שירותי�המזון�והתזונהמשרד�הבריאות

תשרי�תשס"ד����אוקטובר�2003

המרכז�הלאומי�לבקרת�מחלותמשרד�הבריאות

פרסום�225

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ¨˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉµ≤∂≤± ¨¯Ó¢‰ Ï˙ ¨‡·È˘ ˘¢Ú ȇÂÙ¯‰ ÊίӉ ¨¯Ë¯‚ ÔÂÎÓ

∞≥-µ≥¥π∏∏± ∫Ò˜Ù ¨∞≥-∑≥∑±µ∞∞ ∫ÏËe-mail: icdc@icdc.health.gov.il

©˙¯ÂÓ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÎʉ ÏÎ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘ÓÏ

χ¯˘È ˙È„Ó≤∞∞≥

‡ ¯„˘Ï ¨Ú„ÈÓ ¯‚‡Ó· ÔÒÁ‡Ï Ì‚¯˙Ï ¨ËÈϘ‰Ï ¨ÌÏˆÏ ¨˜È˙Ú‰Ï ¨ÏÙÎ˘Ï Ôȇ‡Â‰˘ ˜ÏÁ ÏÎ ¯Á‡ ‡ ÈÎÓ ¨ÈËÙ‡ ¨È¯˘χ ÈÚˆÓ‡ Ïη ‡ ͯ„ Ïη ËÂϘÏ

ÆÌÈȯÁÒÓ ÌÈίˆÏ ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ·˘ ¯ÓÂÁ‰ÓÆËÏÁ‰· ¯ÂÒ‡ ¯ÙÒ· ÏÂÏΉ ¯ÓÂÁ· ȯÁÒÓ ˘ÂÓÈ˘

ISBN 965-90220-6-9

˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò ˙ω‰

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ¨¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙‡ȯ· È˙Â¯È˘ ¨‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ ˙Ï‰Ó È˜ÒÂϘ ÔˆÈ ˙ȯ„ ¯¢„

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ¨˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˘‡¯ Ôȯ‚ „¯ÙÓ ßÙ¯Ù

˙ÈÚˆ˜Ó ˙Ï‰Ó ËÈÓ˘„Ï‚ ‰˜·¯

˙È·È˯ËÒÈÈÓ„‡ ˙Ï‰Ó ‰È¯‡-Ô· „Ï‚Ó ˙ȯ‡

‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÈÂ˙ ÒÈÒ· ˙Ï‰Ó ¯È‡Ó ‰ÂÁ

˙ÈÙ¯‚ ‰ÎȯÚ ÌÈÂ˙ „·ÈÚ

¯Ù‚ ‰Ù„

ßıÈÈÁ ˙ÏÈȇ

„ϯ˜ ‰¯Â·„

ȯ¯‰ ÏÈ‚

‰ÎȯÚ ‰·È˙Î

ßıÈÈÁ ˙ÏÈȇ

Á¯ÙÈ ‰˜È‡

„‡¯ÎÈȇ χ-Ϙ ‰ÈÁ

‰È¯‡-Ô· „Ï‚Ó ˙ȯ‡

ËÈÓ˘„Ï‚ ‰˜·¯

ه߈ ˙ȯ‡

‡Ϸ Ô¯˘

‰Îȯڷ ÚÂÈÒ

ÈÂÚÓ˘ ÏË

¯Ë¯ ‡˙ÈÁ

‚¯·ÒÈ‚ ¯Â„È·‡

ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙„Ϙ‰

Ô˘¯„ ‰„

‰˜Ù‰

¯Ù‰ ÏÁ¯

¯Â‡Ï ‰‡ˆÂ‰Â ÒÂÙ„

‰Â˜˙-Á˙Ù ¨Ó¢Ú· ¯ÂϘ ËÒÙ‡

˙ÂÓÊ‰Ï ˙·Â˙Ψ¯Ë¯‚ ÔÂÎÓ ÔÈÈ· ¨(ICDC) ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ

µ≤∂≤± ¨¯Ó¢‰-Ï˙ ¨‡·È˘ ˘¢Ú ȇÂÙ¯‰ ÊίӉ∞≥-µ≥¥π∏∏± ∫Ò˜Ù ∞≥-∑≥∑±µ∞∞ ∫ßÏË

e-mail: icdc@icdc.health.gov.il

π ...............................................................................................................................................................................................˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˘ ¯·„

±± ......................................................................................................................................................................... ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó Ï¢ÎÓ ¯·„

±≥ ............................................................................................................................................. ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˘‡¯ ¯·„

±µ .................................................................................................................................................................‰ÂÊ˙ ÔÂÊÓ È˙Â¯È˘ ˙Ï‰Ó ¯·„

±π .........................................................................................................................................................................................................˙ÂËÈ˘Â Ú˜¯

ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó ∫± ˜¯Ù

≤µֱֲ ..........................................................................................................................................................................ÏÈ‚Â ÔÈÓ ˙‚ÏÙ˙‰ ±Æ±

≤∂ .................................................................................................................... ‰„ÈÏ ı¯‡Â ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ· ˙ˆÂ·˜ ÈÙÏ ˙‚ÏÙ˙‰ ±Æ≤

≤∑ ................................................................................................................................................................................ È˙ÁÙ˘Ó ·ˆÓ ±Æ≥

≤∏ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................˙ÂÈ˙„ ±Æ¥

≤π ...............................................................................................................................................................................................‰Ï΢‰ ±Æµ

ÌÈȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ÌÈ„„Ó ∫≤ ˜¯Ù

≥≥ ........................................................................................................................................ ‰„È„Ó ÈÙ ÏÚ ≤µ≤ ®BMI© Û‚ ˙ÒÓ ≤Ʊ

≥¥ ........................................................................................................................... 25≤ BMI

˙ÂÙ¯˙ ˙ÏÈË ˙‡ȯ· È·ˆÓ ∫¥ ˜¯Ù

µ≥ ............................................................................................................................................ ˙ÈÓˆÚ ‰Î¯Ú‰ - ˙‡ȯ·‰ ·ˆÓ ¥Æ±

µ¥ ......................................................................................................................................................................Ïʯ· ¯ÒÂÁÓ ‰ÈÓ‡ ¥Æ≤

µµ ...............................................................................................................................................................................ÒÈʯÂÙ‡ËÒ‡ ¥Æ≥

µ∂ ................................................................................................................................................................‰‰Â·‚ ϯËÒÏÂÎ ˙Ó¯ ¥Æ¥

µ∑ ........................................................................................................................................................ ‰‰Â·‚ ÌȄȯˆÈÏ‚È¯Ë ˙Ó¯ ¥Æµ

µ∏ .....................................................................................................................................................................................Ì„ ıÁÏ ¯˙È ¥Æ∂

µπ ................................................................................................................................................................................................ ˙¯ÎÂÒ ¥Æ∑

∂∞ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ÈÁÂÓ ı·˘ ¥Æ∏

∂± ....................................................................................................................................................................................................ÔË¯Ò ¥Æπ

∂≤ .............................................................................................................................................................................·Ï‰ ¯È¯˘ Ìˇ ¥Æ±∞

∂≥ ...............................................................................................................................................................................ÌÈÙ˜ÚÓ ÁÂ˙È ¥Æ±±

∂¥ ......................................................................................................................................................ÈÏÂÙÈË Â‡ ÈÂÁ·‡ ·Ï ¯Â˙ˆ ¥Æ±≤

∂µ ........................................................................................................................................................... ˙ÂÚÈ·˜· ˙ÂÙ¯˙ ˙ÏÈË ¥Æ±≥

˙ÂίˆÂ ˙„ÓÚ ∫µ ˜¯Ù

∂π .........................................................................................................................................˙‡ȯ·Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÔÈ· ¯˘˜‰ ∫˙„ÓÚ µÆ±

∑∞ ........................................................................................................................................‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÈÏ‚¯‰ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ‰ ˙ÚÙ˘‰ µÆ≤

∑± ...................................................................................................................................... ÔÂÊÓ È¯ˆÂÓ ˙ÈȘ· ¯ÈÁÓ‰ ˙Â·È˘Á µÆ≥

∑≤ ....................................................................................................................ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈȘ ˙Ú· ÔÂȘȉ ‰ÈȂȉ‰ ˙Â·È˘Á µÆ¥

∑≥ .............................................................................................. ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈȘ ˙Ú· ¢˘ÂÓÈ˘Ï Ô¯Á‡‰ Íȯ‡˙‰¢ ˙Â·È˘Á µÆµ

∑¥ .............................................................................................................................. ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈȘ ˙Ú· ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ ˙Â·È˘Á µÆ∂

ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÂ˙ ∫∂ ˜¯Ù

∑∑ ...............................................................................................ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ‰ ÌÈ·Èί‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ Ï˘ ‰˜È„· ∂Ʊ

∑∏ .....................................................................................ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ‰ Ï·Ӊ ÈÚ·ˆ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ Ï˘ ‰˜È„· ∂Æ≤

∑π ..................................................................... ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ‰ ÌÈ¯Ó˘Ó‰ ÌȯÓÂÁ‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ Ï˘ ‰˜È„· ∂Æ≥

∏∞ ..................................................................................................... ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ È·‚ ÏÚ˘ ˙ÂÈ˙ÂÊ˙‰ ˙¯‰ˆ‰‰ ˙˜È„· ∂Æ¥

∏± ...................................................................................................ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ È·‚ ÏÚ˘ ˙ÂÈ˙‡ȯ·‰ ˙¯‰ˆ‰‰ ˙˜È„· ∂Ƶ

∏≤ ..................................................................................ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÂ˙ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ‰ È˙ÂÊ˙‰ ÔÂÓÈÒ‰ ˙Ï·Ë Ï˘ ‰˜È„· ∂Æ∂

∏≥ ...............................................................................................................................................................................................ÌȇˆÓÓ‰ ÌÂÎÈÒ

∏∑ .........................................................................................................................................................................................¯˜Ò‰ ÔÂχ˘ ∫ÁÙÒ

1e-44e.............................................................................................................................................................................. ˙ÈÏ‚‡· ÌȯÁ· ÌȘ¯Ù

9

˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˘ ¯·„

‰·Â˘Á ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÓÈ˘Ó ÂÈÏÚ Ï·È˜ ¨‰ÂÊ˙ ÔÂÊÓ È˙Â¯È˘Â ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ¨˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó

¯˜Ò ÆÌ˙‡ȯ·Â ̄˜Ù˙ ÔÈ·Ï ‰È„Ó‰ È·˘Â˙ Ï˘ ̉ÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ÔÈ· Ìȯ˘Â˜‰ ÌÈÈÓ‡ω ÌÈÂ˙‰ ͯÚÓ ˙‡ ÌȘ‰Ï

·¯˜· ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ˷ȉ ÌÈ¯È‡Ó˘ ˙¢·Ó ȯ˜Ò ˙¯„Ò· Ô¢‡¯‰ ‡Â‰ ±πππ-≤∞∞± ÈÓÂ‡Ï ®‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ© ˙¢·Ó

Æχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·· ÌÈ¢‰ ÌȇÏÈ‚‰

‰Ï‡ ÌÈÈÎ„Ú ÌÈÂ˙ ÏÚ ÒÒ·˙‰Ï ÍÏȇ ‰˙ÚÓ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‰‡ÂÏÁ˙ ˙ÚÈÓÏ ˙‡ȯ· ÌÂ„È˜Ï ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó

˙‡ ˙ÂÒÒ·Ó‰ ¨˙ÂÁ˙ÂÙÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰ ˙Ïȉ˜Ï ÌÈÙ¯ËˆÓ Â‡ ¨‰Ê ¯ÙÒ ÌÂÒ¯Ù ÌÚ Æ‰·¯ ˙ÂÈÚˆ˜Ó· „·ÂÚ ÂÙÒ‡˘

ÆÌÈÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ȯ˜Ò ÏÚ Ô˙ÂÈÈ„Ó

ÌÂ„È˜Ï ‰ÙÚ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÂÏÂÎÏ ÏÁ‡Ï ÂÈ˙‡ˆÂ˙· ÌÈÈÈÚ˙Ó‰ ÏΠ¯˜Ò‰ Úˆȷ ÏÚ Ìȇ¯Á‡‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ͯ·Ï Ȉ¯·

Æχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈهϠ‰ÈίˆÏ ‰Óȇ˙Ó‰ ˙‡ȯ·

‰Â È„ ΢Á

˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˘

≤∞∞≥ ¯·Â˘‡

11

˙‡ȯ·· ¨˙·¯˙· ÔÂÊÓ‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÈÊÎ¯Ó ÆÂ˙‡ȯ·· ÈÊÎ¯Ó ·ÈÎ¯Ó ‡Â‰ ¨ÌÈÏ· Âȇ˘ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ‡ ¨ÌÈÏ· ‡˘ ÔÂÊÓ‰

ÆÂÈÈÁ ÌÈ··ÂÒ Â·È·Ò˘ ÈÓÂȘ ¯ÈˆÏ Â˙‡ ˙ÎÙ‰ ÌÈÈ˘Â‡‰ ÌȘÂÙÈ҉ ÌÈίˆ‰ ·Á¯Ó·Â

˙‡ȯ·Ï ¯È„‡ ÛÂÓ· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ÁÎÂÂÈ˘ È„Î ÔÂÊÓ· ˙˜ÒÂÚ‰ ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰Â ˙¯ÙÒ‰ ¨˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ۘȉ· ÏÎ˙Ò˘ ÂÈÈ„

ÆÂÓÓ ÚÙ˘ÂÓ ÈÓ˜‡-ÂȈÂÒ‰ ·ˆÓ‰ ÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘Ó‰ ¨ÈÏÂÁÏ Â‡

ÌÏÂÒ‰ ‰ÏÚÓ· ÌÈÓ„˜˙Ó˘ ÏÎΠ¨‰„¯Ù‰Ï Ô˙È Âȇ˘ ¨È„¯Â‚ Èχ¯Â‡ ¯˘˜· ˙Â¯Â˘˜ ÂÈ˙‡‰Â ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙˜ˆÓ

ÆÈ˙·¯˙ ÔÈÈÚÏ ÈÒÈÒ· Í¯ÂˆÓ ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ˙È˘Ú ÈÏÎÏΉ

˙ÂÈÂÏ˙ ˙ÂÏÁÓÏ ÌÈ„Ú Â‡ ƉÎȯˆ ÈÏ‚¯‰Ï ‰¯Â˘˜‰ ‰‡ÂÏÁ˙ Ì‚ ˙Á˙Ù˙Ó ¨ÔÂÊÓ‰ ·È·Ò ˙·¯˙‰ ˙Á˙Ù˙Ó˘ ÏÎÎ

È·ÈίÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚· ˙ÂÈÚ·Ó ˙Âڷ‰ ¯ÒÁ ˙ÂÏÁÓÓ ‰‡ÂÏÁ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰ÚÂ˙ Ìȇ¯ ‡ ƉÈÓÈÏ· ‰ÈÒ˜¯Â‡ Ô‚Π˙·¯˙

ÆÚÙ˘‰ ˙·¯˙ ¨‰Îȯˆ‰ ˙·¯˙· ˙Â¯Â˘˜‰ ˙ÂÏÁÓ ¯·Ú χ ÔÂÊÓ‰

· ˘È˘ ÈÂÈÁ Ú„È ¯Â˜Ó ‡Â‰ ÌÈÏ· ÂÁ‡˘ ‰Ó Ï˘ ÏÈÙ¯ى Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ Ì„Ș ÈÓÂÁ˙· ÈÊÎ¯Ó „˜ÂÓ ‡È‰ ‰ÂÊ˙‰

¨Ò„‰Ӊ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ¨ÔÂÊÓÏ ‰¯Â˘˜‰ ‰È‚ÂÏÂÎˉ ÌÂÁ˙· ˙¯ÂÓ˙‰ Ư·Ȉ‰ ˙‡ȯ·Â ˯ى ˙‡ȯ· ÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘‰Ï È„Î

ÆÂ˙‡ȯ· ÏÚ ÂÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ÏÚ ‰¯È˘È ‰ÚÙ˘‰ ‰Ï‡ ÏÎÏ ≠ ˜ÂÂÈ˘‰Â ÚÂÈ˘‰ ¨¯ÂˆÈȉ ÈÚˆÓ‡ ¨¯È‰Ó‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰

ÒÙÂ˙ ¨¯È‡ ̉ÈÊÏ ‰ÙÈ˘Á ‡ Ô¢ÈÚ ¨˙ÈÙ‚ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ô‚Π¨Ì‰ÈÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘‰Ï ÁÂΉ ˯ÙÏ ‰¯·ÁÏ˘ ÌÈӯ‚‰ ÏÂÏÎÓ·

ÆÏ· ‰˙‡˘ ‰Ó ͉ ≠ ‰Èȉ ÍȯÈȉ ¯¯Â˘Ó‰ ȯ·„Ï ‰Ê¯Ù¯ÙΠÆÈÊÎ¯Ó ÌÂ˜Ó ÔÂÊÓ‰

Ï˘ ÌÈ¢‰ ÌÈ˷ȉ‰ ˙‡ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· ˙Á· ˙¢·Ó Á„· ÈÂËÈ· ˙Ï·˜Ó‰ ۘȉ‰ ˙·¯ ˙È„ÂÁÈȉ ‰„·ډ

ÒÈÒ· Æı¯‡· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ˙Ó¯ ˙‡ ¯Ù˘Ï È„Î ˙·¯Ú˙‰Â „ÂÓÈÏ ˙¯˘Ù‡Ó χ¯˘È· ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ˙ÂÓ¯Â

„˜ÈÓ ˙ÂÂÊÓ ˙¯˘Ú‰ Ô‚Π¨ÌÈÓȇ˙Ó ˙·¯Ú˙‰ ÈÂ‚Ó ÔÂÎ˙ Í¯‡ ÁÂÂËÏ ˙ÂÓ‚Ó „ÂÓÈÏ ·˜ÚÓ ¯˘Ù‡È ÌÈÂ˙‰

ÆÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÊ˙ ÌÈίˆ ˙ÂÏÚ· ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·· ·Ï‰ ˙Ó¢˙

·Â˘Á‰ È˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯Â˘Â‰ ‡Â‰˘ ¨ÔÂÊÓ‰˘ È„Î ıÓ‡Ó ÏÎ ˙·ÈÈÁÓ‰ ‰Ù˜˙· ÌÈÈ˙ÂÊ˙ ÌȯÚ٠̈ӈ· ÈÂÈÁ ‰Ê ÈÏÎ

Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ ˙‡ ÌÒ˜ÓÈ ¨¯˙ÂÈ·

Æ‰Ê ·Â˘Á ˙‡ȯ· Á„ ˘Â·È‚ È„ÈÏ ‡È·‰Â Ïȷ‰ ¨‰‚‰˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ ‰Î¯·‰ ÏÚ Â‡Â·È

·Ï ÊÚ· ¯¢„

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó Ï¢ÎÓ

≤∞∞≥ ¯·Â˘‡

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó Ï¢ÎÓ ¯·„

13

ȯ˜Ò ‰Êίӷ˘ ‰˘„Á ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó Ï˘ ÌÈȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‰È·ÈίÓÓ „Á‡ ‡Â‰ Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ®˙¢·Ó© ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò

Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó È„È· ÌÈίډ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙‡ȯ·

„Á‡‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙˘Ï ˙Á‡ ˙ÈÂÙÏË ÂίÚÈÈ˘ ÌÈÙÒ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙‡ȯ· ȯ˜Ò È˘· ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò ‰Â»ÏÈ ¨ÂÊ ˙ÂÈÈ„ÓÓ ˜ÏÁÎ

ÍÂÈÁÏ ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ÌÚËÓ ±ππ¥ ˙˘· · ÏÁ‰˘ (KAPS) ¢Ï‡¯˘È· ˙‡ȯ· ȇ˘Â· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ˙„ÓÚ Ú„È¢ ¯˜Ò ‡Â‰

Æ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ÛÂ˙È˘· Âڈ· ÂÊ Ìȯ˜Ò ˙¯„Ò· ÌȯÁ‡‰ Ìȯ˜Ò‰ È˘ Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó· ˙‡ȯ·Ï

Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ ÈÓ‡Ï-·¯ ˘È¯٠≠ EUROHIS ÈÙ¯ȇ‰ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˜ÒÓ ˜ÏÁ ‡Â‰ ¨ÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙‡ȯ· ¯˜Ò ¨¯Á‡‰ ¯˜Ò‰

Æ˙ÂÈ„Ó ≥∞-Î ÂÏ ˙ÂÙ˙¢˘ ¨ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ ˙‡ȯ·‰

˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ Ï˘Â ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó· ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ Ï˘ ˙Ù˙Â˘Ó ‰ÓÊÂÈ È¯Ù ‡Â‰ ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò

˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÏÚÂÙÏ ‡ˆÂÓ ÌÈÈÓ‡Ï-ÔÈ· ÌÈϘÂ˯٠ÏÚ ÒÒÂ·Ó ¯˜Ò‰ ÆÌÈ˘ µ Ïη ͯÚÈ‰Ï ÔÎÂ˙Ó ‡Â‰Â ˙ÂÏÁÓ

‰˙‡ȯ·Ï ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÌÈ˷ȉ‰ Ïη Ô΄ÂÚÓ ÔÓÈ‰Ó Ú„ÈÓ ˜ÙÒÈ ¯˜Ò‰ ÆÌÈÈȇ¯Ӊ ˙È·· ˙˜Ȅ·Â ÌÈÈ˘È‡ ˙ÂÂȇ¯

Ú„ÈÓ· ¯ÒÁ ÂÓÈÏ˘È ÌȇˆÓÓ‰ ƉÂÊ˙‰ ÈÏ‚¯‰ Ï˘ ‰ÙÈ˜Ó ‰Î¯Ú‰ ˙·¯Ï ¨‰ÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡Ï ˙Èχ¯˘È‰ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘

·ÂÏÈ˘· Æı¯‡· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï ̆‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÈÏ‚¯‰Â ˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰ ¨˙‡ȯ· È·ˆÓ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈ˙ËÈ˘· ÛÒ‡‰ ‚ˆÈÈÓ È˯Ù

‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÌÂÁ˙· „ÁÂÈÓ· ·Â˘Á ‰Ê ¯·„ Æ˙‡ȯ· ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ·ÂˆÈÚÏ ÌÈÂ˙‰ ÒÈÒ· ˙‡ ˙¢·Ó ˜ÙÒÈ ¨ÌȯÁ‡‰ Ìȯ˜Ò‰

Æχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ˙È˙ÂÊ˙‰ ‰Îȯˆ‰ ÏÚ ÒÈÒ· ÈÂ˙· ¯ÒÂÁ‰ ÁÎÂÏ

ÆÌÈ˘È˘˜Â ≤µ-∂¥ ȇÏÈ‚· Ìȯ‚Â·Ó ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ ∫ÏÈ‚ ˙ˆ·˜ ˘ÂÏ˘ ÈÙÏ ¨ÌÈ·Ï˘· ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò Í¯Ú ˙ÂÈËÒÈ‚ÂÏ ˙·ÈÒÓ

ÈÂ˙ ˙‡ ÌÎÒÈ ‰¯„Ò· È˘ ¯ÙÒ Æ≤µ-∂¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· Í¯Ú˘ ¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÏÏΉ ÂȇˆÓÓ ÌÈ‚ˆÂÓ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ¯ÙÒ·

Æ≤∞∞¥ ˙˘· ÏÁÈ ÌÈ˘È˘˜‰ ¯˜Ò Úˆȷ ÈÎÈω˙· ‡ˆÓ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ¯˜Ò ÆÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜Ï ‰ÂÊ˙‰

ÂÁÈψ‰ ¯˘‡ ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ È„·ÂÚÏ ˙¢·Ó ˙ÂÂˆÏ È˙„Â˙ ˙‡ ÚÈ·‰Ï Ȉ¯·

ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ χ ÁÂΉ ÔÓ ¯˜Ò‰ ˙‡ˆÂ‰·

Ôȯ‚ „¯ÙÓ ßÙ¯Ù

˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˘‡¯

≤∞∞≥ ¯·Â˘‡

˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˘‡¯ ¯·„

15

‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ ˙Ï‰Ó ¯·„

Â˙Â˘È‚Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÈÓÊ ˙„ÈÓ Æ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙ÚÈÓÏ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ÌÂ„È˜Ï ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈӯ‚ ̉ ÌÈÈÁ‰ Á¯Â‡Â ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ¨ÔÂÊÓ‰

ÌÈÈÂˆÓ ˙ÂÁ˙ÂÙÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ƉÏÂÎ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ‰·ÂË ˙‡ȯ·Ï ÌÈÓ¯Â˙ ˯ى ·ˆÓÏ ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ˙Ó‡˙‰ ÔÎÂ

˙ÂÂÓÒ˙ ˙ÂÓÈÂÒÓ ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·-È˙˙· ÔÈÈ„Ú ÌÈÁ¯ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÊ˙ ÌȯÂÒÁÓ ª„ÈÓ˙Ó ÈÂÈ˘· ‰È˜ω ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

‡ ÌÈÙ„ÂÚÏ ¨ÔÂÊȇ ¯ÒÂÁÏ ÒÂÁÈÈÏ ˙Â˙È ‰ÂÊ˙Ï ˙Â¯Â˘˜‰ ˙ÂÚ¯Ù‰‰ ˙È·¯Ó Æ˙ÂÏ‚˙‰Ï ˙ÂÙÈÒÂÓ ˙¢„Á ¯ÒÁ

¨Ì„ ıÁÏ ¯˙È ¨˙¯ÎÂÒ ¨ÔË¯Ò ¨Ì„ ÈÏΠ·Ï ˙ÂÏÁÓ Ô‰·Â ¨˙·¯ ˙ÂÏÁÓÓ ‰˙ÂÓ˙‰Â ‰‡ÂÏÁ˙‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙ÂÊ˙ ÌȯÂÒÁÓÏ

ÌÈ·Ï˘· ¯·Î Ì„‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÊ˙Ï ˜Â„‰ ¯˘˜ ˙Â¯Â˘˜Î ˙ÂÚÂ„È ¨˙‚Ù ÌÈÓÂÓ Ô‚ΠÌÈ·ˆÓÓ ÔΠ¨‰ÈӇ ‰Ó˘‰

ÆÂÈÈÁ ÍÏ‰Ó Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÓ„˜ÂÓ

Æ˙Á˙ÂÙÓ ‰È„ÓÏ Ï‡¯˘È ‰ÎÙ‰ ˙Á˙Ù˙Ó ‰È„ÓÓ ¨¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ ˜¯Ù· ı¯‡· ÂÏÏÂÁ˙‰ ˙ÎÏ ˙˜ÈÁ¯Ó ˙¯ÂÓ˙

„·· „· Ìχ ÆÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙ÏÁÂ˙· ‰ÈÈÏÚ·Â ˙˜ÂÈ˙‰ ˙˙ÂÓ˙ ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ‰„ȯȷ ˙ÈÏÎÏΉ ‰ÁÈÓˆ‰ ‰ÂÂÏÓ µ∞-‰ ˙¢Ó

ÂÊ ‰Ù˜˙ ÆÔ˯҉ ˙ÏÁÓ Ï˘ ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈ‚ÂÒ ·Ï ˙ÂÏÁÓ Ô‚Π¨ÏÈ‚ ˙ÂÈÂÏ˙ ˙ÂÏÁÓÓ ‰˙ÂÓ˙‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ‰ÈÈÏÚ ˙¯ÎÈ

ÆÂȯˆÂÓ ¯˘·‰ ˙Îȯˆ· ‰ÈÈÏÚ ÔΠÌȯÎÂ҉ ÌÈÓ¢‰ ˙Îȯˆ· ‰ÈÈÏÚ ∫˙È˙ÂÊ˙‰ ‰Îȯˆ· ÌÈÈÂÈ˘· Û‡ ˙ÈÈÙ‡Ó

-È˙˙ Ï˘Â ‰ÏÏη ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÊ˙‰ È·Èί ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ÈÈÈÙ‡Ó ≠ ¢Èχ¯˘È‰ Á·ËÓ‰¢ ÈÈÈÙ‡Ó ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ

¯ÂËÈ ÁÂ˙È ¨‰Î¯Ú‰ ÆÔ¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ®‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ© ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò ÚÂˆÈ·Ï „Ú ÌÈÚÂ„È Âȉ ‡Ï ≠ ‰· ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·

ȯ˜Ò ‰Î „Ú Ï‡¯˘È· ÂÎ¯Ú ‡Ï ¨˙‡Ê ˙¯ÓÏ Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯ÂÙÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÂÂÎÓ‰ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ ˙ÈÈÂÂ˙‰Ï ÌÈÈÂÈÁ ÌÈ·ÈÎ¯Ó Ì‰

ÆÈÓÂ‡Ï Û˜È‰· ‰ÂÊ˙

ÌÚËÓ ¨¯˜Ò‰ Æı¯‡· ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÔÂÎ˙Ï ·Â˘Á ÈÏÎ ‰Â‰Ó Ìȯ˜Ò Ï˘ ‰¯„Ò· Ô¢‡¯‰ ‡Â‰ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò

‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘Â ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ¨„¯˘Ó‰ ˙ω‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÊÂÈ È¯Ù ‡Â‰ ¨˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó

Ư·Ȉ‰ ˙‡ȯ· È˙Â¯È˘·

Ï˘ Ô˙ÂÁÈ΢ È‰Ó ø‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ÈÏÏΉ ‰˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ Â‰Ó Ô‰·Â ¨˙·¯ ˙Âχ˘Ï ˙·¢˙ ˜ÙÒÏ „Ú ¯˜Ò‰

ÈÏ‚¯‰ ÔÈ· ÌÈÓÈȘ Ìȯ˘˜ ÂÏȇ ø˙‡ȯ·‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÚÈÙ˘Ó‰ ˙ÂÈ‚‰˙‰ Ï˘ Ô˙ÂÁÈ΢ È‰Ó ø˙ÂȯΉ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ˙ÂÈÚ·

˙ˆ·˜ ̇‰ øχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ· ˙ˆ·˜ ÔÂÂ‚Ó ·¯˜· ÌÈÈÁ Ô‚ÒÓ ˙¯ʂ‰ ˙¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ‚‰˙‰ ÔÈ·Ï ‰ÏÈ·

ÌÈ¢‰ ÌȇÏÈ‚‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ˘Ï Ìȯ·‚ ÔÈ· ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ· ÌÈÏ„·‰ ˘È ̇‰ øÔ˙ÂÊ˙· ÂÊÓ ÂÊ ˙ÂÏ„· χ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·

˙Â˙˘Ó ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ˙ÂÈ·˙ ̇‰ øÌȇˆÂ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ÈÂÎÈÒ ÔÈ·Ï ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÏ„·‰ ÔÈ· ̇˙Ó ˘È ̇‰Â ø‰ÈÈÒÂÏ··

χ¯˘È· ͯˆ‰ ÈÂÎÈ˙ Ìȉ ËȯÙ˙‰ ̇‰ ø¢Èχ¯˘È ËȯÙ˙¢ ˘È ̇‰ øχ¯˘È· ÌÈÁ ̄ËȯÙ˙ È‚ÂÒ ÂÏȇ øÔÓʉ ÌÚ

Ï˘ ‰È˙ÂÎÏ˘‰ Ô‰Ó ¨ÔΠ̇ ¨‰˘‰ ˙ÂÂÚÓ ˙ÚÙ˘ÂÓ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ̇‰ ø¯Âʇ· ˙¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· Á¯‰ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ó„

ÌÈӯ‚‰ ̉Ó ̉ÈÓ ø‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ÈÈÈÚ· Ú„ÈÓ ˙ÂˆÚ ˙Ï·˜Ï ÌÈχ¯˘È‰ ÌÈÂÙ Ô‡Ï ø˙È˙ÂÚ‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ

ÌȘÂω Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ Â‰Ó øÔÂÊÓ ÈÙÒÂ˙Ï ÔÂÊÓ ÈÓ‰ÊÓÏ ‰ÙÈ˘Á‰ ۘȉ Â‰Ó ø‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÈÈÚ· ˙ÂËÏÁ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÚÈÙ˘Ó‰

øχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ·¯˜· ‰Ó˘‰·Â Ϙ˘Ó Û„ÂÚ·

1617

¯˜Ò‰ ÆÌ‚„Ó· ÂÏÚ˘ ÌÈÈȇ¯Ӊ È˙·Ï ÚÈ‚‰Â ı¯‡‰ È·Á¯· ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò Ï˘ Ìȯ˜ÂÒ‰ ˙ˆ ¯ÈÈÒ ÌÈÈ˙˘Î ͢ӷ

‚ˆÂ‰˘ ˙Âχ˘Ï ‰ÚÓ Â· ˘È˘ ÔÈÓ‡ Ú„ÈÓ ÛÂÒ‡Ï È„Î ˙‡Ê ÏÎ ¨˙ÂÙ˘ Ú·¯‡·Â ¨˙·˘Ï ˯٠¨Ú·˘‰ ˙ÂÓÈ Ïη ڈ·

ÌÈÂχ˘‰ ÈΠ‡„È ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω Êίӷ ÌÈÓÂÈÓ ‰„Ϙ‰Â ˙ÂÎȇ ˙¯˜· È˙ˆ Æ˙¯Á‡ ˙·¯ „ÂÚ ÏÈÚÏ

Æ˙‡ÈΠ̇ÂÏÓ· „Ϙ‰ ˜„· ÌÏÂÎ

˙ÂÈ˙ÂÊ˙ ˙ˆÏӉ ˙ÂÈÁ‰ ˙¯ÈˆÈÏ ÒÈÒ· ˙ÂÂ‰Ï ÂÎÈ˘ÓÈ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰ È·ˆÚÓ ˙‡ ÌÂÈÎ ¯·Î ÌÈ˘Ó˘Ó ¯˜Ò‰Ó ÌȇˆÓÓ

˙ÂÓ¯ ¨˙ÂÂÊÓ ˙¯˘Ú‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó© ˙·¯Ú˙‰Â ÁÂ˙ÈÙ ˙ÂÈÎÂ˙ ÌÈ˘¯Â„‰ ÌÈÓÂÁ˙ ȉÈÊÏ ¨Ï‡¯˘È· ˙ÂÈ˙‡ȯ·Â

Ɖ· ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· Ì„ȘÏ ÍÂÈÁÏ ˙ÂÈÎÂ˙ ÁÂ˙ÈÙÏ ®„ÂÚ ÔÂÊÓ ÈÓ‰ÊÓÏ ‰ÙÈ˘Á Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ó

˙‡ϘÁ‰ „¯˘Ó· ‰ÂÊ ̇ȯ˜ÁÓÏ ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ∫ÌÈÙÒ ÌÈÙ‚ Ï ̆Ì˙ÂÎÊÏ Ì‚ ˙Ù˜Ê ÚˆÂ· ̆·Á¯‰ ¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ Â˙Áψ‰

˙ÈÊίӉ ‰Î˘Ï‰ ÆÚ„ÈÓÏ ڄÈÏ Í¯Ú ¯˜È ¯Â˜Ó ˘Ó˘Ï ‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ‰˘ÚÓÏ ‰Îω ¯˜Ò‰ ˘ÂÓÈÓ· ‰ÚÈÈÒ ̆ȘȯӇ‰

ÌÈ„¯˘Ó·Â ÈÓ„˜‡‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ÌÓÂÁ˙· ÌÈÏÈ·ÂÓ‰Ó Úˆ˜Ó È˘‡ Ư˜ÒÏ ıÂÏÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ ˙‡ ‰ÚˆÈ·˘ ‰˜ÈËÒÈËËÒÏ

¨Ï‡¯˘È· ÌÈÈÈ˘Ú˙‰ ˙„Á‡˙‰· ÔÂÊÓ‰ Û‚‡ ˙ÎÈÓ˙· ¨ÔÂÊÓ ˙¯·Á Æͯ„‰ ÏÎ Í¯Â‡Ï ÂÚÈÈÒ ÂÎÓ˙˘ ÌÈÈ˙Ï˘ÓÓ

ÌÈÂ˙ ÒÈÒ· ̉·Â ÌÈÏÈÚÈ ÌÈȯ˜ÁÓ ÌÈÏÎ ÂÁ˙ÂÙ ÂÈίˆÏ ¯˜Ò‰ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· Æ˙ÂÂÊÓ Ï˘ ̷ί‰ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ Â·„È˘

Ô„ ˙ÂÂÏÓ ˙˘¯ Æ˙ÂÈÂÓΠÔÂÊÓ Íȯ„Ó ˙ÂÂÊÓ Ï˘ ÌÈÁÙ ÌÈϘ˘Ó ˙¯·ÂÁ ¨®˙¢È·© Èχ¯˘È‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ·Î¯‰Ï ˘„Á

Ɖχ ÌÈÏÎ ˙ÈÈ·· ‰ÚÈÈÒ

˙¢·Ó ¯˜ÒÎ ¯˜Ò Ï˘ Â˙ÂÙÈÁ„Ï ˙Ú„ÂÓ È‡ ¨Ï‡¯˘È· ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ÔÓ¢ÈÈ ˙ÂÈÁ‰ ÁÂÒÈ ÏÚ ˙ȇ¯Á‡Î

ÂÚÈÈÒÈ ®≤∞∞¥ ˙˘· ÌÒ¯ÂÙÈ˘ ¢Ï‡¯˘È· ÌÈÏ· ‰Ó¢ ÌÈÏ"˘Ó‰ ¯ÙÒ· ÔΩ ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ· ˙‚ˆÂÓ‰ ˙‡ˆÂ˙‰ ÈÎ ‰Â˜ÓÂ

È˘‡ ¨˙‡ȯ·Ï ÌÈÎÁÓ ¨ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂÈÓ„ÈÙ‡ ¨ÌȇÈϘ ¨Ìȯ˜ÂÁ ≠ ˙‡ȯ·‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· ÌȘÒÂډ ÌÈÈÈÚ˙Ó‰ ÏÎÏ

Æ·Á¯‰ ¯Â·Èˆ‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙ È„·ÂÚ ¨˙¯Â˘˜˙

Úˆȷ ˙ ̆ÏÎ Í¯Â‡Ï „„Èډ ÚÂÈÒ‰ ¨˙„Ó˙Ó‰ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ÏÚ ¨˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó Ï¢ÎÓ ¨·Ï ÊÚ· ¯¢„Ï ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ‰„Â˙

˙ÂÈÒÂÏ· ¯˙‡Ï ͯˆÏ ˙‡ȯ·Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ÔÈ·˘ ¯˘˜Ï ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ÍÂ˙Ó „„ÈÚ‰ ÏÚ ¨˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˘Ï ˙„Â˙ ¯Â¯ˆ Ư˜Ò‰

ÏÚ ˙„Â˙ ¨¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙‡ȯ· È˙Â¯È˘ ˘‡¯ ¨ÏË·Ï ÒÎχ ¯¢„Ï Æχ¯˘È· ÌÈÈ„ÂÁÈÈ ÌÈίˆ ˙ÂÏÚ· ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ· ÔÂÎÈÒ·

¨ËÈÓ˘„Ï‚ ‰˜·¯Ï ı˜ Ôȇ ‰Î¯Ú‰ Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ Ì„Ș ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÒÂÒÈ·Ï ÈÎ„Ú ÈÓÂ‡Ï Ú„ÈÓ· ͯˆ· ‰¯Î‰‰ ÏÚ ÚÂÈÒ‰

‰ÓȘ‰Â ÌÂÏÁ ‰˘ÓÈÓ˘ ¯È‡Ó ‰ÂÁÏ ¨¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ÈÚˆ˜Ó‰ Ô‚¯‡Ï ˙ÂÈÚˆ˜Ó·Â ˙ˆȯÁ· ¨ÌÈÓÈÎ ˙ÂÏÈÏ ‰˙˘Ú˘

ÏËÏ ¨ÂÚˆȷ ¯˜Ò‰ Ô‚¯‡ ÏÚ ‰È¯‡-Ô· „Ï‚Ó ˙È¯Â‡Ï ¨Ï‡¯˘È· ‚ÂÒÓ Ô¢‡¯‰ Èχ¯˘È‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ·Î¯‰ ÈÂ˙ ÒÈÒ· ˙‡

‡˙ÈÁÏ ¨˙ÈÚˆ˜Ó‰Â ˙È„ÂÒȉ ‰„·ډ ÏÚ Ù‡ßˆ ˙È¯Â‡Ï ¨‰¯ËÓ· ˙˜·„‰Â ˙ˆȯÁ‰ ¨˙ÂÈÚˆ˜Ó‰ ÏÚ ÈÂÚÓ˘

¨Ì˙‚ˆ‰Â ÌȇˆÓÓ‰ Ô‚¯‡ ÏÚ ‰ÂÂÏ˘·Â ˙·‰Ï˙‰· ‰ÏÓÚ˘ ‡Ϸ Ô¯˘Ï ¨‰„Ó˙‰‰Â ˙È„ÂÒȉ ‰„·ډ ÏÚ ¯Ë¯

Ô‚¯‡ ÏÚ Á¯ÙÈ ‰˜È‡Ï ¨Ì˙‚ˆ‰Â ÌÈÂ˙‰ ÁÂ˙È ÏÚ ÂÏÓÚ˘ ȯ¯‰ ÏÈ‚Â „ϯ˜ ‰¯Â·„ ¨¯Ù‚ ÈÙ„ ¨ßıÈÈÁ ˙ÏÈȇÏ

Â˙‡ ‡ȷ‰ ˙ÈÓÂÈ-ÌÂȉ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰Â · ‰˙ÂÓ‡˘ ¯Ù‰ ÏÁ¯Ï ¨Í¯„‰ ÏÎ Í¯Â‡Ï „ÈÓ˙Ó‰ ÚÂÈ҉ ÈÓÂÒ¯Ù‰ ¯ÓÂÁ‰

ı¯‡‰ ˙‡ ¯·Ú˘ ÌÈÈÚˆ˜Ó‰ Ìȯ˜ÂÒ‰ ˙ˆϠÌÈÂ˙‰ ÒÈÒ· ÁÂ˙ÈÙ· ÌÈ·¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÏÎÏ Æ¯˜Ò‰ ÌÂÈÒÏ ¯·„ Ï ̆ÂÙÂÒ·

1617

ȘÒÂϘ ÔˆÈ ˙ȯ„ ¯¢„

®ÏÚÂÙ·© ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ ˙ωÓ

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ¨¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙‡ȯ· È˙Â¯È˘

ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ı˜ Ôȇ ˙„Â˙ ÆÔÁ ÔÁ ≠ ¢ÂÓÈÓ È„ÈÏ ÚÈ‚Ó ¯˜Ò‰ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ̉ȄÚÏ· ¯˘‡Â ‰ˆ˜ „Ú ‰ˆ˜Ó

ÚÂÈÒ‰ ÏÚ ‰ÂÊ˙Ï ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ˙ˆ ‰ËÓÏ ˙¢·Ó Ï˘ Ìȯ˜Â҉ Ï‰ȉ ˙ÂÂˆÏ ÌÁ ˙È· Ô˙Ó ÏÚ ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï

˙ÂÙ˙¢‰Â ˙ÂÈÚˆ˜Ó‰ ¨‰ÂÂΉ‰ ¨˙ÂÏ·Ò‰ ¨‰„Ó˙‰‰ ¨ÔÂÈÚ¯‰ ÏÚ Ôȯ‚ „¯ÙÓ ßÙ¯ÙÏ ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ˙„Â˙ ÆÈÙÂÒȇ‰

Æ˙„Ó˙Ó‰

¨‰Î¯·· Ï·˜˙È ·Â˘Ó

≤∞∞≥ ¯·Â˘‡

19

˙ÂËÈ˘Â Ú˜¯

ושיטות רקע

Ú˜¯ÔÎÂ˙˘ ¨®Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ© ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò

˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó· ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ È˙Â¯È˘ È„È· ڈ·Â

Ô¢‡¯‰ ·Ï˘‰ ‡Â‰ ¨˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉÂ

·¯˜· ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ˙‡ȯ·‰ ·ˆÓ ¯ÂËÈ Ï˘ „ÈÓ˙Ó ÍÈω·

Ï˘ ȘÈÒω ˙„Ú Ȅȷ ¯˘Â‡ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ƉÈÈÒÂÏ·‰

Æ˙‡ȯ·‰ „¯˘Ó ‡·È˘ ȇÂÙ¯‰ ÊίӉ

ÌÈÈÂÈÁ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡ ̉ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ȯ˜Ò

‰ÂÊ˙‰ ·ˆÓ ÈÏÏΉ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ·ˆÓ ¯Â‡È˙Ï ÌÈÏÈÚÈÂ

ÂÏω Ìȯ˜Ò‰ ȇˆÓÓ Æ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÁ ˙ÂÁ¯Â‡Â

ÈÏ·˜Ó ˙‡ ÌÈ˘Ó˘Ó‰ ÌÈÈÚ„Ó ÌÈÂ˙ ÌȘÙÒÓ

È·‚Ï Ô‰ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú˙‰ ÔÂÎ˙·Â ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÁÂÒÈ· ˙ÂËÏÁ‰‰

Æ˙ÂÓÈÂÒÓ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ· ˙ˆ·˜ È·‚Ï Ô‰Â ·Á¯‰ ¯Â·Èˆ‰

˙Î¯Ú‰Ï ÒÈÒ· ˘Ó˘Ó Ìȯ˜Ò‰Ó Ï·˜˙‰˘ Ú„ÈÓ‰

Í¯Â‡Ï ÌÈÈÂÈ˘ ¯ÂËÈÏ ¨‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ·¯˜· ˙‡ȯ· È„„Ó

Ɖ‡ÂÏÁ˙Ï ¯·‚ÂÓ ÔÂÎÈÒ· ˙ˆ·˜-È˙˙ ȉÈÊÏ ÔÓÊ

˙È˙Ù˜˙ ÌÈÎ¯Ú ÌÈÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ȯ˜Ò

¨‰È‚¯· ¨‰ÈÏ‚‡· ¨‰È‚Ï·· ¨‰ÈϯËÒ‡· ¨·¢‰¯‡·

ÈÙÏ ¨˙¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó·Â ÌȯˆÓ· ¨„ÏÈÊ ÂÈ· ¨„ω·

ÔÂÊÓ‰ Ô‚¯‡Â ®WHO© ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ ˙‡ȯ·‰ Ô‚¯‡ ˙ˆÏÓ‰

Ú„ÈÓ· ¯ÂÒÁÓ‰ ÚÓ Ï‡¯˘È· Æ®FAO© ˙‡ϘÁ‰Â

˙‡ ·ÎÈÚ ˙‡ȯ·‰ ÌÂ„È˜Ï ˙ÂÈÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ÔÁÂ˙ÈÙ ˙‡

È·‚Ï ÏÏη χ¯ È̆ È̇ÈÒÂÏ· È·‚Ï ÌÈÁÓ ÌÈÂẪ Ï˘ ÌÁÂÒÈ

Æ˯ٷ Â̇̂ ·˜-È̇ ˙

‰˘Ú˘ Ô¢‡¯‰ ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ˙‡ȯ·‰ ¯˜Ò ¨˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò

ͯ‡ ÍÈω˙· È¢‡¯‰ ·Ï˘‰ ‡Â‰ ¨˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰Ó¯· χ¯˘È·

ÌÚ Æ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÊ˙‰Â ˙‡ȯ·‰ ·ˆÓ ¯ÂËÈ Ï˘ ÁÂÂË

‰Î¯Ú‰Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈÏÈÚÈ ÌÈÏÎ ÁÂ˙ÈÙ ¯˘Ù‡˙È ¨¯˜Ò‰ ˙ÓÏ˘‰

ÌÈÒÒ·ӉÂχ¯ È̆·‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·ÏÌÈÓ‡˙ÂÓ‰ÌÈÏÎ ¨ È̇̇ ÂÊ˙

ÔÎ-ÂÓÎ Æ®FFQ© ÔÂÊÓ ˙Îȯˆ ˙¯Ȅ˙ Ô‚Π¨¯˜Ò‰Ó Ú„ÈÓ ÏÚ

È„¯˘Ó È„È· ‰Úˆȷ ˙‡ȯ· ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó Ï˘ ‰ÁÂÒÈ Â¯˘Ù‡˙È

¨¯ÁÒӉ ‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙‰ ¨˙‡ϘÁ‰ ¨ÍÂÈÁ‰ ¨‰Á¯‰ ¨˙‡ȯ·‰

˙ÂÈÎÂ˙ ÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘È˘ ¯·„ ¨¯ˆÂ‡‰ „¯˘Ó ÁÂ˙Èى ¯˜ÁÓ‰

¨‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙· ¨ÌÈÈÓ„˜‡‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ‰ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ˙Âڈ·Ӊ

‰¯ËÓ‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙·„˙‰ ÌÈ‚¯‡·Â ÌÈÈ˙Ï˘ÓÓ-‡Ï ÌÈ‚¯‡·

Ǣ ˙ÂÈ ‰‡È¯· ‰È„Ó ¯ÂˆÈÏ ‡È‰ ˙ÈÏÏΉ

¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÈ˙¯ËÓ˙ÂȯΠ˙‡ȯ· ˙ÂÈÚ· Ï˘ Ô˙ÂÁÈ΢ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æ±

ÏÏη ®„ÂÚ ÒÈʯÂÙ‡ËÒ‡ ¨˙¯ÎÂÒ ¨Ì„ ıÁÏ ¯˙È©

ƉÈÈÒÂÏ·‰

˙ÂÏÚ· ˙ÂÈ‚‰˙‰ Ï˘ Ô˙¯Ȅ˙ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æ≤

Ô¢ÈÚ Ô‚Ω ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ·¯˜· ˙ÂÈ˙‡ȯ· ˙ÂÎÏ˘‰

Æ®˙ÈÙ‚ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÂ

‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡‰ ‰·ˆÓ ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ï Æ≥

ۘȉ ¨‰·Â‚ ¨Ï˜˘Ó Ï˘ ÌÈ„„Ó· Û‚‰ ‰·Ó©

Æ®ÌÈÈÎ¯È Û˜È‰Â ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ

˙ÂÈ‚‰˙‰ ¨˙‡ȯ· È·ˆÓ ÔÈ· Ìȯ˘˜‰ ˙‡ ÔÂÁ·Ï Æ¥

ƉÈÈÒÂÏ·· ‰ÏÈ· ÈÏ‚¯‰Â ˙‡ȯ·

˙߈˘ ÈÙÎ ÂÈ‚ÂÒ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÓÎ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æµ

Æχ¯˘È· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰

˙ÚˆÂÓÓ‰ ˙ÈÓÂȉ ˙È˙ÂÊ˙‰ ‰Îȯˆ‰ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æ∂

ÈÙÏ ¨˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·-È˙˙ ·¯˜·Â ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ·¯˜·

ÆÔÂÊÓ ˙ˆ·˜Â ‰È‚¯‡ ˙ÂÓ¯

˙ˆ·˜ Ô‚ӷ ¨ÔÂÊÓ ÈÙ¯Ȉ ˙ÂÁ¯‡ ‚ÂÂÒÏ ÔÈÈÙ‡Ï Æ∑

ƉÈÈÒÂÏ·

ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ· ÌÈÓ‰ÊÓ‰ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æ∏

ȯÓÂÁ Ï˘ ˙Âȯ‡˘ ¨˙ÂÙ¯˙ Ï˘ ˙Âȯ‡˘© ˙ÈÓÂȉ

̘ÏÁ ˙‡Â ®ÏÎ‡Ó ÈÚ·ˆ ¨˙„·Î ˙ÂÎ˙Ó ¨‰¯·„‰

ÆÔÂÊÓ‰ ÈÙÒÂ˙ Ï˘

‰Îȯˆ‰ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰‰ ˙„ÈÓ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æπ

ÌÈÁÓ‰ ÌȘ‰Â ˙ˆÏÓ‰‰ ÔÈ·Ï ˙È˙ÂÊ˙‰

ȉÈÊ ‰Î¯Ú‰‰ ˙·˜Ú·Â ¨ÌÈÈÓ˘¯‰ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÊ˙‰

ÆÔÂÎÈÒ· ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·-È˙˙ ˙ÂÈÒÂÏ·

‰È˙Â˘È‚ ˙‡Â ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ï˘ ڄȉ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï Æ±∞

ƉÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· È·‚Ï

20

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

21

˙ÂËÈ˘Â Ú˜¯

˙ÂËÈ˘

¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡Ì˘¯ÓÓ È‡¯˜‡ Ì‚„Ó ÏÚ ‰ÒÒ·˙‰ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ·

Ì‚„Ó‰Ó ÌÈÓ‚„‰ È΢ Ï˘ ÛÒ ̂„Ó ÏÚ ÔÈÒÂÏ·‰

ÂÈ‰È ÌÈÓ‚„‰ ÈÎ ˘¯„ ¯˜ÁÓÏ ÛÒ‰ ÔÂȯËȯ˜ Æȇ¯˜‡‰

ÌÂȘ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÁÙÏ ˙Á‡ ‰ ̆χ¯˘È· ‰˘˘ ‰Ï‡ ·¯˜Ó

ÊÂÙ˘‡· ÌȇˆÓ‰ Ì„‡ È· Ì‚„Ó· ÂÏÏÎ ‡Ï ÆÔÂȇȯ‰

ÌÈÓÚËÓ ¨ÔÎ-ÂÓÎ Æ˙„ÒÂÓ· Ìȯ¯Â‚˙Ó‰ ‡ ͢ÂÓÓ

τ‚ ÆÌÈ„·‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ· ¯˜ÁÓ· ‰ÏÏÎ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈËÒÈ‚ÂÏ

È· ¨˙ÂÁÙÏ ÌÈ˘Â Ìȯ·‚ ≥¨∞∞∞-Ï Ú·˜ „Úȉ Ì‚„Ó

ÆÌÈ˘ ≤µ-∂¥

‰ÓÈ‚„‰ ˙¯ÂˆÂÊ Í¯„·Â ÔÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ì˘¯ÓÓ ÌÈȇ¯˜‡ ÌÈÓ‚„Ó ÂÓ‚„

ÔÂÙÏˉ ȯÙÒÓ Â˜„· ÆÌÈ·˘Â˙ µ¨π≤π Ï˘ Ì˙Â‰Ê ‰˙Ó‡

ȯÙÒÓ ˙Ó‡˙‰Ï ¢‰È˙ÙÏË ≠ ˘·„¢ ˙ÎÂ˙ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡·

‰È‰ ̇ ‡ ÔÂÙÏˉ ¯ÙÒÓ ¯˙‡ ‡Ï ̇ Æ˙ÂÓ˘Ï ÔÂÙÏË

‰˙‡ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ Ì ̆ÈÙÏ ˘ÂÙÈÁ ‰˘Ú ¨È‚˘

Ì˘ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈ·˘Â˙ Ï˘ ‰ÓÈ˘¯ ˜ÈÙ‰Ï ˙Ï‚ÂÒÓ˘ ‰ÎÂ˙

‡Ï˘ Ì„‡ Æ˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ˙·Â˙η Ìȯ‚‰ ÌÈÂÒÓ‰ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰

ÌÈÎÒ‰ ¯˙‡˘ Ì‚„‰ ̇ Æ¢¯˙‡ ‡Ï¢Î ‚ÂÂÒ ¯˙‡

¯˜Ò‰ ˙‡ ¯È·ÒÓ‰ ·˙ÎÓ ¯‡Â„· Â˙È·Ï ÁÏ˘ ¨ÔÂȇȯÏ

‚ÂÂÒ ÔÂÈ‡È¯Ï ÌÈÎÒ‰ ‡Ï ͇ ¯˙‡˘ Ì‚„ ÆÂ˙Â·È˘Á ˙‡Â

Æ¢·¯ÈÒ¢Î

˙ÈÈÒÂÏ·· ÏÂÏÎÏ ËÏÁ‰ ¯˜Ò‰ ˙ÂÈÂÏÚ ˙‡ ÌˆÓˆÏ È„Î

Ì‚„‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ΢ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ÆÌÈÓ‚„‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ΢ ¯˜ÁÓ‰

Ìȯ˜Ó· Æ¢‰È˙ÙÏË¢ ˙ÎÂ˙· ‰˜Ù‰ ÔÈÈ· Â˙‡· Ìȯ‚‰

ÌÈÎ ̆Ï˘ ‰ÓÈ˘¯ ‰˜Ù‰ ¨È˯٠˙È·· ¯¯Â‚˙Ó Ì‚„‰˘

˙ÂÎÈÓÒ· Ìȯ‚‰ ‰Ï‡Ï ˙ÂÙÈ„Ú· ¨·ÂÁ¯ Â˙‡· Ìȯ‚‰

ȯ˜Ӊ Ì‚„Ó‰Ó Ì‚„ ÏÎ ¯Â·Ú· ÈÎ Ú·˜ ÆÌ‚„‰ ˙È·Ï

Ì‚„‰ ÌÈÎÒ‰ ̇ ÆÌÈ΢ È˘ „Ú ÔÈȇ¯˙‰Ï ÂÏÎÂÈ

Ô΢ ¯Á· ¨ÔÈȇ¯˙‰Ï ÔÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ì˘¯Ó Ï˘ Ì‚„Ó‰Ó

„Ú ÍÎ ¨ÌÈ΢ È˘ ÂÈȇ¯ ¨ÌÈÎÒ‰ ‡Ï ̇ ÆÔÂÈ‡È¯Ï „Á‡

≥¨≤¥∂ ÂÈȇ¯ ÏÂΉ ÍÒ· ÆȈ¯‰ Ì‚„Ó‰ τ‚ ˙‚˘‰Ï

ÆÌÈ΢ ±¨π∂π Ì‰Ó ¨ÌÈÓ‚„

˙ÂÚȉ‰ ÊÂÁ‡ÔÈÒÂÏ·‰ Ì˘¯Ó Ì‚„Ó ÍÂ˙Ó ≤µ-∂¥ È· ÌÈÓ‚„ ±¨ππ≤

Ì‰Ï˘ ˙‰ʉ ˙„ÂÚ˙ ¯ÙÒÓ ¨ÌÓ˘ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂΠ‰ÂÊ

ÆÔÈȇ¯˙‰Ï ̈¯· ̇ ÔÂÙÏË· Âχ˘ ̉ ÆÌ˙·Â˙ÎÂ

±¨≤∑∑ Æ̉È˙·· ÔÈȇ¯˙‰Ï ÂÓÈÎÒ‰ ®∂¥Æ∂•© Ì‰Ó ±¨≤∏∑

ÆÔÂȇȯ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®∂¥Æ±•©

ÌÈÏ„·‰ ÁÂ˙Ȩ˙ÂÚȉ-ȇ Ï˘· ˙ȯ˘Ù‡‰ ‰ÈÈËÒ‰ ۘȉ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï È„Î

˙‡Â¢‰Ó ÆÌÈ¯Â˘ÈÓ ‰Óη ˙ˆ·˜ ÔÈ· ÌÈÏ„·‰ ˜„·

‰Ï‡Ï ˙ȇ¯˜‡‰ Ì‚„Ó‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ·· ¯˙‡˘ ‰Ï‡

Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï ¨‰ÏÂÚ ÌÈÈÎË ÌÈÈ˘˜ Ï˘· ¯˙‡ ‡Ï˘

±Æ±-· Ìȯ‚Â·Ó Â¯˙‡˘ ‰Ï‡ ÈÎ ¨‰ÈÈÒÂÏ· ˙ˆÂ·˜Ï ÔÈÓÏ

‰‡Â¢‰· Ư˙‡ ‡Ï˘ ‰Ï‡Ó ®p

20

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

21

˙ÂËÈ˘Â Ú˜¯

Æ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ˙‡ϘÁ‰ „¯˘Ó ÌÚËÓ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ

ÔΠÌÈÈχ¯˘È ÌÈÏÎ‡Ó Ï˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÓÂÏÈ ̂ÌÈÏÂÏÎ Íȯ„Ó·

Íȯ„Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÆÔÂÊÓ ÏÚ ˙Â˯ÂÙÓ ˙Âχ˘

¯·Ó·Â· ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω ÊίӉ È„È· ‰ÓÒ¯ÂÙ

‡Â‰Â ¨È·¯Ú‰ ¯Ê‚Ó· ˘ÂÓÈ˘Ï Ì‡˙‰ ‰Ê Íȯ„Ó Æ±ππ∏

Íȯ„Ó‰ ÆÈ·¯Ú‰ Á·ËÓ· ÁÈ΢‰ ÔÂÊÓ Ï˘ ÌÈÓÂÏȈ ÏÏÂÎ

Æ˙ÈÈËÒÏÙ‰ ˙¢¯‰ ÌÚ ÛÂ˙È˘· ͯډ ¯˜Ò· ˘Ó˘Ó

˙ÂÈÂÓΠÔÂÊÓ‰ Íȯ„Ó· ¨˙ÂÈÒÈ˯η ¢Ó˙˘‰ ÌÈÈȇ¯Ó‰

È„Î ˙ÈÙΠÛÎ ¨‰„È„Ó ÏÙÒ Ô‚Π‰„È„Ó È¯ÊÚ·Â ÔÂÊÓ‰

Æ˙Âίˆ‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÓÎ ˙ίډ· ÚÈÈÒÏ

ÔÂȇȯ‰È„Î ÆÂ˙È·· Ì‚„‰ ÌÚ ÌÈ٠χ ÌÈÙ Í¯Ú ÔÂȇȯ‰

ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈÈȇ¯Ӊ ·¯˜· ˙‡ˆÂ˙‰ ˙¢ ˙‡ ÍȯډÏ

≤¥-· ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ¯ÂÊÁ˘ ÏÚ È˘ ÔÂȇȯ Í¯Ú ÌÓˆÚ

±∞ ÍÂ˙· ¨ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó µ∞•-Ï ÔÂÈ‡È¯Ï ÂÓ„˜˘ ˙ÂÚ˘‰

ÆÔ¢‡¯‰ ÔÂȇȯ‰Ó ÌÈÓÈ

˙ÂȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ˙„ȄÓÆ˙ÂȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ˙Â„È„Ó ÌÈÈȇ¯Ó‰ ÂÎ¯Ú ÔÂȇȯ‰ ÛÂÒ·

ÆÂÓ˘¯ ˙‡ˆÂ˙‰ È˙˘Â ÌÈÈÓÚÙ ‰˙˘Ú ‰„È„Ó ÏÎ

·¯ÈÒ ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ ̇ ÆÌÈÈÏÚ ÈÏ· „„Ó ‰·Â‚ Ϙ˘Ó

ÌÈÈÏÚ‰ ‚ÂÒ ¯·„· ‰¯Ú‰ ‰Ó˘¯ ¨ÂÈÏÚ ˙‡ ıÂÏÁÏ

ÌÈÈίȉ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ‰ È٘ȉ ˙„È„Ó ÆÌÈ·˜Ú‰ ‰·Â‚Â

‚ÂÒ ‰¯Ú‰· ÔȈ ¨Ô˙È ‡Ï ̇ ÆÌÈϘ ÌÈ„‚· ÏÚÓ ‰˙˘Ú

ÌÈÈÊ‡Ó ˙¯ÊÚ· ‰˙˘Ú Ϙ˘Ó‰ ˙„È„Ó Æ˘·Ï˘ „‚·‰

Ï˘ ÌÂÓÈÒ˜Ó Ï˜˘ÓÏ ÌÈÓ‡˙ÂÓ‰ ‰‚ÂÁ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈÈ‚Âχ

ÏÚ ÂÁ‰ ÌÈÈʇӉ Æ‚¢˜ ∞Ƶ Ï˘ ˜ÂÈ„ ÈÏÚ·Â ‚¢˜ ±≥∞

˘˜·˙‰ ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ ƉÏȘ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÏÈÂΠÁÈˢ ÈÏ· ‰Ùˆ¯

ÌȈÙÁ ‡ Ϙ˘Ó È„·Î ÌÈ„‚· ¯È҉ϠÂÈÏÚ ˙‡ ıÂÏÁÏ

¨‚¢˜ ±-Ó ¯ Â̇È· ÂÊÓ ÂÊ ÂÏ„· Â̇ÏÈ̃ ˘‰ È̇ ˘˘ ‰¯˜Ó· ÆÌÈ„·Î

˙¯ÊÚ· „„Ó ‰·Â‚‰ Æ˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ÌÚÙ· ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ Ϙ˘

˜ÈËÒÏÙÓ ¨ıÚÓ© ÁÈ˘˜ ˙ÈÂÂÊ „Ó ÆȈÈÙ˜ ‰„È„Ó Ë¯Ò

„˜„˜ Ï˘ ˘‚ÙÓ‰ ˜ ˙ÚÈ·˜Ï ˘ÓÈ˘ ®ÌÂÈÈÓÂÏ‡Ó Â‡

˘‚ÙÓ‰ ˙„˜ ÔÂÓÈÒÏ Â˘ÓÈ˘ ˙˜·„Ó Æ¯È˜‰ ÌÚ ˘‡¯‰

ÂÊÓ ÂÊ ÂÏ„· ˙„ȄӉ È˙˘˘ ‰¯˜Ó· Ɖ„È„Ó‰ ÌÂ˘È¯ÏÂ

Æ˙È˘ÈÏ˘ ÌÚÙ ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ „„Ó ¨Ó¢Ò ∞Æ¥-Ó ¯˙ÂÈ·

˘ÈÓ‚ ‰„È„Ó˯Ò˙¯ÊÚ·‰˙˘ÚÌÈÈ˙ÂӉۘȉ ˙„È„Ó

Ư˙Âȉ ÏÎÏ ¯ËÓ ±Æµ Ï˘ ‰„È„Ó ¯˘Ù‡Ó‰ ¨ÔÂÏÈÈ È¢Ú

˜ÏÁ· ¨ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÓ ‰·Â‚· ˙ȘÙ‡ Á‰ ˯҉

˙ÂÙÙÂÎ˙‰· ¯ˆÂ‰ ¢ÏÙ΢‰ ̘ӷ ¨Û‚‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ¯ˆ‰

¨Ó¢Ò ∞Ƶ-Ó ¯˙ÂÈ· ÂÊÓ ÂÊ ÂÏ„· ˙„ȄӉ È˙˘ ̇ Ɖ„Ȉ‰

ÌÈÈίȉ ۘȉ ˙„È„Ó Æ˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ÌÚÙ· ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ „„Ó

ÔÂÏÈÈ ÈÂ˘Ú ˘ÈÓ‚ ‰„È„Ó Ë¯Ò ˙¯ÊÚ· ‡È‰ Û‡ ‰˙˘Ú

Á‰ ˯҉ ƯËÓ ±Æµ Ï˘ ˙È·¯Ó ‰„È„Ó ¯˘Ù‡Ó‰

Ô‚‡ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ·Á¯‰ ˜ÏÁ· ¨ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ ÈÎ¯È ÏÚ ˙ȘÙ‡

¯˙ÂÈ· ÂÊÓ ÂÊ ÂÏ„· ˙„ȄӉ È˙˘ ̇ ¨Ô‡Î Ì‚ ÆÌÈÈίȉ

Æ˙È˘ÈÏ˘· ÔÈȇ¯Ӊ „„Ó ¨Ó¢Ò ∞Ƶ-Ó

˙ÂÎȇ ˙¯˜·˙‡ ωӉ ˙ˆ‰ ÆÌÈί„ Ô‚ӷ ‰˙˘Ú ˙ÂÎȇ ˙¯˜·

ÆÔÈȇ¯Ó ÏÎ Ï˘ ˙ÂÂȇ¯ Ì‚„Ó ÏÚ Ôȯ˘ÈÓ· ÛȘ˘‰ ¯˜Ò‰

È„È· ˙ÂÏÁÓ ˙¯˜·Ï ÈÓ‡ω Êίӷ ˜„· ÌÈÂχ˘‰ ÏÎ

Æ„ÁÂÈÓ· ÍÎÏ ÔÓ‡˘ ˙ˆ

ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙ËÈϘÌÈÂ˙‰ Æ˙ÂÎÂ˙ È˙˘ ˙¯ÊÚ· ‰˙˘Ú ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙ËÈϘ

¨SAS ˙ÎÂ˙ ÏÚ ÌÈÒÒ·˙Ó‰ ÌÈÎÒÓ· Âʉ ÌÈÈÏÏΉ

¯ÂÊÁ˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÂ˙‰ ÆÔÂχ˘‰ ¯Â·Ú· „ÁÂÈÓ· ÂÁ˙ÂÙ ¯˘‡

˙ÒÒÂ·Ó ¢‰Ó¢ ˙ÎÂ˙ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· Âʉ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ

˙¯˜· Æ˙¢·Ó ¯˜Ò ÈÎ¯ÂˆÏ „ÁÂÈÓ· ‰Ó‡˙‰˘ MAGIC

ÌÈÈÏÏΉ ÌÈÂ˙‰ È·‚Ï Ô‰ ‰˙˘Ú ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙ʉ ˙ÂÎȇ

SAS ÈÂ˙ ˙˜È„· ÆÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ¯ÂÊÁ˘ ÈÂ˙ È·‚Ï Ô‰Â

„Ϙ‰˘ ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙‡Â¢‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰˙˘Ú ÌÈÊÂÓ‰

˙‡¯˜‰ ÍÂ˙ ȯ˜Ӊ ÔÂχ˘‰Ó ˙·¢˙‰ ÌÚ ÔÂχ˘‰Ó

˙˜È„· ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ª˙ˆ ˘È‡ È„È· ÔÂχ˘‰ ˙·¢˙

˙˜È„· ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡·Â ªÈ¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÂχ˘‰ ÏÂÓ ÌÈÂ˙‰ ËÏÙ

Æ˙‡Ȃ˘Â ÌȂȯÁ ÌÈÎ¯Ú ¯Â˙È‡Ï ÌÈÂ˙‰ ˙ÂÈ‚ÏÙ˙‰

¯Á‡Ï ¨Â˜Â˙ Ô‰ ‰„Ϙ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÚË Â¯˙‡˘ Ìȯ˜Ó‰ Ïη

˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈÂ˙‰ ÂÁ˙ ¨ÌȘÈ˙‰Â ËϘ‰ ˙ÓÏ˘‰

˙Îȯˆ ¯ÂÊÁ˘ ÈÂ˙ ËϘ ˙ÓÏ˘‰ ¯Á‡Ï ÆSAS ˙ÎÂ˙

˙ÂÁ„ ÏÒ˜‡ ËÓ¯ÂÙ· ˜Ù‰ ¨˙ÂÚ˘ ≤¥-· ÔÂÊÓ‰

¯˙‡Ï ȄИ„· ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÁ„ ÆÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙Îȯˆ ˙‡ ÌÈÓÎÒÓ‰

ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ ¯ÒÂÁ ¨˙ÂÓω È˙Ï· ˙ÂÈÂÓÎ ¨ÌȂȯÁ ÌÈÂ˙

ÆÌȄ˜· ÈÂ˜Ï ˘ÂÓÈ˘ ÔΠ˙¯ÒÁ ˙ÂÈÂÓÎ ¨˙ÂÁ¯‡Ï ˙ÂÚ˘‰

ËϘ ˙ÓÏ˘‰ ¯Á‡Ï ƘÂ˙ ¨Â‡ˆÓ˘ ‰„Ϙ‰‰ ˙ÂÈÂÚË ÏÎ

ÈÂ˙ ÆÌÈÈÙÂÒ ÏÒ˜‡ ˙ÂÁ„ ˜Ù‰ ¨ÌȘÈ˙‰Â ÔÂÊÓ‰ ÈÂ˙

Âڈ· ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ¨ÏÒ˜‡ Ȉ·Â ̃ÌÚ Â‚ÊÂÓ ÌȄϘÂÓ‰ SAS

ÆSAS ˙ÎÂ˙ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈÈÙÂÒ ÌÈÁÂ˙È

1 פרק

דמוגרפיים מאפיינים

Demographic Characteristics

25

ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

25

ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

Age distribution (%) by sex - ArabsAge distribution (%) by sex - Jews

Sex distribution (%) by age - ArabsSex distribution (%) by age - Jews

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Age group

46.3 44.448.9 47.6

53.7 51.1 52.455.6

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Age group

23.4 23.9 25.2 27.831.3 28.8

20.1 19.5

55.1

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Age group

44.953.2

46.850.8 49.2

55.5

44.6

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Age group

36.844.7

34.029.7

14.7 14.1 14.511.5

וגיל מין המדגם: התפלגות אוכלוסייתSTUDY POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE

1.1µ≤Æ¥• ‡Â‰ Ì‚„Ó‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ·· ÌÈ˘‰ Ï˘ Ô˜ÏÁ •

Æ¥∑Æ∂• Ìȯ·‚‰ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁÂ

Ï˘ Ô˜ÏÁ ¨ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆ·˜ Ïη ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÓ‚„‰ ·¯˜· •

˜‰·ÂÓ ‰Ê Ï„·‰ ÆÌȯ·‚‰ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁÓ Ï„‚ ÌÈ˘‰

Æ≥µ-¥¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· ˜¯ ˙ÈËÒÈËËÒ

˯٠¨ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆ·˜ Ïη ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ÌÈÓ‚„‰ ·¯˜· •

Ìȯ·‚‰ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ ¨®≤µ-≥¥© ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰¯ÈÚˆ‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜Ï

Ìȇ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÏ„·‰ Ìχ ÌÈ˘‰ Ï˘ Ô˜ÏÁÓ Ï„‚

Æ˙ÈËÒÈËËÒ ÌȘ‰Â·Ó

˙‚ÏÙ˙Ó Ì‚„Ó· ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆ·˜ ¨ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· •

¥µ-µ¥ È· Ï ̆‰Â·‚ ¯˙ÂÈ ËÚÓ ÊÂÁ‡ ÌÚ ¨‰Ó„ ÔÙ‡·

Æ®ÌÈ˘‰Ó ≤∏Æ∏•- Ìȯ·‚‰Ó ≥±Æ≥•©

˙ˆ·˜Ï ¯˙ÂÈ Ï„‚ ‚ˆÈÈ ¯ÎÈ Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· •

ÌÈ˘‰Ó ∑µ•-ΠÌȯ·‚‰Ó ∑±•-Î ∫˙¯ÈÚˆ‰ ÏÈ‚‰

Ɖ˘ ¥µ-Ó ˙ÂÁÙ È·

ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφÌȇÏÈ‚‰†˙‚ÏÙ˙‰†∫±†‰Ï·ËÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

ÏÈ‚(Age group)%n

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

( T )†Î¢‰Ò

%n%N

(Males)†Ìȯ·‚(Females)†ÌÈ˘(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

27.1

27.6

26.7

18.6

100

418

427

413

287

1,545

29.1

28.2

25.2

17.5

100

28.1

27.9

25.9

18.0

100

495

480

428

298

1,701

913

907

841

585

3,246

2627

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·ÓÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

לפי התפלגות המדגם: אוכלוסייתלידה וארץ אוכלוסייה קבוצת

STUDY POP ULA TION: DISTRIBU TION BYPOP ULA TION GROUP AND COUNTRY OF BIRTH

1.2

ÌȄ‰Ȇ·¯˜·†‰„Èω†ı¯‡†˙‚ÏÙ˙‰†∫≤†‰Ï·Ë®∑±†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

‰„Èφı¯‡(Country of birth)

(Israel)†Ï‡¯˘È

(Asia)†‰ÈÒ‡

(Africa)†‰˜È¯Ù‡

(FSU)†˙ÂÈ„Ó‰†¯·Á

(Europe)†‰Ù¯ȇ

(America)†‰˜È¯Ó‡

( T )†Î¢‰Ò

%N

58.8

7.9

12.9

9.7

7.8

2.9

100

1,408

189

308

232

187

70

2,394

Country of birth (%) by sex - Jews

Percent

Males Females

0

20

40

60

80

100

Israel Asia Africa FSU Europe America

59.158.6

8.6 7.312.313.3 9.4 10.0 7.7 7.9

3.0 2.9

Æχ¯˘È È„ÈÏÈ Ì‰ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ∑∞• ËÚÓÎ •ÆÌÈ·¯Ú ≤∂Ʊ•- ÌÈ„Â‰È Ì‰ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ∑≥Æπ• •

Æχ¯˘È· „Ï ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó π∑Æ¥• •È„ÈÏÈ ≤∞•-Πχ¯˘È È„ÈÏÈ Ì‰ ∂∞•-Î ¨ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· •

ƉÈÒ‡ ‡ ‰˜È¯Ù‡

̉ ®¯·Ú˘Ï ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙ȯ·© ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰ ¯·Á È„ÈÏÈ •ÆÌ‚„Ó· ÌÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ±∞• ËÚÓÎ

2627

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·ÓÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·†˙ˆÂ·˜†ÈÙφÈ˙ÁÙ˘Ó†·ˆÓ†∫≥†‰Ï·Ë®∑∑†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

È˙ÁÙ˘Ó†·ˆÓ(Marital status)%n%n%N

(Jews)†ÌȄ‰È(Arabs)†ÌÈ·¯Ú(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

9.2

82.4

221

1,972

13.1

83.4

10.3

82.7

111

705

332

2,677

(Single)†‰Ø˜Â¯

(Married)†‰‡ØÈ¢

(Widowed)†‰ØÔÓχ

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

‰Ø„¯ن‡†‰Ø˘Â¯‚(Divorced/Separated)

84

3,238

2.6

100

21

845

2.5

100

63

2,393

2.6

100

145 4.5 8 1.0 137 5.7

Marital status (%) by sex - Jews Marital status (%) by sex - Arabs

12.413.9

86.780.2

0.7 1.2 0.2 4.7

Males Females

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

���

11.9

Single Married Divorced /Separated

Widowed

Marital status

6.9

82.3 82.5

4.9 6.4 0.9 4.2

Males Females

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

���

Single Married Divorced /Separated

Widowed

Marital status

משפחתי מצב המדגם: אוכלוסייתSTUDY POPULATION: MARITAL STATUS

1.3

∏≤Æ¥• ∫ÌÈ‡Â˘ ÌÈÓ‚„‰ Ï˘ ËÏÁÂÓ‰ ̷¯ •ÆÌÈ·¯Ú‰Ó ∏≥Æ¥•- ÌȄ‰ȉÓ

®±≥Ʊ•© ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· ¯˙ÂÈ Ï„‚ ÌȘ¯‰ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ •Ì˜ÏÁ ¨˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ Æ®πÆ≤•© ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó

®µÆ∑•© ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· ¯˙ÂÈ Ï„‚ ÌȄ¯ÙØÌÈ˘Â¯‚‰ Ï˘

Æ®±•© ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó

®≤Æ∂•© ÌÈ„Â‰È ÔÈ· ÌÈÓχ‰ ÊÂÁ‡· ¯ÎÈ Ï„·‰ Ôȇ •Æ®≤Ƶ•© ÌÈ·¯ÚÏ

˙˜Â¯‰ ÌÈ˘‰ ÊÂÁ‡ Ì‚„Ó‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ· ÏÏη •Æ®±≤•© ÌȘ¯‰ Ìȯ·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡Ó ÍÂÓ ®∏Æ∑•©

Ìȯ·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡Ó ‰Â·‚ ®¥Æ≥•© ˙ÂÓχ‰ ÌÈ˘‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ®∞Æ∑•© ÌÈÓχ‰

2829

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·ÓÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

דתיות המדגם: אוכלוסייתSTUDY POP ULA TION: RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCE

1.4

‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·†˙ˆÂ·˜†ÈÙφ˙È˙„†‰ÈȈ∫¥†‰Ï·Ë®∑π†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

˙È˙„†‰ÈÈË(Religious Observance)

%n%n%N

(Jews)†ÌȄ‰È(Arabs)†ÌÈ·¯Ú(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

50.1

33.1

12.3

4.5

100

1,199

792

295

108

2,394

18.8

40.9

36.9

3.5

100

41.9

35.1

18.7

4.2

100

158

344

310

29

841

1,357

1,136

605

137

3,235

(Secular)†˙ØÈÂÏÈÁ

(Traditional)†˙ØÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ

(Religious/Orthodox)†‰ÈØÈ˙„

(Ultra-Orthodox)†˙ØÈ„¯Á

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ®µ∞Ʊ•© Ì‚„Ó· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ȈÁÓ •ÌÈÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ®≥≥Ʊ•© ˘ÈÏ ̆¨ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ

ÆÌÈ„¯Á ‡ ÌÈÈ˙„ ±∂Æ∏•-Â

ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ±∏Æ∏• ¨Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· •ÊÂÁ‡Â ¨ÌÈÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ¥∞Æπ• ¨ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ

Æ„Â‡Ó ÌÈÈ̇ „ ‡ ÌÈÈ̇ „ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ Â̄ È„‚‰ ®¥∞Æ≥•© ‰Ó„

¥∂Ʊ•- Ìȯ·‚‰Ó µ¥Æ∂• ¨Ì‚„Ó· ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· •¨˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ ÆÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ÌÈ˘‰Ó

˙ÂÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÔÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ÌÈ˘ Ï ̆¯˙ÂÈ ‰Â·‚ ÊÂÁ‡

Æ®Ìȯ·‚‰Ó ≥∞Æ≥• ˙ÓÂÚÏ ≥µÆ∂•©

ÌÈ˘‰ ˙ȈÁÓÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ¨Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· •¨„Â‡Ó ˙ÂÈ˙„ ‡ ˙ÂÈ˙„ ÔÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ®µ±Æ≥•©

¨Ô˙ÓÂÚÏ Æ˙ÂÈÂÏÈÁ ±±Æ∏•- ˙ÂÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ≥∂Æπ•

ÌÈÈ˙„ ‡ ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ Ìȯ·‚‰Ó ≤πÆ≤•

¥µ•- ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ≤µÆ∏• ¨„‡Ó

ÆÌÈÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ

Religious observance (%) by sex - Jews Religious observance (%) by sex - Arabs

Males Females

Per

cent

Religiosity

����

����

�������

��������

�������

�

��

��

��

��

���

������� ����������� ������������������

��������������

Males Females

Per

cent

Religiosity

�

��

��

��

��

���

������� ����������� ������������������

��������������

����

����

����

�������

��������

���

·¯˜· ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÌȯȄ‚Ó‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ≤Æ∑ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ ®µ∞Ʊ•© ÌȄ‰È

Æ®±∏Æ∏•© ÌÈ·¯Ú

ÌÈ„¯Á ‡ ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÌȯȄ‚Ó‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •¯˘‡Ó ≤Æ¥ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ ®¥∞Æ¥•© ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜·

Æ®±∂Æ∏•© ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜·

2829

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·ÓÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó

Educational level (%) by sex - total population

Educational level (%) by sex - ArabsEducational level (%) by sex - Jews

��������

��������

���� ����

��������

Males Females

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Educational level (years)

��� ���� >��≥��

����

����

����

��������

����

��������

Males Females

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Educational level (years)

��� ���� >��≥��

���

����

����

�������

����

����

����

Males Females

Per

cent

�

��

��

��

��

Educational level (years)

��� ���� >��≥��

השכלה המדגם: אוכלוסייתSTUDY POPULATION: EDUCATION

1.5

‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·†˙ˆÂ·˜†ÈÙφ¯˙ÂÈ·†Ìȉ·‚‰†ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω†Ï˘†‰„ÂÚ˙‰Â†„ÂÓÈφ˙¢†¯ÙÒÓ†∫µ†‰Ï·Ë®∏∂†¨∏µ†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

‰Ï΢‰†˙Ó¯(Educational level)%n%n%N

(Jews)†ÌȄ‰È(Arabs)†ÌÈ·¯Ú(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

7.9

13.8

188

328

29.8

14.8

13.6

14.0

249

124

437

452

(0-8 Y)†ÌÈ˘†0-8

(9-11Y)†ÌÈ˘†9-11

™®È‡Ó„˜‡-‡Ï©ÌÈ˘±≤≤≥12 Y (Not academic)

®È‡Ó„˜‡©ÌÈ˘†±≤<>12 Y (Academic)

Æ˙ÈÓ„˜‡†‰„ÂÚ˙†Ì˙¢¯·†Ôȇ†Í‡†¨„ÂÓÈφ˙¢†±≤-Ó†¯˙ÂȆ„ÓÏ˘†ÌÈÓ‚„†Ì‚†ÂÏÏΆÂʆ‰È¯Â‚˘·†™

3,219 837 2,382 (T)†Î¢‰Ò100100100

744 23.1 152 18.2 592 24.9

1,586 49.3 312 37.3 1,274 53.5

ÂÓÈÈÒ ÌÈ·¯Ú‰Ó µµÆµ•- ÌÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ∑∏Æ¥• •Æ˙ÂÁÙÏ „ÂÓÈÏ ˙¢ ±≤

‰ÎÂÓ ‰Ï΢‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰Â·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰ •¯˙ÂÈ· ÍÂÓ‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰Â ®„ÂÓÈÏ ˙¢ ∏ „Ú©

ÌÈ˘‰ ·¯˜· ‡ˆÓ ˙ÈÓ„˜‡ ‰Ï΢‰ Ï˘

ƉӇ˙‰· ±∞Æ≤•- ≥¥Æ¥• ≠ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰

ÈÏÚ· ̉ ÌÈ·¯Ú‰Ó ±∏Æ≤•- ÌÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ≤¥Æπ• •Æ˙ÈÓ„˜‡ ‰Ï΢‰

‡ „ÂÓÈÏ ˙¢ ∏ ÈÏÚ· Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ·¯Ú‰Ó ≥∞•-Î •ÆÌÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ∏•-Î ˙ÓÂÚÏ ˙ÂÁÙ

‰Â·‚ „·Ï· „ÂÓÈÏ ˙¢ ∏ „Ú ÌÈÓÈÈÒÓ‰ ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •

Æ®≤µ•© Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ®≥¥Æ¥•© ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜·

ÊÂÁ‡· ¯ÎÈ Ï„·‰ ‡ˆÓ ‡Ï Ì‚„Ó· Ìȯ·‚‰ ·¯˜· •Æ®≤∂Æ≤•© ÌÈ·¯ÚÏ ®≤¥Æ∂•© ÌÈ„Â‰È ÔÈ· Ìȇӄ˜‡‰

‰Ï΢‰ ˙ÂÏÚ· Ô‰ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰Ó ±∞•-Î ÌÈ˘‰ ·¯˜·

Æ˙ÂÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ≤µ• ˙ÓÂÚÏ ˙ÈÓ„˜‡

˙ÈÓ„˜‡ ‰Ï΢‰ ÈÏÚ· Ì‰Ó ˘ÈÏ˘Î ¨˙ÂÁÙÏ „ÂÓÈÏ ˙¢ ±≤ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ∑≤Æ¥•

2 פרק

אנתרופומטריים מדדים

Anthropometric Measurements

33

ÌÈȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ÌÈ„„Ó

33

ÌÈȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ÌÈ„„Ó

(Sex)†ÔÈÓ%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

75.6

70.6

73.0

272/360

259/367

531/727

75.7

80.0

77.8

65.7

58.8

62.2

199/263

204/255

403/518

901/1,371

830/1,411

1,731/2,782

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

264/383

223/414

487/797

%

68.9

53.9

61.1

n/N

166/365

144/375

310/740

%

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ≤µ≤†®BMI©†Û‚†˙ÒÓ†∫∂†‰Ï·Ë®π∂†¨πµ†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

45.5

38.4

41.9

Per

cent

Males Females

Males Females

Measured BMI ≥25 (%)by sex and age - Jews

0

20

40

60

80

100

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Age group

42.032.6

67.4

46.8

74.2 68.7 73.277.3

Measured BMI ≥25 (%)by sex and age - Arabs

Measured BMI ≥25: age-adjustedrates (%) by sex and population group

Per

cent

025-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Age group

20

40

60

80

100

51.9 48.2

72.1 75.084.0 85.0 85.2

100.0

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

54.0

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

Males Females

63.171.9 74.6

(p=0.0055) (p=0.0001)

2.1

®∂µÆ∑•© Ì‚„Ó· Ìȯ·‚‰Ó ÌÈ˘ÈÏ˘-È˘ ËÚÓÎ •ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ‰Â·‚ ÊÂÁ‡ ≠ ≤µ≤ BMI ÈÏÚ· ̉

Æ®µ∏Æ∏•©

‰Â·‚ ®∂∑Æ∑•© ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ≤µ≤ BMI ÈÏÚ· ÊÂÁ‡ •

Æ®∂∞Ƶ•© ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó

Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· Ô‰ ¨ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚ ≤µ≤ BMI ÈÏÚ· ÊÂÁ‡ •

ÂÊ ‰ÈÈÏÚ Æ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ˙ˆ·˜ È˙˘· ¨ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· Ô‰Â

∏µ• ÈÎ ‡ˆÓ ∫˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· „ÁÂÈÓ· ˙ËÏ·

˙· ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰Ó ±∞∞•- ¥µ-µ¥ ˙· ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰Ó

Æ≤µ≤ BMI ˙ÂÏÚ· Ô‰ Ì‚„Ó· µµ-∂¥

‰Â·‚ ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ≤µ≤ BMI ÈÏÚ· ÊÂÁ‡ ¨ÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï •

ÆÌÈ˘· ±Æ¥ ÈÙ Ìȯ·‚· ±Æ± ÈÙ ∫ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó

מדידה על פי 25≤ (BMI) גוף* מסתMEASURED BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) ≥25

˙‡ȯ·‰ Ô‚¯‡ ˙¯„‚‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÌȯËÓ· ‰·Â‚‰ Ú·ȯ· ˜ÏÂÁÓ ¨‚¢˜· Û‚‰ Ϙ˘ÓÎ ˙·˘ÂÁÓ ¨(BMI) Body Mass Index ¨Û‚‰ ˙ÒÓ ∗͢Ӊ· Æ≥∞-Ó Ï„‚ ‡ ≥∞-Ï ‰Â¢‰ BMI ˙¯„‚ÂÓ ‰Ó˘‰ ª≥∞-Ó Ô˘ ≤µ-Ó Ï„‚ ‡ ≤µ-Ï ‰Â¢‰ BMI ¯„‚ÂÓ Ï˜˘Ó Û„ÂÚ ¨ÈÓÏÂÚ‰

Æ„¯Ù· ˙Á‡ ÏÎ ¨‰Ï‡ ˙Âȯ‚˘ È˙˘ ‚ˆÂÈ

·¯˜· ‰Â·‚ ≤µ≤ BMI ˙ÂÏÚ· ÌÈ˘‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •˙ˆ·˜ Ïη ¨˙ÂÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú

ÆÏÈ‚‰

˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰ ÌÈ˘‰ ÏÎ µµ-∂¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· •Æ≤µ≤ BMI ˙ÂÏÚ· Ô‰ Ì‚„Ó·

¯˙ÂÈ Ï„‚ ‡ ≤µ-Ï ‰Â¢‰ BMI ÈÏÚ· ̉ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ∂≤Æ≤• ¨‰„È„Ó ÈÙ ÏÚ

34

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

35

ÌÈȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ÌÈ„„Ó

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ≥∞-φ≤µ†ÔÈ·†®BMI©†Û‚†˙ÒÓ†∫∑†‰Ï·Ë®π∂†¨πµ†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

%%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

48.9

38.2

43.5

176/360

140/367

316/727

53.2

39.6

46.5

45.8

33.0

39.3

140/263

101/255

241/518

628/1,371

466/1,411

1,094/2,782

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

184/383

132/414

316/797

%

48.0

31.9

39.7

n/N

128/365

93/375

221/740

%

35.1

24.8

29.9

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

ÔÈÓ(Sex)n /N

Measured 25≤ BMI

34

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

35

ÌÈȯËÓÂÙ¯˙‡ ÌÈ„„Ó

2.3

Æ‰Ó˘‰· ˙˜ÂÏ ®≤µÆ∏•© Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ˘‰Ó Ú·¯Ó ¯˙ÂÈ •¯˙ÂÈ ÍÂÓ Ìȯ·‚‰ ·¯˜Ó ‰Ó˘‰· ÌȘÂω Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ

Æ®±πÆπ•©

ÌȘÂω ÊÂÁ‡· ‰ÈÈÏÚ ˙Ó‚Ó ˙¯ÎÈ ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ •È˙˘· ¨Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· ԉ ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· Ô‰ ¨‰Ó˘‰·

ÆÌÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ„Â‰È ¨‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ˙ˆ·˜

ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ‰Ó˘‰· ÌȘÂω ÊÂÁ‡· ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ˙Ó‚Ó •

µ∞•-Ó ¯˙ÂÈ Æ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· „ÁÂÈÓ· ˙ËÏ·

˙· ÌÈ˘‰Ó ∑∞•- ¥µ-µ¥ ˙· ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰ ÌÈ˘‰Ó

Æ‰Ó˘‰· ˙˜ÂÏ Ì‚„Ó· µµ-∂¥

‰Ó˘‰· ˙˜Âω ÊÂÁ‡ ÈÎ ‡ˆÓ ÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï •˙ÂÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ˘· ¯˘‡Ó ±Æπ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘·

ÆÌÈ·¯Ú Ìȯ·‚· ¯˘‡ÓÂ

* BMI ≥30 מדידה: על פי השמנהMEASURED OBESITY: BMI ≥30

Æ≤Ʊ ˜¯Ù· ‰¯„‚‰˘ ÈÙÎ ¨Û‚ ˙ÒÓ ¨(Body Mass Index) BMI ∗

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ≥∞≤†®BMI©†Û‚†˙ÒÓ†∫∏†‰Ï·Ë®π∂†¨πµ†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

26.7

32.4

29.6

96/360

119/367

215/727

22.4

40.4

31.3

19.9

25.8

22.9

59/263

103/255

162/518

273/1,371

364/1,411

637/2,782

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

80/383

91/414

171/797

%

20.9

22.0

21.5

n/N

38/365

51/375

89/740

%

10.4

13.6

12.0

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

ÔÈÓ(Sex)

Males Females

Per

cent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64Age group

15.5 18.022.1

35.6

24.0

52.5

31.5

70.0

Measured BMI ≥30: age-adjusted rates (%)by sex and population group

18.522.4

41.2

22.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

Females

(p=0.0001)

Males

(p=0.1081)

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

7.6

20.3 20.1

11.017.4

29.836.4

27.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Measured BMI ≥30 (%)by sex and age - Jews

Per

cent

Age group

Males Females

Measured BMI ≥30 (%)by sex and age - Arabs

˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ‰Ó˘‰· ˙˜Âω ÊÂÁ‡

˙ˆ·˜ Ïη ˙ÂÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ‰Â·‚

ÆÏÈ‚‰

®BMI ≥≥∞© ‰Ó˘‰· ÌȘÂÏ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ≤≤Æπ• ¨‰„È„Ó ÈÙ ÏÚ

36

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

מותניים-ירכיים*2.4 יחסWAIST-HIP RATIO

˙ÂÏÚ· Ô‰ ®µ¥Æ±•© Ì‚„Ó· ÌÈ˘‰ ˙ȈÁÓÓ ¯˙ÂÈ •

‰Ê ÊÂÁ‡ ¯˘‡Ó ≥Æ∑ ÈÙ ≠ ‰Â·‚ ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ

Æ®±¥Æ∑•© Ìȯ·‚·

˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· ÈÎ ‡ˆÓ ÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï •

ÌÈÈίÈÏ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ‰ ÔÈ· ‰Â·‚ ÒÁÈ ˙ÂÏÚ· Ï˘ Ô˜ÏÁ

‡ÏÌȯ·‚·¯˜· Æ̇ ÂȄ‰ÈÌÈ˘·¯˜·¯˘‡Ó µ∞•-· Ï„‚

˙ˆ·˜ È˙˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ê ÒÁÈ· ˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ÌÈÏ„·‰ ‡ˆÓ

ƉÈÈÒÂÏ·‰

ÆÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚ ‰Â·‚ ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ ÈÏÚ· ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘· „ÂÁÈÈ·Â ¨ÌÈ˘· „Â‡Ó ˙ËÏ· ÂÊ ‰Ó‚Ó

Æ˙ÈÒÁÈ ‰Â˙Ó ÂÊ ‰Ó‚Ó Ìȯ·‚·

±-Ó Ï„‚ ‡ ±-Ï ‰Â¢‰ ÒÁÈ ‡Â‰ ‰Â·‚ ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ ÆÌÈÈίȉ ۘȉ ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ‰ ۘȉ ÔÈ· ÒÁȉ ‡Â‰ ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ ∗ÆÌÈ˘· ∞Æ∏-Ó Ï„‚ ‡ ∞Æ∏-Ï ‰Â¢ Ìȯ·‚·

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ†ÒÁȆ∫π†‰Ï·Ë®π∏†¨π∑†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

(Sex)†ÔÈÓ%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

20.1

62.1

41.5

69/343

221/356

290/699

25.2

73.1

49.0

14.7

54.1

34.9

62/246

177/242

239/488

187/1,271

726/1,343

913/2,614

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

40/362

191/396

231/758

%

11.1

48.2

30.5

n/N

16/320

137/349

153/669

%

5.0

39.3

22.9

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

Per

cent

Age groupJews Arabs Jews Arabs

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

Per

cent

Age group

3.213.6

20.826.931.4

43.4

58.3

71.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Elevated waist-hip ratio (%)by sex and age - Arabs

14.9 11.2

49.0

0

20

40

60

80

100 Females

(p=0.0001)72.3

Males

(p=0.0823)

Elevated waist-hip ratio: age-adjustedrates (%) by sex and population group

Elevated waist-hip ratio (%)by sex and age - Jews

8.9 5.415.0 18.4

53.7

65.9

90.2 85.7

0

20

40

60

80

100

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Males Females

Males Females

∏∏•-Π˙ÂÈ„Â‰È‰Ó ∂¥•-Î ¥µ-∂¥ ˙· ·¯˜· ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ ˙ÂÏÚ· Ô‰ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰Ó

Ɖ·‚

‰Â·‚ ÌÈÈίÈ-ÌÈÈ˙ÂÓ ÒÁÈ ÈÏÚ· ̉ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ≥¥Æπ•

3 פרק

בריאותית והתנהגות תזונה הרגלי

Nutrition and Health Behaviors

39

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

39

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

Vegetarians or vegans: age-adjustedrates (%) by sex and population group

Vegetarians or vegans (%)by sex and age - Jews

Vegetarians or vegans (%)by sex and age - Arabs

Age group

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

�

��

��

��

1.4 1.6

5.0

8.2

3.3

9.5

1.6 1.6 Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

�

�

��

��

��

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

Females(p=0.0075)

Males(p=0.0001)

9.1

2.0

10.7

5.9

Age group

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

�

��

��

��

8.4 9.2 8.610.6

8.9

12.7 12.0

8.8

וטבעונות3.1 צמחונות

ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÌȯȄ‚Ó Ìȯ·‚‰Ó ∑Æ≤•- ÌÈ˘‰Ó πÆ∏• •ÆÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ

ÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÌȯȄ‚Ó‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ®±∞•© ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ≤Æ≥ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚

Æ®¥Æ≥•©

ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ Ìȯ·‚‰ ·¯˜Ó ÌÈÈÂڷˉ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ®≤Ʊ•© ÌÈ·¯Ú· ¯˘‡Ó ®πƱ•© ÌȄ‰ȷ ¥Æ≥

‰Â·‚ ˙ÂÈÂڷˉ ˙ÂÈÂÁÓˆ‰ ÊÂÁ‡ ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· •

Æ˙¯Á‡‰ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆ·˜· ¯˘‡Ó ≥µ-µ¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· ¯˙ÂÈ· Ìȉ·‚‰ ÌÈÊÂÁ‡‰ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· ˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ

ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜·Â ®≤µ-≥¥© ‰¯ÈÚˆ‰ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· ̉

Æ®µµ-∂¥© ˙¯‚·Ӊ

¯Ȅ‚‰˘ Ìȯ·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡ ÈÎ ‡ˆÓ ÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï •ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· ‰Â·‚ ÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓ ̂ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡

±Æ∏ ÈÙ ≠ ÌÈ˘· ÂÏȇ ¨ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ¥Æ∂ ÈÙ

Æ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú· ¯˘‡Ó ˙ÂȄ‰ȷ

VEGETARIANISM AND VEGANISM

˙‡ ÌȯȄ‚Ó‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰Â·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰ •‡ˆÓ ÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ ÌÓˆÚ

≥µ-µ¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· ˙ÂÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜·

Æ®±≤•-±≤Æ∑•©

‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÍÂÓ‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰ •È· ÌÈ·¯Ú Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· ‡ˆÓ ÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë

Æ®±Æ¥•-±Æ∂•© ≥µ-∂¥

ÌÈÈÂÚ·Ë Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÁÓˆ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ȅ‚‰ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ∏Ƶ•

40

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

41

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

Food allergies/sensitivities (%)by sex and age - Arabs

Food allergies/sensitivities: age-adjustedrates (%) by sex and population group

Food allergies/sensitivities (%)by sex and age - Jews

Age group

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

�

��

��

��

12.2

8.910.5

6.6

11.513.6 13.6 14.5

Age group

Males Females

����� ����� ����� �����

Per

cent

�

�

��

��

��

3.9

8.4

4.83.3

7.45.6 6.1

3.3

Females(p=0.0002)

Males(p=0.0047)

9.8

5.3

13.2

5.6

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

�

�

��

��

��

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

למזון3.2 רגישות / אלרגיהFOOD ALLERGIES / SENSITIVITIES

·¯˜· ‰Â·‚ ÔÂÊÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚¯Ø‰È‚¯Ï‡ ÏÚ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ®∏Æ∂•© Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ®±±Æµ•© ÌÈ˘

®±±Æ∂•© ÌȄ‰ȷ ‰Â·‚ ÔÂÊÓÏ ÌÈ˘È‚¯ØÌÈÈ‚¯Ï‡‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •ÆÌȯ·‚· ԉ ÌÈ˘· Ô‰ ¨®µÆ∏•© ÌÈ·¯Ú· ¯˘‡Ó ≤ ÈÙ

ÏÚ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ ÈÎ ‡ˆÓ ÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï •ÌÈ·¯Ú· ¯˘‡Ó ÌȄ‰ȷ ‰Â·‚ ÔÂÊÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚¯Ø‰È‚¯Ï‡

ÆÌÈ˘· ≤Æ¥ ÈÙ Ìȯ·‚· ±Æ∏ ÈÙ -

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφÔÂÊÓφ˙Â˘È‚¯†Ø†‰È‚¯Ï‡†∫±±†‰Ï·Ë®≥†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

9.7

12.2

10.9

40/413

52/428

92/841

5.9

13.1

9.6

8.6

11.5

10.1

17/287

39/298

56/585

132/1,541

195/1,700

327/3,241

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

37/425

55/480

92/905

%

8.7

11.5

10.2

n/N

38/416

49/494

87/910

%

9.1

9.9

9.6

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

ÔÈÓ(Sex)

ÔÂÊÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚¯Ø‰È‚¯Ï‡ ÏÚ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ •ÆÌȯ·‚· ¯˘‡Ó ≥¥•-η ÌÈ˘· ‰Â·‚

Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰Â·‚‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰ ¨ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· •Â‰˘ÏÎ ÔÂÊÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚¯Ø˙ÂÈ‚¯Ï‡ ÌÈ˘

Ìȯ·‚ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÍÂÓ‰ ÊÂÁ‡‰Â ®±¥Æµ•©

®∂Æ∂•© ‰˘ÏÎ ÔÂÊÓÏ ÌÈ˘È‚¯ØÌÈÈ‚¯Ï‡

Ƶµ-∂¥ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜· ‡ˆÓ

‰˘ÏÎ ÔÂÊÓÏ ˙Â˘È‚¯ Ø ‰È‚¯Ï‡ ÏÚ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ±∞Ʊ•

40

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

41

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

Use of nutrition supplements (%)by sex and age - Jews

Age group

11.1 12.814.5

27.432.8 33.7 39.0

46.2

0

20

40

60

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Males Females

Per

cent

Use of nutrition supplements: age-adjustedrates (%) by sex and population group

Use of nutrition supplements (%)by sex and age - Arabs

15.4

1.2

37.1

6.9

0

20

40

60

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

Males

(p=0.0001)

Females

(p=0.0001)

Per

cent

0.7 1.4 0.03.3

13.27.1

1.7 4.1

Age group

Males Females

0

20

40

60

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

תוספי תזונה3.3NUTRITION SUPPLEMENTS

‰ÈÈÏÚ ˙Ó‚Ó ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ˙¯ÎÈ ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· •Æ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈÏˉ ÊÂÁ‡·

ÌȄ‰ȉ ·¯˜· ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈÏˉ ÊÂÁ‡ •ÆÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó µÆµ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚

ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· ‰Â·‚ ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈÏˉ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ®±±Æπ•© Ìȯ·‚ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ≤Ƶ ÈÙ ®≥∞Æ≥•©

ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· µÆµ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ ÌÈÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈÏˉ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ®µ•© ÌÈ·¯Ú ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó ®≤∑Æ¥•©

‰ÈÈÏÚ ˙Ó‚Ó ˙ÈÙˆ ¨ÌÈÈÓ‰ È˘· ¨ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· •

‰Ó‚Ó ˙ÓÂÚÏ ˙‡Ê ¨ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ÌÈÙÒÂ˙· ˘ÂÓÈ˘·

Æ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· ‰ÎÂÙ‰

·¯˜· ‡ˆÓ ÌÈÙÒÂ˙ ÈÏËÂ Ï˘ „Â‡Ó ÍÂÓ ÊÂÁ‡ •Ì‰È·‚Ï ˜ÈÒ‰Ï ˙¯˘Ù‡ Ôȇ ÍÎÈÙÏ ¨ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ Ìȯ·‚‰

ÆÌÈÙÒÂ˙ ˙ÏÈË· ȉ˘ÏÎ ‰Ó‚Ó

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ‰ÂÊ˙†ÈÙÒÂ˙†˙ÏȈ∫±≤†‰Ï·Ë®µ†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

(Sex)†ÔÈÓ%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

12.4

33.9

23.3

51/413

145/428

196/841

22.3

39.3

30.9

11.9

30.3

21.5

64/287

117/298

181/585

183/1,540

515/1,699

698/3,239

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

38/425

128/479

166/904

%

8.9

26.7

18.4

n/N

30/415

125/494

155/909

%

7.2

25.3

17.1

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

Ô¯Á‡‰ ˘„ÂÁ· ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÙÒÂ˙ ˙ÏÈË ÏÚ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ≤±Æµ•

42

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

43

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

שמירת כשרות3.4KOSHER OBSERVANCE

‰Â·‚ ®µ∑Æ¥•© ÌÈ˘‰ ·¯˜· ˙¯˘Î‰ ȯÓ¢ ÊÂÁ‡ •Ì‚ ¯Ó˘ ‰Ê Ï„·‰ Æ®¥∑Æ≥•© Ìȯ·‚‰ ·¯˜· ¯˘‡Ó

ÆÏÈ‚Ï Ô˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï

˙¯˘Î‰ ȯÓ¢ ÊÂÁ‡· ÈÂÈ˘ Ï˘ ‰Ó‚Ó ‰‡ˆÓ ‡Ï •ÆÏÈ‚· ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ÌÚ

®ÌȄ‰ȩ†ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ„ÈÓ˙†˙¯˘Î†˙¯ÈÓ˘†∫±≥†‰Ï·Ë®±µ†‰Ï‡˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

(Sex)†ÔÈÓ%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

47.3

58.4

53.0

163/345

213/365

376/710

45.1

55.3

50.4

47.3

57.4

52.7

100/222

136/246

236/468

523/1,105

725/1,264

1,248/2,369

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

145/277

210/353

355/630

%

52.4

59.5

56.4

n/N

115/261

166/300

281/561

%

44.1

55.3

50.1

≥µ-¥¥µµ-∂¥ ¥µ-µ¥

Kosher observance:age-adjusted rates (%) by sex - Jews

Kosher observance (%)by sex and age - Jews

Age group

Per

cent

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Males Females

44.152.4

47.3 45.155.3

59.5 58.4 55.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

47.457.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Males Females

(p=0.0001)

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

„ÈÓ˙ ˙¯˘Î ÌȯÓ¢ ̉ ÈÎ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó µ≤Æ∑•

ÌÈ˘· ¯ÎÈ Á¯Â‡· ‰Â·‚ ˙¯˘Î‰ ȯÓ¢ ÊÂÁ‡ ÆÌȇÏÈ‚‰ Ïη ËÚÓÎ ¨Ìȯ·‚· ¯˘‡Ó

42

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

43

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

Alcohol consumption at least oncea week (%) by sex and age - Jews

Alcohol consumption at least once a week:age-adjusted rates (%)

by sex and population group

Per

cent

Age group

Males Females

�

35.1 35.641.9 43.3

10.9 11.9

19.1 19.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

18.2 15.4 12.9

4.91.1 1.6 0.0 0.00

10

20

30

40

50

60

25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64

Per

cent

Alcohol consumption at least oncea week (%) by sex and age - Arabs

Males Females

Age group

13.6 14.9

0.7

38.5

Jews Arabs Jews Arabs

Males

(p=0.0001)

Females

(p=0.0001)

Age

-adj

uste

d ra

te

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

3.5לפחות)* בשבוע (פעם אלכוהול שתיית

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION (AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK)**

Ú·˘· ˙Á‡ ÌÚ٠ωÂÎχ Â˙˘˘ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ •

¯˘‡Ó ≥ ÈÙ ËÚÓÎ ‰Â·‚ ®≥≤Æ≥•© Ìȯ·‚· ˙ÂÁÙÏ

Æ®±±Æ∂•© ÌÈ˘·

˙ÂÁÙÏ Ú·˘·ÌÚÙωÂÎχ ˙ÈÈ˙˘ÏÚÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ •

Æ®∑Æ∑•© ÌÈ·¯Ú· ¯˘‡Ó ®≤∂Æ≥•© ÌȄ‰ȷ ≥Æ¥ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚

ωÂÎχ ˙ÈÈ˙˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ ÊÂÁ‡ ÏÈ‚‰ ˙ˆ·˜ Ïη •

ÆÌÈ˘· ¯˘‡Ó Ìȯ·‚· ≤-¥ ÈÙ ‰Â·‚ Ú·˘· ÌÚÙ

ÊÂÁ‡· ‰ÈÈÏÚ ˙Ó‚Ó ÏÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ˙ÈÙˆ ÌÈ„Â‰È ·¯˜· •

ԉ ÌÈ˘ ·¯˜· Ô‰ ¨Ï‰ÂÎχ ˙ÈÈ˙˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÁ„Ӊ

ÆÌȯ·‚ ·¯˜·

Ï˘ ¨‰ÎÂÙ‰ ‰Ó‚Ó ˙¯ÎÈ ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ Ìȯ·‚‰ ·¯˜· •

ÆÏÈ‚· ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ÌÚ ÌÈ˙¢‰ ÊÂÁ‡· ‰„ȯÈ

ÏȂ†ÔÈÓ†ÈÙφ˙ÂÁÙφÚ·˘·†ÌÚنωÂÎχ†˙ÈÈ˙˘†∫±¥†‰Ï·Ë®≤≤†¨≤±†¨±∑†˙Âχ˘©†ÌÈÊÂÁ‡Â†ÌÈËÏÁÂÓ†ÌȯÙÒÓ

(Sex)†ÔÈÓ%n/N%n/N%n/N

≤µ-≥¥

(Age group)†ÏÈ‚†˙ˆÂ·˜

(Total)†Î¢‰Ò

37.5

16.4

26.7

153/408

70/426

223/834

35.1

16.3

25.5

32.3

11.6

21.4

100/285

48/295

148/580

494/1,531

197/1,693

691/3,224

(M)†Ìȯ·‚

(F)†ÌÈ˘

(T)†Î¢‰Ò

n/N

121/422

44/479

165/901

%

28.7

9.2

18.3

n/N

120/416

35/493

155/909

%

28.9

7.1

17.1

≥µ-¥¥¥µ-µ¥µµ-∂¥

Ô‰ ÈÎ ÂÁÂÂÈ„˘ ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •˙ÂÁÙÏ Ú·˘· ÌÚ٠ωÂÎχ ˙Â˙¢

±πƵ•-Ï ≤µ-≥¥ ˙·· ±∞Æπ•-Ó ‰ÏÂÚ

Ƶµ-∂¥ ˙··

˙ÈÈ˙˘ ÏÚ ˙ÂÁ„Ӊ ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰ ÊÂÁ‡ •Æ±•-Ó ÍÂÓ ˙ÂÁÙÏ Ú·˘· ÌÚ٠ωÂÎχ

˙ÂÁÙÏ Ú·˘· ÌÚ٠ωÂÎχ Â˙˘ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ‰˘· ÈÎ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ÌÈÓ‚„‰Ó ≤±Æ¥•

Ɖτ·‰Ï ˘Â„È˜Ï ÔÈÈ ÏÏÂÎ ‡Ï ∗∗∗ Not including wine for religious ritual.

44

ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ÌȇˆÓÓ ≠ ‡ ˜ÏÁ ¨±πππ-≤∞∞± Ô¢‡¯ ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰ÂÊ˙ ˙‡ȯ· ·ˆÓ ¯˜Ò ≠ ˙¢·Ó

45

˙È˙‡ȯ· ˙‚‰˙‰Â ‰ÂÊ˙ ÈÏ‚¯‰

Alcohol consumption at least oncea month (%) by sex and age - Jews

Alcohol consumption at least once a month: a