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Bones - Skeleton
Early Life
• During development of the embryo, the human skeleton is made up of cartilage and fibrous membranes, but most of these early supports are soon replaced by bone.
• Think about the body position in utero during development, and the first few years of child’s life.
• Most bones stop growing during adolescence.
• Some facial bones, especially those of the nose and lower jaw, continue to grow almost to no end throughout life.
(example of change of facial structure in elderly)
Skeleton
• divided into the axial and appendicular• Together comprise 206 bones in the human
body
axial skeleton
• These bones form the vertical axis of the body. They function in protection and support of the body and body parts.
• skull bones• vertebral column• rib cage
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
• These bones comprise the upper and lower limbs of the body, and the bones that connect limbs to the axial skeleton. They function in movement.
• clavicles• pelvis• Arms and hands• Legs and feet
Appendicular Skeleton
Function of Bones
• -Protection of vital organs• -Support & maintenance of posture• -Providing attachment points for muscles• -Storage & release of minerals (calcium &
phosphorus)• -Blood cell production (haemopoiesis)• -Storage of energy (lipids in yellow bone
marrow)
bone classifications (types)
Long bones: longer than they are wide; have a shaft with 2 ends. Movement bones: including femur, metatarsals & clavicleShort bones: small & cube-shaped. Include carpals & tarsalsFlat bones: thin, flat and often curved. Including the sternum, scapula, ribs and skull bonesIrregular bones: have specialized & complicated shapes, including sacrum, coccyx & vertebrae
Bone classifications
Bone Textures
• Bones are made up of 2 layers that differ in texture and function:
• - Compact bone: external layer of the bone that is very dense, filled with passageways for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
• - Cancellous bone: internal layer of the bone that looks spongy; has an irregular latticework structure.
Long Bone: structure
• Long bones are mainly comprised of a shaft, 2 ends and membranes.
Diaphysis: the shaft; constructed of compact bone and envelopes a marrow cavity. In adults, this cavity stores yellow marrow (fat)
Epiphyses: the bone ends of a long bone; constructed of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally. Blood cell production occurs here
Con’t
• Articular Cartilage: thin layer of cartilage covering the ends of the bone where joints are formed. They reduce friction & absorb shock
• - Periosteum; thin shiny white membrane; important for bone growth, repair, nutrition and attachment of ligaments/tendons.
• - Medullary Cavity: space within the diaphysis where yellow bone marrow is stored.
• -Nutrient Foramen: where blood vessels pass into the bone.
Diagram of Long Bone
Vertebral column
• 33 Vertebrae in the body• Strong and flexible• Cervical: 7 vertebrae; the smallest & have the most
movement• Thoracic: 12 vertebrae; less mobile due to the ribs
attached to them• Lumbar: 5 vertebrae; biggest & strongest; weight
bearing• Sacral: 5 vertebrae (fused); transmit weight to the
legs/pelvis• Coccygeal: 4 vertebrae (fused)
Vertebrae
Vertebrae• The vertebral foramen; (hole) in each
vertebrae line up to house the spinal cord.• -Intervertebral discs: located between the
body of each vertebrae; fibrocartilage on the outside & gel like in the middle; give the vertebral column flexibility; shock absorbers
Spinal column4 curves of the spine increase strength, help maintain upright balance & absorb shock
Sources
“Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pearson International Edition, Eighth Edition.” Marieb and Hoehn. 2010
McGraw-Hill Companies. www.mcgraw-hill.com/
National Library of Medicine and International Osteoporosis Foundation.
www.nlm.nih.gov/ Nucleus Communications, Inc. 2003.
www.nucleusinc.com
Visual Dictionary Online. www.visualdictionaryonline.com
http://tw.aisj-jhb.com/dslattery/files/2013/05/bones.pdf