICS TIMELINE

Other Timelines

Big Bang timeline - chronical of the universe

Cosmology history timeline

Age of the unverse

Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics

Quantum physics timeline.html

Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity

Scale of the UnverseS

ymm

etry

Big Bang Time Line http://tinyurl.com/9zqhpdd [Open in new window]

Higgs

Charlie Rose With Brian Greene and Michael Tuts

The Higgs boson is named for Peter Higgs because he was the only one to explicitly predict the massive particle and identify some of its theoretical properties

In 1964 three teams proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. 1.Robert Brout and François Englert,[1][2]

2.Peter Higgs,[3] and Gerald Guralnik,3.C. Richard Hagen, and Tom Kibble,[4][5]

¾ ths Higgs

Higgs Past Prediction: circa 2008

A pair of otherwise distinguished physicists have suggested that the hypothesized Higgs boson, which physicists hope to produce with the collider, might be so abhorrent to nature that its creation would ripple backward through time and stop the collider before it could make one, like a time traveler who goes back in time to kill his grandfather.

Remember when the LHC was having so many problems?

They Were wr wr Wrong!

How do we know it’s Higgs

That’s how

Photon

Photon

“Ever since physicists announced their discovery of the Higgs boson particle in Switzerland on July 4, I keep being told that its existence fundamentally alters our knowledge of the universe. I have no idea who this "our" refers to. My knowledge of the universe is that if I write stupid jokes, the universe gives me a really nice house and great meals. I do not believe mankind will ever develop a formula to explain this.”

Joe Klein Time Magazine

So What?

Well…First and foremost, is the scientific importance of this discovery.

Is this quest worth a few billion dollars in these difficult financial times and our immediate future?

The poplar answer is probably no. But what about 20 or 50 or 100 years down the road?

History has taught us that the fundamental research of today is the technology of tomorrow.

Could anyone have foreseen how quantum mechanics would become the bedrock of our current technology or how important Einstein's theory of general relativity would be?

Without Quantum With Quantum

ElectricityRadiosPhonographsMechanical thingsTube and relay computersTrains, Planes and AutomobilesSome Chemical compoundsNuclear BombRound World

TransistorsIntegrated CircuitsMicrochipsCell phonesiPads or iPodsGPS Quantum plus RelativityQuantum computersCommunications satellitesTrips to the Moon and MarsLasersPhoto opticsPhotocellsPacemakersAdvanced chemistryInternetFlat World

Now pretend you’ll live for another hundred years

What is possible ?

What you like to see technologically?

Workshop

Materials to Build the Future

Proton

Electron

Neutron

Photon

Wand Z Particles

Gluon

Future - Present to 10 YEARS

A new generation of scientists energized

Verify the new particle is Higgs, i.e.., 0 spin

Test how Higgs Interacts with other particles

Determine how many Higgs bosons there are

Innovation in techniques and products

Verify Supersymmetry

The Future 10 to 50 YearsQuantum Microscopes

Picotech

Femtotech

New Exotic Materials

New Medical Technology

Replicators

Measure Gravity Waves

Discover the Graviton

Far Future 50 – 100 Years

Antigravity Transportation

Transporters

Invisibility

Wormhole Creation

Speed of Light Travel

Time Travel

TOE?

Reference Library

Reference - Books4% Universe The - Richard Panek

Age Of Entanglement, The - Luisa Gilder

Book Of Nothing, The - John D Barrow

Dreams of a Final Theory – Steven Weinberg

First Three Minutes, The – Steven Weinberg

From Atoms To Quarks - James Trefill

Geons Black Holes and Quantum Foam – John Archer Wheeler

God Particle The - Leon Lederman

Grand Design, The - Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlowdinow

Inflationary Universe. - Alan H Guth

Key To The Universe, The - Nigel Calder

Last Three Minutes, The - Paul Davies

Matter Myth, The - Paul Davies and John Gribbin

Particle Hunters, The - Yuval Ne'Eman & Yuram Kirsh

Physics For The Rest Of Us - Roger S Jones

Physics Of The Impossible - Michio Kaku

Quantum World, The - Kenneth W Ford

Quark And The Jaguar, The - Murray Gell - Mann

Second Creation, The - Robert P Crease and Charles C Man

Something From Nothing - Laurence M Krause

Subatomic Particles – Steven Weinberg

Supersymmetry - Gordon Kane

Trouble With Physics the - Lee Smolin

Universe In A Nutshell, The - Stephen Hawking

Warped Passages - Liza Randall

What Is The World Made Of? - Gerald Feinberg

What Remains To Be Discovered - John Maddox

Reference VideosBrian Greene on multiple universes

Brian Greene makes sense of string theory

Larry Gell-Mann on truth and beauty in the universe

Brian Cox How the Super Hadron Collider Works

Garret Lisi The Theory of Everything (the beauty of partcle physics)

Brian Greene and Michael Tuts of Columbia on the discovery of the Higgs Boson 50 min

Patricia Burchat: Shedding light on dark matter

Michael KakuWhat is The Higgs Boson

The Mystery of Empty Space

Fini

Gravity Timelines

Aristotle - Earth the Center Discs contained starts and planets

Copernicus Kepler Tycho Brah Galileo - The earth revolves around the son

Newton - Force and gravity's attraction between planets

Einstein - Gravity based on curved space

Smolin and others – Quantum gravity