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Nathan Tomlinson
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1UnderstandingCommercialAircraft
Page 2-3
Page 4-8 Page 9
Page 10-17
Flagship Aircraft
Flying Wing or Blended Wing
Advantages & Disadvantages
Word Card Association Researchi
Booklet contains 7 Key insights marked with this label.
Airbus A380World’s Largest Aircraft
15,700km Range, Turbofan EngineFull size two deck fuselage
Boeing 747First Double Decked Aircraft
9,800km range, Jet engineDubbed the Jumbo Jet
Boeing 787 DreamlinerFirst to use composite materials
15,000km range, TurboFan Engine Leading edge in design
ConcordeWorlds most recognised aircraft
7,250km range, Afterburning Turbojet EngineSupersonic travel
What makes it a Flagship?Definition of Flagship : 1. A ship that carries and bears the commanders flag. 2. A single item from a related group
which is considered most important
Therefore a flagship aircraft represents the best product from a company and should stand for something which is
class leading e.g. First to... Worlds best... Most...
Is it just to display technological prowess or is it much more than that? Does adding a name to a plane mean
that it is attempting to become an icon?
Are there other factors which makes these aircraft well known? Air routes they travel? Brand Identity?
Fuel Economy? Passenger Experience? Airport Experience? Shape & Appearance?
Why do we need them?
Flagship aircraft
i
Length
73mWingspan
80m
Length
71mWingspan
60m
Length
63mWingspan
60m
Length
62mWingspan
26m
335
416
550
128
Passengers
Passengers
Passengers
Passengers
What’s the next flagship?
Flying Wing Attributes -Low profile dragMore RangePotentially -30% Less Fuel usage
Just after the 2nd world war Northrop, an aviation engineering company developed its shape to be the next stealth bomber. However, fatal crashes due to instability in Yaw and stalling turned off the military and they cancelled all the contracts in 1949.
The B2 bomber still in service today was developed by Boeing in partnership with Northrop and entered service in 1988.To fix the yaw problem they use clam shell flaps on either wing to gain drag on one wing, or uses differential thrusters which is what is one of the most stable, quiet and invisible bombers in the world.
The difference between these flying wings and the hybrid blended wings being tested by NASA are that the flying wing has a much fatter volume of wing and therefore is less efficient. It also means it needs to have a larger wingspan than the Blended wing proving problematic for airports which have a 80 wingspan limit.
Northrop imagined the flying wing one day becoming a commercial jet, NASA, Boeing, Airbus all envision its inception in 20 years time however, not many have considered the design of the interior space.
Its not a U. F. O.
“Both very quiet and efficient, the hybrid wing body has shown promise for meeting all of NASA’s environmental goals for future aircraft designs,” (Nasa.gov)
NASA and Boeing just finished successful un-manned test flights with the X-48B/C hybrid Blended wing body aircraft in 2014
Position of Wings
Categorising aircraft
Type of Empennage
Type of Fuselage
Type of Landing Gear
Engine Position
There are 5 key characteristics which define the type of plane you see in the sky ...
i
How can aircraft vary?
After this I was able to better understand where the two concept wing types I am looking into, sat within the different variations out there.
Sesquiplanes, Biplanes, Low wing Mono, Mid wing Mono, High Wing Mono
Canard, Tailless, Rear single fin, Rear Multiple fins, Rear V-shaped
Blended Wing, Flying Wing, Single Fuselage, Twin Boom
Flying Boats, Equipped with floats, Tail Wheel, Tricycle Gear, Bicycle Gear
Above, Below, within the wing, Within fuselage, on fuselage.
Objective - Create a database of all aircrafttypes in the current market.
Vs
Long thin wings on the BWB have less drag than short wide wings, the only way a flying wing can match the BWB would to be have a wider
wingspan than current airports will allow.
The longer wing on the Flying wing would need more structural support and impact on the interior area more than it would in the BWB.
Flying Wing
The fuselage is all within the thick volume of the wing. Engines
usually within wing.
Why the Blended Wing
Unlike the flying wing the blended wing has already had many engineering patents suggested
for pressurising the cabin and theorising the optimum capacity of seating as shown below.
Blended Wing
Has a discernible fuselage and allows wings to be thin to be
more efficient.
-30% Less fuel use than a commercial jet of today because of significantly less drag
Large Passenger capacity capable of holding 800 passengers.
1
2
Long Haul capability increased due to less fuel used and therefore new destination reached in direct flight3
Window and Evacuation need to be solved especially with passengers loosing the ‘Window Seat’
Can this cabin area be pressurised with modern composites, what’s its maximum capacity?
4
5
If I am going to maximise the potential of this design I need to always keep these 3 advantages as insights to the design or it has fundamentally failed. It also needs to focus on
solving its disadvantages.
Insights from aircraftAdvantages
Disadvantages
Step 1
Participants are shown 10 outlines of iconic aircraft and asked to
name them all.
Step 2
If they do not guess all of the aircraft. They are now given a
clue about their history.
Has the ability to perform a vertical take-off
World’s first full double deck commercial airliner with a
capacity of 550 people
E.g. E.g.
Explanation of research game Objective - To understand if it is Name, Heritage, Colour or Shape that makes an aircraft iconic.
Step 3
For the remaining they are shown the photo of the aircraft
and asked for a final guess.
E.g.
Step 4
Now they know all of the aircraft, they are now asked to order them from most to least
iconic in their opinion.
E.g.
MostLeast
1 Male 22 UK3 Shape 5 Fact 1 Image = 9/10
Commercial jets last and spitfire first with Concorde, as they have strong British
heritage connection to him.
2 Male 27 European6 Shape 0 Fact 0 Image = 6/10
Has no connection to British heritage so his heritage of ww2 is the MIG from where
he’s from.
3 Male 24 European3 Shape 0 Fact 2 Image = 5/10
Made models of spitfire when younger so that was first then followed by all
strange shaped planes.
Collecting results Results - From participant 1 to 6, Images are varied as i needed to keep changing locations
4 Female 23 UK2 Shape 0 Fact 1 Image = 3/10
747 first as she travels on it a lot to various countries, and left most military
aircraft to end.
5 Male 21 UK9 Shape 0 Fact 0 Image = 9/10 6 Male 24 UK
4 Shape 1 Fact 1 Image = 6/10
Spitfire, Concorde and Lancaster all are top 3 because of heritage but the rest are in order of how much they are in public
eye.
All commercial air-crafts last as he is intrigued by military air-crafts technology
and heritage.
7 Male 22 UK5 Shape 2 Fact 0 Image = 7/10
Put the ones he knew the names of first and the rest in no order however put
A380 near end.
8 Female 52 UK6 Shape 2 Fact 0 Image = 8/10
Put all the aircraft she had seen at air shows first then all she hadn’t seen in
person before at the end.
9 Female 25 UK4 Shape 1 Fact 1 Image = 6/10
Picked shape over any other as wasn’t aware of history except for Concorde,
didn’t appreciate war aircraft.
Collecting results Results - From participant 7 to 12, Images are varied as I needed to keep changing locations
10 Female 18 UK4 Shape 1 Fact 2 Image = 7/10
Knew the stealth bomber and blackbird from films therefore had priority towards
them because of recognisable shape.
11 Male 48 UK5 Shape 2 Fact 1 Image = 8/10
Spoke mostly of aircraft achievements and what they could do technologically, placing
all commercial jets last.
12 Female 31 Asian3 Shape 3 Fact 1 Image = 7/10
Knew of more long haul commercial aircraft than most but placed top 5 in
order of how much are in news.
Insights from research game
The blended wing shaped aircraft although only known by 4 participant still was ranked in top 5 in all but 3 iconic aircraft lists by the participants.
Male 22 UKMale 27 EuropeMale 24 EuropeFemale 23 UKMale 21 UKMale 24 UKMale 22 UKFemale 52 UKFemale 25 UKFemale 18 UKMale 48 UKFemale 31 Asian
965396786787
Results
6.5 the average score and usually 3-5 of these being named in the initial shape round. Also spitfire and Concorde were almost always top 2 on the iconic list.
Objective - Did my research answer the question I had at the start?
Commercial aircraft’s shape and name are generally not iconic.
All the commercial aircraft scored badly in step 4 when listing iconic aircraft. Concorde scored noticeably higher, this seems to be because of its shape and heritage. But is this type of limited edition aircraft viable in the current economic climate?
Blended wing shape is memorable and appealing as it scored 5th or above in most iconic scales.
6
7
Overall