BOOK AIYD SOFTWARE REVIEW

L. S. S avitskií. Opisanie tib etskikh svitkov iz D un' khu anav sobranii Instituta vos'tokovedeniia AN S'S,SR (r4 De-scription of the Tibetan Dunhuang ScroIIs in the Mqnu-script Collectíon of the Institute of Oriental Studies, theUSSR Academy of Sciences). Moscow: Nauka Publish-ing House, 1991. - 128 pp.

The book by L S. Savitsky was edited as late as 1991 andat the time ofpublication at least did not attract a specialattention of scholars because of the well known texts, rep-resented in these Dunhuang manuscripts. It deals with202 scrolls of the "Aparimitá1uh-sltra" and 10 smallscrolls of the Dunhuang version of the "Prajflápàramitá-

hrdaya-s[tra". Both s[tras are well presented in the manu-script collections of France, Japan and, especially, Eng-land. As the samples of manuscripts, successfully producedin Dunhuang in the first millennium 4.D., they are, nodoubts, unique, and Savitsky did an excellent job produc-ing from the standpoint of codicology elaborately detailedvolume. The book is at its best in describing every singlescroll with all its characteristics, such as: dimensions; de-fects; structure, colour and quality of its paper; colour andconsistence of ink; illumination; marks of correction etc.The photos of92 excerpts ofthe scrolls provide the book todemonstrate the hand of each of 92 copyists whose namesare mentioned in colophons. The book is also supplied withtwo indices of the proper names of the scribes and those ofcorrectors. They add considerably to the value of the pres-ent publication. The whole amount of proper names, enu-merated in the colophons, reaches up to 150. These peoplewere all involved in copying of the Tibetan Buddhist textsin Dunhuang in the 8th-9th centuries.

It seems that a new life of the book by Savitsk-v startedonly in 1995 when the book by Tsuguhito Takeuchi "Old

Tibetan contracts from Central Asia" (Daizo Shuppan, To-kyo) was published. The indices to the Savitsky's booknewly sounded on account of an information obtained fromthe business documents published by Takeuchi. The mostpart of the documents rvas composed in the Dunhuang re-gion in the same period. They seem to give a possibility to

see the living people behind the dead names mentioned inthe Savitsky's book. The people occupied their own placesin the social structure of the Dunhuang region played theirrole in the business life. Now the names of the scribes andcorrectors of the Dunhuang manuscripts may be analyzedfrom the quite different point of view:

1. The structure of the names shows that the most oftheir bearers belong to the non-Tibetan ethnic groups.mainly to the Chinese. Their family names render thenames of Chinese clans (see Table 13 "Chinese famihnames in Tibetan transcnption', Takeuchi, ibid., p. 130).

2. The given names aÍe, as a rule, Tibetan or mixed -Tibetan and Chinese (see Table 12 "Names tlpes in OldTibetan documents", Takeuchi, p. 129).

3. Ten proper names in the list of scribes by Savitslacoincide completely to those in the business documents blTakeuchi: Kwag-stag-rtsan, Cang-zhun-zhun, Cang-lha'legs, Je'u-hwa-'do, Dze'u-hing-tsin, ll'ang-rma-snang,l[/ang-gYu-rton, trí/ang-hvalshe,'Wang-hing... and Hwa-hwa-hwa.It is not unlikely that they belong to one and thcsame persons.

4. In this case the analyses of their role, fixed in thcbusiness documents, shows that they belong to a well es-tablished social group of local inhabitants who possess arather high social inÍluence. Thus, five of the ten personsare mentioned as witnesses under the bargains, two (Cang-lho-legs and ll'ang-hva-tse) as creditors, one (\|/ang-rma-snang) as an officer (head of tshan), another person(Wang-hing...) is referred as suÍety and the last one (,,/e'lhwa-'do) - as guarantor. The copying of the s[tras mightbe their religious donation - Skr. "deya-dharma".

All said above inspired us to put a special attention tothe Savitsky's book as a source containing some informa-tion, valuable to comprehend the social structure of thcDunhuang region in the 8th-9th centuries.

The Tibetan transcription of the Chinese names men-tioned in the colophons might provide a nerv material forthe study of medieval Chinese phonetics.

E. Tyomkin

BOOK AND SOFTWARE RXVIEW 63

E. P. Lcbedeva, L. M. Gorelov't Sidi Kur: sibinskaiaversiia "Volshebnogo mertvetsa" Teksty v zapisiV. V. Radlova (Sidi Kur: The Sibe-Munchu Version ofthe "Bewitched Corpse" Cycle Recorded by V. V. Rsd-/au). With transliteration and English introduction byGiovanni Stary. Wiesbaden: Harrassorvitz Verlag inKommission, 1994 (Series: Aetas Manjurica. 4).

European scholars pursuing Manchu studies have jointtheir efforts in the German-ltalian series "Aetas Manju-rica" dedicated entirely to the problems of the Manchulanguage, culture and historv. In 1987 the first volume ofthe series appeared. Starting from the second volume thisseries became a German-ltalian-Russian joint work coordi-nated by an international board. This made it possible toinclude articles written in Russian. This is the reason rvhythe Russian monograph considered in this rer,ue appearedin the series of the r.vell-knor.vn Harrassorvitz publishinghouse.

The book is addressed first of all to Western scholars.In the preface G. Stary explains the aim of this publica-tion: ""Aetas Manjurica" agreed, then to print the researchrvork in its entiretv, among other reasons for thatof the intellectual properness of so doing. We would nei-ther add, substract or othenvise alter a jot: rve rvouldnot try to up-date it using subsequent research, be it Euro-pean- or Chinese-based.... We decided that any Westernspecialist has the means to hand of understanding a Rus-sian text" (p. l).

Since the whole rvork is r.vritten in Russian, the edito-rial board considered it necessary to include the Latintransliteration of the Sibe-Manchu text (pp. 283-323) rohelp non-Russian reader to decipher the Russian old Aca-demic transliteration of the original text. The translitera-tion is done by G. Starv according to the s,vstem used in thervorks of S. Kaluz,vískv (See: Die Sprache des mand-schurischen Stammes Sibe aus der Gegend von Kuldscha.Warszawa. 1977).

"Sidi Kur: The Sibe-Manchu Version of the "Be-

rvitched Corpse" Cy'cle" prepared b,v E. P. Lebedeva andL. M. Gorelova includes several main chapters. It openswith a sketch on the histon of thc Sibe people basedmainly on the research of Russian scholars and archivematerials (pp. 7-18). It ls follorved bv a linguistic studyon the Sibe dialect of the Manchu language rvritten on thematerial of the "Sidi Kur" text (pp. 19-103), a vocabulan(pp. 106-224), a Russian translation of "Sidi Kur" andthe "Kirgiz story" (pp. 225-82) and a facsimile reproduc-tion of the text copied by V. Kon-ich from the originalmanuscript by V. V. Radlor, [9tl pp ]

The sun'ey of the linguistic study and the Russiantranslation of "Sidi Kur" rvas done b-v E. P. Lebedeva morethan 30 years ago. But in the 60ties, on one hand, therewas not much academic interest torvards this subject, onthe other, the former Soviet Academy of Sciences could notfind means to publish it. Norv the development of interna-tional cooperation and the growing interest towards Man-chu studies hnally made it possible to publish the book.The linguistic sketch rvas revised and supplemented byL. M. Gorelova rvith some new materials from J. Norman(Sketch of Sibe Morphologl. - Central Asiatic Journal,no. 3, 1974) and K. Yamamoto (A Classihed Dictionary ofSpoken Manchu. Tokyo, 1969) studies of the Sibe. She hasalso compiled a fine Sibe-Russian vocabulary of the text,

and made a Russian translation of the "Kirgiz stoqy''. Theauthors did not use the latest Japanese publication of the"Kirgis story" (see: Jiro Ikegami. W. Radloffs Texts of theIli Dialect of Manchu: A Kirgiz Story, l-2, in: SapporoUniversitv, Women's Junior College Journal, XII, no. 32,Sept. 1988, pp. l-16, and no. 14, Sept. 1989, pp. 17-30)as *ell as numerous Chinese rvorks dealing with this sub-ject (for publications on the Sibe dialect at least till 1988see: G. Stary. Manchu Studies. An International Bibliogra-phy. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden, 1990, pp.149-5\. This couldbejustified, if rve accept the linguistic part only as a study ofthe language of one definite text. I would like to point outthat the authors rightly call Sibe a dialect of Manchu,rvhile in scholarly literature, especially in China, we mayoften see that this dialect is called the "Sibe language".The European tradition often uses the term "Sibe-Manchu

language", stressing that it is a variant of Manchu.In the main part concerning the morphology of the

Sibe dialect the authors speak about nominative and verbalparts ofspeech, as well as adverbs and auxiliary words thatinclude postpositions, conjunctive words, particles, adver-bial and auxiliary parts of speech. Some space is given toreduplication and alliterating words. This classihcationrvas suggested in the works of A. V. Avrorin on the gram-mar of the Nanai language [see: A. V. Avrorin. Gram-matika nanaískogo iazyka (Grammar of the Nanai Lan-guage). Vol. 1-2. Moskva-Leningrad, 1959-19611 (onother classifrcation-systems of Manchu parts of speech see:J. Norman. Sketch of Sibe morphology. - CAJ, no. 3,1974, E. Haenisch. Manchu-Grammatik mit Lesestiikenund 23 Texttafeln. Leipzig, 1961 and others). The nomi-native group includes: L names of persons, 2. names ofsubjects, 3. names of quality, 4. numerals (p. 33). Thenames of persons differ from the names of subjects only bytheir attribution to a human being (p. 35). The traditionalgrammar unifies these groups in one substantive part ofspeech that includes nouns referring to persons (and hav-ing their own suffrx system) and to subjects (see the gram-mar of Chinese and of other languages based on the samepatterns). The names of quality (p.39-42) actually in-clude traditional adjectives.

The morphological research is followed by someremarks on the Sibe phonetics, its vowels, consonantsand a correlation between Sibe and written Manchu(pp. 2l-30).

After the chapter on linguistics comes a Sibe-Russianvocabulary of "Sidi Kur" and the "Kirgiz Story" in whichthe authors refer to the works of K.Yamamoto, O. A. Iva-novskv and the Comparative Tungus-Manchu Dictionaryedited by V. I. Cincius (Vol. 1-2. Leningrad, 1975-1977). This is actually the first printed Sibe-Russian vo-cabulary especially useful when reading spoken-languagematerials, most of them recorded by Russian scholars at thebeginning of this century. This vocabulary follows thetradition of modern lexicographic works (see: G. Stary.Taschenrvórterbuch Sibemandschunsch-Deutsch. Wies-baden, 1990; Jin Ning. Sibe-English Conversations. Withforeword, editedby G. Stary. Wiesbaden, 1993).

As I have mentioned above, the Latin transliterationand the facsimile of the text are of special value for Euro-pean readers. As the authors state in their preface, theypresent Radlov's text copied by V. Kotvich. They alsomention, that the original text recorded by Radlov is keptpartly in the Archives of Orientalists among the papers of

64 rfbonuseripto ()eientalia. vot-. I No.2 ocroBER lee:

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BOOK ÁND SOFTWÁRE REVIEW 65

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i ; rfài x*- f-i, fu - *;-,1*. i,, .;^',' 7g(til:# iy,, .d L ;y,7il' í : ( 4r :' ï lrl "lh7 .:':;

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yíq *,r /. :" t' ;í, : ;: ;: : :; 7 ;?::t'' í:,ï,i*.:iro'{;íii

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66 tYfanuscripta ()vientdlio, vot-. I No.2 ocToBER le,,.

A. O. Ivanovsk-v (Fond 20, opis' 1, no. 17). This hle con-tains the Sibe têxts of several stories, among them of "Sidi

Kur", "The Kirgiz Story", "The Vo-vage from Kashgar toKuldzha". All these rvere recorded by Radlov according to

the Russian academic transliteration s,Ystem on folded

sheets of yellowish paper (18 x 22.5 cm), in black ink' It is

not a complete text oa"sidi Kur", it starts from the middleof the secónd story @p. 15-6 of the reproduced copy) As

the authors note, for a long period of time Radlov's textwas considered to be 1ost, and the only knorvn copy rvas the

one made by V. Kotvich (pp. 1-2). This very copy is re-produced in the book under revierv. Though the reviervgenre usually does not include facsimile reproductions, still

í use the advantage of m-v position in the St' PetersburgBranch of the Institute of Oriental studies to take Radlov's

text from our Archives and present one of its pages here(see plate 1 and 2). As one can see, the handrvriting ofV. V. Ruato.n is rather diffrcult, so the facsimile by Kotvich

and the Latin transliteration given in the book could be of

much use.

O. F. Akimushkin. Opis anie persídskikh i tadzhik-

skikh rukopiseí instituts vos'tokovedeniia. Fasc' 10' Po-

eticheskie sborniki, al'bomy-. Moskva: Nauka, Izda-

tel'skaya Íïrma "Vostochnaia literatura", 1993 (The De-

scriptiàn of the Persian and Taiik Manusoipts of the

Iniitute of Oriental Studíes. Anthologies of Poetry' Al-

bums. VóI. 10. Moscow: 'oVostochnaya Literatura"Publishing House, 1993. - 300 PP.

Those who are interested rn the History of the Middle

East, in its LiteratuÍe and Culture may be happy to hear

about the appearance of the fascinating Catalogue b-v Dr'

O. Akimushkin (the book rvas prepared for publicationmore than ten years ago), r'vhich can be read both forpleasure, as weli as to get information, by specialists in the^field

of codicology and manuscriptology and by amateurorientalists. It máintains the high standard set by the ear-lier volumes in this series in accordance rvith the scheme,established by Russian orientalists under the supen'ision of

Dr. Miklukho-MaclaY in 1953.The publication is the lOthvolume of the series "The

Descriptiàn of the Persian and Tajik MSS of the Instituteof Oriêntal Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences",which contains data on 57 rvorks in 58 MSS from the

St. Petersburg branch collection ( the anthology by 'A!9

al-Karim f'aáti ls represented in two copies)' The MSS

were made in Cential Asia, Iran, Turkey, Afganistan,Eastern Turkestan and Southern Russia (the Volga region)'

Most of the anthologies and albums (the correspondingterms in Persian - bayaz, jung, safina, majmu'a) rverewritten in Persian, in early Persian or in Tajik. Some of the

albums of Central Asian origin have poems in Azerbatlanand Uzbek. There are also bilingual works' composed in

Iran - in Kurdish, Turkish, Chaghatay and in various lo-

cal dialects. Chronologically the described MSS varv be-

This publication of the Manchu version of the farnorrs"Sidi Kuf is r.aluable for manY other reasons: the originll

text may be useful for comparative literary studies' moreo-

ver, thii composition is present in Kalmvk-Oirat and Nlon-

solian versions. One can make a textological research orl

t"he ttistory and development of this text. The work br

E. P. Lebedeva and L. M. Gorelova is a valuable contribtr-

tion to the international Manchu studies. The publicatiort

of these unique Sibe-Manchu materials confirms the valrt:

of Russian árchives. It also clearly proves that researcli-

work in this field should be done on international scale'

Fig. 1. A title "Recordings of the Manchu stories in Aca-

demic script" in V. V. Radlov's handwriting.

Fig. 2. Manchu text in trarsliteration done by V V Radlot

The beginning ofthe 5th story of "Sidi Kur" (it refers to p 46 o:

the Kofvichsiopy anci pp. 302-3 of the Latin transliteration rr

the book under revrew. )

T. Pung

tween the 15th century and 191'1. The earliest one dates

back to zuJ-qa'da 935/Julv-August 1529 (no C 860iCa-

talogue no. 3), rvhich is a rvonderful illuminated copt '

richïy decorated, rvith trvo miniatures characteristic to tlic

Mawerannahr school of the first half of the 16th century -

rvhich is testiíred by its script and binding. The copy called'Jung" and

"majmu'a" represents a collection of short po-

.*t-- ghazais by llpoets: Khusraw Dihlawi, Hafiz'

Jami, Kaáal Khujandi and others. It rvas made by famous

Herat calligrapher Mir 'Ali al-Husavni al-Katib Haravt'

evidentl-v for the Court Library in Bukhara.Being a well-qualified manuscriptologist, Dr' Akt-

mushkin has thoroughlv revierved more than 140 manu-

scripts before choosing 58 of them, rvhich satisff the matn

airn of the Description - all the works, represented in the

MSS albums weie to be the rvorks of the genre of littlc

form (ghazals, ruba'i, mathnarvi, short examples of the or-

namented prose).The publication contains an introduction, a list of ab-

breviations, a list of works, a list of MSS and indices:

l. index of authors, commentators, and of those men-

tioned in the annotatlonsl2. index of titles;3. index ofgeograPhical names;

4. index ofcopyists;5. index ofPlaces ofcoPYing;6. index of MSS owners:7. index of clients/customers;8. index ofbinders,9. correspondence index between the number of thc

MSS and the number of the description;

10. index ofdates,I l. index ofcollections;12. index of illuminated MSS.

BOOK AND SOFTWARE REVIEW o /

The Norman Ross Publishers (NY, USA) are planningto reprint "The Persiar/Tajik Catalogue of MSS" rvith theEnglish introduction, addenda and corrigenda by Dr. Aki-mushkin. This welcome and r.aluable new edition is

Izvedat' dorogi i puti pravednykh, Pehlevilskie nazi-datel'nye teksty. Vvedenie, transkriptsiia tekstov, per-evod, kommentarii, glossaril i ukazateli O. M. Chuna-kovol (?o Know the Lltays and Routes of the Righteous.Didactic Texts in Pahlavi. Introduction, Transcription,Translation, Commentaries, Glossary and Indices byO. M. Chunakova). Moscow: Nauka Publishing llouse,1991. - 192 pp. (Literary Monument of the Orient,xcrD.

The book under the intriguing title represents the pub-lication and a translation into Russian of the so called"small" didactic Pahlavi texts. They are included in themanuscript knorvn as MK (the 14th century A.D.) whichwas published by a Pharsee scholar J. Jamasp-Asana(J. Jamasp-Asana. Pahlavi Texts, l-2, Bombay, 1897,l9l3). About one half of the 40 published stories andfragments belong to didactic literature - Pers. handarz.They were composed by priests and mentors - the adeptsof the Zoroastrian doctrines, this is rvhy they include anumber of religious instmctions and aphorisms on ethics,which determine the behavior of their adepts in the mate-rial sphere of this world Qlellg) aimed at obtaining eternalhappy life in the ideal, non-sensual sphere Qnenog).

As far as we knorv, nobody in Russia have ever pub-lished handarz texts. Meanrvhile in India íin the new na-tive land of Zoroastrians - Pharsees). Iran and even inEurope more than thirty published translations into Euro-pean and Eastern (Gujarati, Persian) languages, containingseparate stories of this genre, have appeared by now. Theperiod of their active translation began in the second partof the 19th century. The book by Chunakova might be re-garded as the first successful experiment in the scholarlyresearch of this genre of Persian literature in Russian sci-ence.

The publication follows the international rules gener-ally accepted rvhen publishing Pahlavi texts: transcriptionand translation of twenty handarzes with a detailed intro-duction, commentaries on the texts, a complete glossary,indices, the list of rvritten sources, bibliography and Eng-lish summary (for Western readers).

We may say that the book by Chunakova appeared justin time. I mean the present-day rapidly increasing interest

probably destined to remain one of the principal referencesources for orientalists and rvill stimulate further studiesfor manv years to come.

F. Abdullaeva

towards the spiritual culture of Eastern peoples. It can beaccounted for a big variety of Eastern religious and ethicsystems represented in the Eastern culture. For a commonreader, who is interested in learning but has no patience towade through the original and the scholarly commentaries.the translation ofthe text and the Introduction can providesome intellectual enjoyment of the Near Eastern "rvise lit-erature". As for specialists in Oriental studies (historiansof literature, linguists, historians of religion), the tran-scnption of the text, explanatory and critical commentar-ies, glossary, as well as the exactness of the translation areof particular interest.

Our review rvould have been incomplete, if we do notmention some author's oversighls rvhich we have noticedwhile reading the book. Some of them seem to be princi-pal, the rest could be explained either by the absence ofsome important scientific publications in our libranes or bymisprints. Thus, the author omitted the history of handarztexts' study in Europe and in the East while analyzing theirplots in the Introduction. Bibliographical references appearto be insufficient to cover the contribution of different in-vestigators to the study of the didactic literature. It isivoÍhwhile to mention a collection of spiritual handarztexts addressed to an advanced Zoroastrian reader. Thiscollection is included in the sixth book of "Denkard" pub-lished by Israel scholar Sh. Shaked (The Wisdom of theSasanian Sages (Denkard M) b-v Aturpat-i Emetan, Transl.by Shaul Shaked. Boulder, Colorado, 1979, @ersian Heri-tage Series, ed. by Ehsan Yarshater, 34).

There is no list of errata, rvhich makes it impossible todiscover the reason why a whole sentence in the translationof the text of lIPl (Pad hanng kar ud dade.stan rastih udbowandag-menisnih weh) is missing. Besides Íhat, devíI/izars, a prominent hgure in Zoroastrian demonology, iscalledAtzarsem inthe translation (p 68)

There may be some other remarks on the inadequatetranslation of some terms. These, however, do not diminishthe achievements of Chunakova in the field of studvinemedieval Persian texts.

A. Kolesnikov

68 tí10onuscripto ()vientdlin, vot-. I No. 2 ocroBER 1ee5

L. Iu. Tirgusheva. Uígurskaiq versiia biograjii Sí-uan' -tsziana. Fragmenty iz leningradskogo rukopisnogosobraniia Instituta vostokovedeniia AN SSSR (IáeUighur Version of the Life of Hsiian Tsang. Text Frag-ments from the Leningrad Collection of the Institute ofOriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences).Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1991. - 591 pp.

In the 4th century B.C. the Hellenistic world of theMediterranean discovered an unknown universe, beforethat time deeply concealed in the heart of Asia. This uni-verse had already inhented in much degree the rich cultureof the Empire of Alexander the Great and of his succes-sors. The Inner Asia and Northern India. as well as theMediterranean lands, formed one common geopoliticalsystem with a vast communication net where regional cul-tures influenced and enriched each other'. In the2nd century B.C. the Great Silk Road not only connectedmany Eurasian states, but also formed the three super-civilizations of Antiquilv: the Mediterranean, the Serin-dian and the Far Eastern. On the routes laid by trade cara-vans, embassies and diplomatic missions, besides thosewho pursued pragmatic aims of immediate beneht, somevery different persons had appeared. These rvere the mis-sionaries of the World-religions, undertaking long journeysin search for truth and in order to spread their correspond-ing religious doctrines. Buddhist pilgrims, who brought theTeaching to the Han Empire, were the first among them.China had never before been influenced so much by anyforeign culture. The immense success of Buddhism inChina, where it was easily accepted, even gave birth to aconception regarding China and the Chinese state assomething being on the outskiÍs of the habitable rvorld _'something quite contradictory to Chinese mentality as arvhole. India was accepted for the indisputable center oftheworld, where the religious exploits of Buddha Shakyamunihad taken place. This explains the great wish of those, whodevoted themselves to the Teaching of Buddha in China, tovisit India. It resulted from search for truth and self-perfection.

Pilgrimages of the Chinese to the native country ofBuddha, starting in the second half ofthe 3d century, gavebirth to the hagiographic literature in the 4th and5th centuries (it is enough to mention the Life of Fa Hsianin "The Biographies of Renowned Monks"). In the 6th and7th centunes there was a new demand for expanding therepertoire ofthe onginal Buddhist texts on philosophy, re-sulting from a profound study of main Indian sources. Theaim of the Chinese most famous "Tripitaka lvÍaster",Hsiian Tsang, rvho spent l7 years in his travels (629-645), was the acquisition of the text of Yogacharabhu-rnishastra, the basic work on the Mahayana yogacharaschool ofphilosophy.

Being an adstocrat by birth, a man of various talents,as well as of strong will and determination, Hsiian Tsanghad a great influence on the people, even on those whowere far from the ulterior truths of the teaching of Buddha,like the kaghan of the Western Turkic Empire Ton-jabghu(618--.630) and his son, the governor ofKunduz.

After his travels had been finished, Hsiian Tsang suc-ceeded in devoting his activities both to the aims of thcTeaching. his primary interest in life, and to the politicalinterests of the T'ang Empire. After he came back toChina, he translated into Chinese many Sanskrit texts ofthe Abhidharma section, introducing some innovationsinto the principles oftranslation ofthe Buddhist literatureHe also founded a school of his own corresponding to theIndian school of Yogachara. But his life-work became"The Records of the Western World", rvhich represents adetailed account of his travels to India. It was, mostprobably, based on his traveling-journal notes. Modeled onthe traditions of the geographical accounts of the Chinesedynastic chronicles, the "Records", at the same time, im-plied the idea, that the ultimate success of the Teachingdepended on the prosperiq'ofthe peoples he could obsen'cdunng his travels, as well as on their degree of morals. Itshould be noted, that the "Records" became the first sum-mary account of the geography, economics and politics ofthe Western areas, l. e. the countries to the west of Tun-Huang of the T'ang epoch. In the military doctrine of Tai-Inng (627-450) a special place for these countries rvasreserved. It is very likely, that the consent of Tai-tsung tocompose a preface to the works by Hsiian Tsang was in-spired by this interest" The "Tripitaka Master" was hon-ored with a reception in the Emperor's palace, where hcwas most kindly treated by the Emperor" Hsiian Tsang wasoffered a princely title and the post of a counselor. ThoughHsiian Tsang rejected this proposal, in his conversationwith Tai-tsung he expounded his views on the matters ofgovernment. He also made his appraisals of Tai-tsung'spolitical actions and achievements, revealing his intimateknowledge not only of the philosophy of Buddhism, but ofthe Confucian doctrine as rvell. Accordrng to modernscholars, Hsiian Tsang greatly inÍluenced Tai-tsung'sviews. especiallv his religious policy'.

A strong desire to glorif the exploit of Hsiian Tsang.as well as to tell about his new deeds and fame inspired hisdisciples, Hwui-li and Yen-tsung, to compose the biogra-phy of their Teacher, titled "The Life of the TripitakaMaster of the Great T'ang Empire, [the Keeperl of thcThree'freasures of Tzu En Monastery". The translalion ofthis work, usually referred to as "The Biography", had ap-peared before his other rvork "The Records" rvas translaledinto European languages (its French translation, made brS. Juliene, appeared 140 years ago). It consists of ten sec-tions, fle of which, written on the basis of "The Records".repÍesent an abridged account of his travels, rvhile thcother five tell about the religious exploits of the Teachcrand his glorification after his return. "The Biography", aswell as "The Records", became the subject of a scnrpulousstudy on the part of a whole generation of European orien-talists interested in the history of Central Asian and Indiancivilizations. However. it should be noted that long beforcthe translations of the Hsiian Tsang's works into Europeanlanguages appeared, the biography of the "Tripitaka Mas-ter" had been translated rnto Turkic in Beshbalik, one ofthe two capitals of the Uighur state in Eastern Turkestan. Ithad continued between the midelle of the 9th and thc

' S. G. Klyashtornyï, A. A. Kolesnikov, M. K. Baskhanov, Vostochnyï Turkestan glazami evrope.ískikh puteshestrenniÀov (EastenrTurkestan by the Eyes of European Travelers) (Alma-Ata, 1991), pp. 7-30.

" PerspecÍives an the T'ang, eds. A. F. Wright and Twitchett (New-Haven, London, 1973), pp. 243-57,265-96.

BOOKAND SOFTWARE REWEW 69

l3th century. Shingko Sheli Tutung. rvhose role in thehistory of the Uighur state was great, became the translatorof the "Biographf'. His translation appeared in the secondhalf of the l0th or at the beginning of the llthcentury.Shingko Sheli became known as the translator of at leasttwo other most important Buddhist writings. As one canjudge by his title, Shingko Sheli Tutung was the head ofthe Buddhist church administration of his region. The titlesheli (sheli is the Chinese equivalent of Sanskrit acharya- "teacher", "spintual

!utor") tells about his high positionin the church hierarchy'. His strikingly profound compre-hension of most diffrcult texts on philosophy, alongsidewith their masterly translation (or adoption) into Turkic(Uighur), his intimate knowledge of historical, as well asof geographic realities, which distinguishes his works, giveevidence of his extraordinary personality, whose exploitsare being expected to be evaluated in full measure. Theauthor of the work reviewed, L. Iu. Tugusheva, is the firstscholar, who has discovered the fragments of the Uighurtranslation (or the Uighur version) of the "Biography" inthe manuscript collection of the St. Petersburg branch ofthe Institute of Oriental studies (the Russian Academy ofSciences). She succeeded in identifing them among otherfragments of the Uighur collection and in determiningtheir place in the structure of the text. Believing that onlyone manuscript of the work has survived (though not auto-graph), its parts are kept now in the manuscript collectionsof Paris, Peking and St. Petersburg, L. Iu. Tugusheva hasascertained that the St. Petersburg fragments representparts of the 5th, 6th, 8th and l0th sections of the"Biography".

In 1980 L. Iu. Tugushevapublished and translated intoRussian the fragments of the 5th section preserved in theSt. Petersburg collection, while other fragments of thesame section had been published in 1935 by A. vonGabaina. The publication óf all St. Petersburg frágments ofthe "Biography" in facsimile, along with their translationinto Russian, transcription of the text and notes, was madeby L. Iu. Tugusheva in 1991. After the publication made byA. von Gabain, other fragments of the "Biography" werepublished and translated into German by Geng Shi-min,Feng Jia-Sheng, K. Róhrborn, H.-G. Klimkeit, J.-P. Lautand P. Zieme. Simultaneously with the publication made

by Tugusheva, a complete publication of all the fragmentsof the 7th section of the Uighur version appeared. It wasprepared by K. Róhrborn'. The fragments of this sectionare missing in St. Petersburg collection.

A solidly founded preface to the publication of thefragments from St. Petersburg, made by L. Iu. Tugusheva,contains a thorough study ofthe principles and ofthe styleof Shingko Sheli's Uighur translation of the "Biography'.The author makes a full evaluation of what was done bythe Uighur translator and tells about the school of transla-tion of Chinese Buddhist literature into the literary Turkic- the school which was founded by him. The author alsoconsiders some historical and geographical questions,which are of much importance for the problem of theTurkic translation. In particular, L. Iu. Tugusheva devotessome pages of her preface to the enigmatic word-combination tilrk jochul bodun, interpreting it as "Turkic

nomadic people". Shingko Sheli employed this word-combination as equivalent of the ethnonym Hsiung-nu,Huns of the Chinese original. At the same time he trans-lated the term "the people of shan-yii" (l. e. "people, ruledby shan-yti" - the sovereign of the Huns) of the Chineseoriginal as Kirghiz. The ethnonym Kirghiz, used byShingko Sheli, implies the Kirghiz from Enisey, thatdominated the steppes of Central Asia between 840 and924.

The publication made by L. Iu. Tugusheva in 1980,besides the Russian translation of the Uighur version, in-cludes a commented translation into Russian of the Chi-nese original of the same section of the work, made byL. N. Men'shikov. A comparison of the two perfect trans-lations appears to be very useful for all those who study thehistory of ancient and medieval Central Asia. Thereforethe publication of all the fragments we know at present, aswell as their translations into one of the European lan-guages alongside with the translation of the Chinese origi-nals and necessary commentaries, seems to be a matter ofgreat importance for many scholars. Surely, a scholarlyproject of such complicity would be possible only in case ofclose cooperation within an international team of turkolo-gists and sinologists.

S. Klyashtorny

t J. R. Hamilton, "Les titres Sàii et tutung en ourgour", JA,CCLXXL,3-4 (1984), pp.425-37.a Fragmen4, uígurskoï versií biografii Siuàn'-tszíana. Transkriptsiia, pófr, primechaniia, kommentarii i ukazateliL. Iu. Tugushevoï (The Fragments of the Uighur Version of the Biography of Hsiian Tsang. Transcription, translation, notes, commentaryand indexes by L. Iu. Tugusheva) (Moscow, 1980).

t Xuanzarg, LebenTntl Ilterk. Terl3. Die aÍtnirkische Xuanzang-Biographie VII. Heransgegeben, tibersetz und kommentiert vonKlaus Róhrborn (Wiesbaden, 1991) - Veroffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, 34.

'70 l íAsnuscripto ()vientalia, vor-. I No.2 ocroBER lee:

ADOBE ACROBAT 2.0 AS A MEDIUM FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING IN ARABIC STUDIES:SOME INTERIM REMARIG (MACINTOSH VERSION)

Producer:Adobe Systems Incorporated1585 Charleston RoadP.O. Box 7900Mountain View, Californi a 91 0 3 9-7 9 00USA6l r-+rs-sal-4400fax', l-415-961-3'769

A computer program that prints any Arabic font perfectly,handles Latin diacritic fonts without problems, and func-tions on virtually every platform rvould seem to be morethan one could ask for today. But this is what Adobe hascome close to providing us rvith. My comments on thissoftrvare are necessarily of a tentative nature. I havervorked only a short time rvith Adobe Acrobat, and an up-grade which may eliminate some of the problems men-tioned here is scheduled to be released soon. I am indebtedto Pia Haugerud of Software Plus A,/S, Oslo, for help witha number of problems I encountered while preparing thisÍeport.

Adobe Acrobat technologv is already beginning to beused widely in electronic publishing in Western languages,not only for articles but also for longer works. The PDF(portable document format) files that the Acrobat family ofprograms produce and read are not a substitute for theHTML files that are the standard on the World Wide Web.HTML frles are hardly larger than text files, and most im-ages they may "contain" are in fact linked documents thatcan be skipped rvhen net communication is slow. PDFdocuments, on the other hand, tend to be large, and themore fonts and images they have embedded in them, thelarger they get. Usuallv it is possible to read them on theInternet, but it is best to download them to a local networkor to one's own personal computer.

Unlike HTML files, PDF files offer all the formattingand detail of printed documents, and rvhen printed out,they can be indistinguishable from a printed version of thesame document. This holds not only for images and colorsor for diagrams and tables but also for Arabrc text andLatin diacritic fonts, regardless of platform. Anv programthat can produce a PostScript Íile, rvhether rvord processorslike Word or Nisus or page layout programs like al-Nashiral-Sahafi, can, rvith the help ofAdobe Acrobat, produce anidentical PDF hle that can be displaved on screen orprinted out on the Macintosh, Unix, Windorvs, and DOSplatforms. Pagination and line deíinition rvill be the sameon all platforms.

For those rvho only rvish to view and search PDFdocuments, access to the necessary softrvare is free. AdobeAcrobat Reader, which can display documents on screenand print them out exactly as they look in the origi-nal word processor or page la-vout version, andwhich moreover possesses a simple searching tool, canbe dorvnloaded rvithout charge from Adobe's Web site(http ://www.adobe. com/). Acrobat Reader is also scheduledto be packaged together with the next version of the rvidelyused Internet browser Netscape.

The companion program Acrobat Exchange permits,lvith the help of the accompanving "Writer", the creation

System Requirements:

J 68020 or greater processor

J Version 7.0 or greater sy,stem software

J 2 Mb of application RAM for Acrobat Exchange artti

Acrobat Reader

J 6 Mb of application MM for Acrobat Distiller

of PDF hles directly from simpler word processor files. Italso enables one to create links, both to Acrobat and othcrhles, including Web (HTML) documents, recorded sounds.and video clips. Even if one prefers to read from papcr.therefore, the screen version of a document rvill in sontl'cases have to be open to take advantage of these added"footnoting" dimensions. Exchange likewise makes it pos-sible to perform more complex searching, including sontcBoolean searching, when a search index has been produccdwith the separately sold program Acrobat Catalog. AcrobatExchange is not recommended b-v Adobe for producingPDF documents from page layout files, nor, as far as I candetermine, is it suited for producing them from lvord proc-essor files containing Arabic text or Latin diacritic fonts.

Acrobat Distiller is capable of producing PDF filesfrom far more complicated originals, including page la1'outfiles. This program "distills" the much smaller PDF filesfrom PostScript files, r.vhile must be produced first. BothDistiller and Exchange can embed fonts used in the origr-nal computer file, but Distiller. according to the manual (p36), does it more economically. Distiller is in any event thconly option of the two that is relevant for Arabic studies atthe present time, since it is the only one that can satisfac-torily reproduce the necessary scnpts and diacritics. PDFfiles from either Distiller or Exchange can be read bv thcReader.

The array of fonts that can be distributed without rc-striction in PDF frles is impressive. Adobe fonts as well asfonts owned by Linotvpe-Hell AG, International TlpefaccCorporation, Agfa-GevaeÍ, Fundición Tlpográfica Ncuf-ville, and Monotlpe T-vpography, Ltd., may be embeddcdin Adobe PDF files and distributed freely. Permission marbe needed to distribute PDF files containing other embed-ded fonts, and persons using fonts from other sourccsshould consult the font supplier.

What are the drat'backs? Essentially the-v are two. thcnormally rather considerable size of PDF documents andsome unsolved problems rvith searching for and cop-vingArabic text and, in many cases, Latin diacritics

The PDF documents that Acrobat Distiller creatcsfrom PostScript frles, or from PC "PRN' files, tend to bccumbersomelv large if fonts are embedded in them, espc-cially "unusual" fonts like Arabic. It takes a great deal ol'time to download such files from the Internet. and a num-ber of operations, including searching, rvill be slorv. Hori -

ever PDF files can be very small indeed without the fontsoften not much larger than the original word processor filcFortunately one has to open only a single frle rvith the ap-propriate fonts embedded (it does not have to remain opctt rfor Acrobat Reader properly to display Arabic and Euro-pean diacritic fonts in files that do not have them embed-

BOOKAND SOFTWARE REWEW '71

ded. Consequently only one file in a group has to be big.Screen display of Arabic, rvhich can be irritatingly slow onless powerful machines, does not seem to speed up rvith thereduction of file size. Hou'ever it should be possible toachieve some improvement by raising the memory as-signed to the Adobe Tlpe Manager pÍogram (the full r,er-sion ATM 3.8, or ATM 3.8 LE, rvhich comes with the Ac-robat software) to I Mb. This is done from within ATM,not from the Macintosh "Information" rvindorv. One mayalso raise the memory allorved for Acrobat Reader from 2ro 4 Mb.

There is a paíicular problem with Arabic, in thatDistiller automatically embeds, according to the manual,"non-ISO Tlpe 1 fonts - that is, fonts rvith nonstandardcharacter sets" One must specifically instruct the programnot to embed the Arabic fonts in order to reduce the size ofthe document. Othenvise the frle may run as much as 40 kbto 50 kb per page. Instructing the program not to embedfonts rvorks as long as Distiller is running on the platformon which the original file rvas produced, but I have not yetmanaged to get it to work with Arabic fonts in files im-ported from another platform. (I have "distilled" someWord for Arabic 6.0 PostScript and PRN hles from a PC.The problem may be that I failed properly to identify thePC font names.)

The other major drarvback in Acrobat Reader and Ac-robat Exchange is that the word or text string search fea-ture performs only imperfectly rvith special Latin charac-ters in upper ASCII, such as Orientalist diacritics, andhardly at all with Arabic characters. For reasons I have notbeen able to determine, upper ASCII searching in Ex-change seems to be slightlv more effective than in Reader.(My comments here are limited to the rvord/text stringsearch feature built into both of these programs. They donot necessarily apply to the separate search engine made byVerity which comes packaged with Exchange and whichrequires indexes prepared with Adobe Catalog, a program Ihave not used.) Typing a character in the Find dialoguebox does not ahvays convey the right character to the com-puter. Copving and pasting rvorks somewhat better but isstill unreliable. Moreover the latter is an unwieldv proce-dure, since single rvords are the smallest units that can becopied in Acrobat. It should be pointed out, moreover, thatthe search feature treats each variant of an Arabic letterand each ligature contained in the character set as a sepa-rate character. The fact that the various shapes are not re-duced to their common denominators auqments the diffi-

culties associated rvith searching Arabic text exponentially.Future improvements in the program, or the arrival of Uni-code, rvill presumably help to remedy this problem.

A serious related problem is that special characters,and more importantly Arabic text, cannot be copied out ofan Acrobat PDF file and pasted into a rvord processordocument rvith satisfactory results.

One quirk is that the Arabic fonts used in PDF filesproduced on a Macintosh have to be disabled or removedfrom the Macintosh system folder while reading or print-ing out. Another is that certain diacritics and Arabic lettersdo not shorv up on the Macintosh screen @ut only if theoriginal document was produced on a Macintosh), al-though thev print out with no trouble. The PC displays onscreen and prints out both its own Arabic and that pro-duced on a Macintosh with no problems. (These remarksapply only to Macintosh and PC files converted to PDF ona Macintosh. I have not tried convertins files from eitherplatform on a PC.)

CONCLUSION

Adobe Acrobat 2.0 PDF software makes it possible to dis-play (usually) and print out (always) not only graphics andtables but also all relevant special characters and Arabic[pe slvles. It should moreover be possible to keep the sizeof the majorilv of files relatively small, provided readershave at least one document in their possession which con-tains all the necessary fonts. PDF files relating to Arabicstudies are nevertheless often likely to be too large to bevierved conveniently over the Internet. In many cases itrvill be advisable to download files before viewing them.Given the diffrculties presently involved in searching for orcopying Arabic and Latin diacritics in PDF files, materialpublished in this format should perhaps for the time beingbe accompanied by a parallel t{-fML or text document inrvhich Arabic letters and special Latin characters areidentified by discrete codes.

This revierv rvas first made available on the Interneton the lists Reader (31.08.95) and Itisalat (15.09.95), andthe original is preserved in electronic form and in hardcopy in the Archive of Electronic Publications of theSection for Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures,Universify of B ergen (http : //wwrv. hf-fak. uib. noiinstitutter/midtspraak/aep.htm).

Joseph N. Bell

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESTHE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

ST. PETERSBURG BRANCH

orU,o,nrl scui pti Oui e ntalia{/ ntevnoti onal !}ouvnel f ov ()vieotil ryAnnuscript Q esedvcll

Vol. 1 No. 2 October 1995

THESAST. PETERS BURG-HELSINKI

A i i(/ L !"--r

CONTENTS

T'EXTS AND MA]{USC,RIPTS., DESCRIPTIOT{ AND RESEARCH . .

E. Kychanov. Unique Tangut Manuscripts on Moral and Ethical Regulations in the Tangut SocietvE. Tyomkin. Fragments of the "saddharmapundarÍka-siitra" in the I. P. Lavrov manuscript collection

9of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies.V. Polosin. To the Method of Describing Illuminated Arabic Manuscripts

TO THE HISTORY OF ONENTAL TEX|OLOGY

O. Akimushkin. Textoloeical Studies and the "Critical Text" Problem

PRESENTING THE COLI.ECTIOAIS. .

M. Vorob.r-ova-Des."-atovskay'a. The S. E. Malov Collection of Manuscripts in the St. Petersburg Branch of theInstitute of Orrental Studies.

ORIEI{TAI, MA]VUSCNPTS AND NEW INIIORMATIOI{ TECHIVOLOGIES .

I( Lagally. Using TgX as a Tool in the Editing of Multi-Lingual Sources

l ( r

2 :

).)

2 9

) 9

-ltl

+0

P RE SENTING TH E MANUSC RI PT

I. Petrosyan. An Illustrated Turkish Manuscript of "Iskender-náme" b1' Ahmedi

BOOK AND SOFTWARE REVIEW (,1

Colour plates; ,'Iskender-nàme" by Alrmedi (1334/35-14l2ll3\, MS C133 frorn the collection

of sL P€rersburg Branc of the Institut- "

;:;:t: ï"ï.;-ssian

Academy of sciences (see p. 47*4r}

Fol 58a Iskender and Giirshah tt t

;::ï c o v e r :

Plate L Fol. 93b. lskender Slaying a Dragon. 10 7 x 13.2 cm.Plate 2. Fol. 140b The Poet Al.rmedi(?). 10.7 v 14.3 cmPlate 3; Fol, 249b. The Relifious Dispute in the ?resence oÍ'Sultàn Orkhan, 10.7 x I4.7 cm.Plaê 4. F al, 2S 4a. The Murder of Sultan Mur ad L, 10.1 x 1 4. 3 cm.

1 -

t