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Tuesday, 10:00 – 11:30, A7 Bone Health of Cerebral Palsy Patients Philip Nowicki, MD 616-267-2600 [email protected] Objective: 1. Identify effective methods for the practical application of concepts related to improving the delivery of services for persons with developmental disabilities 2. Identify advances in clinical assessment and management of selected healthcare issues related to persons with developmental disabilities Notes:

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Page 1: Bone Health of Cerebral Palsy Patients - WMedmed.wmich.edu/sites/default/files/A7_2.pdf · Bone Health of Cerebral Palsy Patients . Philip Nowicki, MD . ... Helen DeVos Children’s

Tuesday, 10:00 – 11:30, A7

Bone Health of Cerebral Palsy Patients

Philip Nowicki, MD 616-267-2600 [email protected]

Objective:

1. Identify effective methods for the practical application of concepts related to improving the delivery of services for persons with developmental disabilities

2. Identify advances in clinical assessment and management of selected healthcare issues related to persons with developmental disabilities

Notes:

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Bone Health In Cerebral Palsy Patients

Philip Nowicki, MD FAAPPediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon

Helen DeVos Children’s HospitalAssistant Professor of Surgery

Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Introduction

Overview

• Definitions

• Bone metabolism

• Bone Density

• Fracture Risk

• Low BMD Treatment

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Definitions

• Cerebral Palsy– STATIC encephalopathy to the immature

developing brain that may be due to anoxic or hypoxic brain injuryyp j y

– Diagnosis made OVER TIME

• Bone Mineral Density (BMD)– Measures amount of Ca/Phos in area of bone

– Helps determine fracture risk

Normal Bone Metabolism

emedicalppt.blogspot.com

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extras.springer.com

Bone Structure/Anatomy

http://antranik.org/wp‐content/uploads/2011/09/microscopic‐structure‐of‐compact‐bone.png?473d22

Abnormal Bone

http://www.eurospine.org/cm_data/osteoporosis_fig01.jpg

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Abnormal Bone Metabolism

• Osteopenia 2° deficiency of bone tissue development

• Determined by GMFCS level

Osteoporosis in Children

• Defined by International Society of Clinical Densitometry

• Not based on BMD alone

fi i i• Current Definition:

– BMD Z‐score < ‐2.0 for age, gender, body size ✚Significant h/o fracture:

• 2 upper extremity fractures

• 2 vertebral compression fractures

• Single lower extremity fracture

Bone Density

• DXA scan gold standard

• Comparison Values determined in CP pts

• Different than in adults

– Lumbar spine (same)

– Distal femur

• Due to associated hip & knee contractures

– Total body

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DXA Scan

• Gold Standard for determining BMD

• Values differ between adult and pediatric pts

• Adults‐ T‐scoresAdults‐ T‐scores– SD from mean of HEALTHY 

ref population

• Peds‐ Z‐scores– SD from mean of AGE and 

SEX matched controls

– Every SD drop equals 10‐20%  in BMD

Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD. Bone density in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am 2009;20:493‐508.

DXA values

• Performed differently in CP pts due to joint contractures

• Lateral Distal Femur used– Due to spine/hip implants, 

accommodate for joint contractures

– Common area of fx and low BMD

– Scan pt in comfortable side‐lying position

• 3 areas of distal femur evaluated: metaphysis, metadiaphyseal, cortical bone regions

http://www.ithacarad.com/Dexa2.jpg

DXA Scan CP Pts

Harcke HT, et al. Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28:241‐6.

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DXA Scan CP Ptd

Harcke HT, et al. Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. PediatrRadiol 1998;28:241‐6.

Bone Density in CP

• 86% pts > 9 yoa had osteopenia of distal femur

• Fx risk DOUBLES w/ every standard deviation  BMD

• Wren et al: – CP pts all levels low bone density in tibias

– Spine deficits greater in more involved children

– Even higher functioning pts (GMFCS I/II) have lower extremity bone accrual

Bone Density in CP

• Henderson et al (2005)‐– Large bone health study of CP pts– Longitudinal study CP quads‐ decreased BMD associated w/ poor nutritional status

– Osteopenia is manifestation of growth failureOsteopenia is manifestation of growth failure– Pts w/ lowest BMD: spastic quad, mobility, poor nutrition

– Non‐ambulatory significantly lower BMD than ambulators

• Need long term studies to determine how pedsCP pts will fair as adults

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Low Bone Density Factors

• Poor Nutrition

• Non‐ambulatory

• Post‐op Immobilization

• Anti‐Seizure medications (Dilantin)

Poor Nutrition

• Poor nutrition factors:

– PO motor feeding difficulties

– Food/Volume intolerances

GERD– GERD

– Lack of sunlight exposure

– Pharmocological

Anti‐Seizure Meds

• Phenytoin, Phenobarbitol, Carbamazepine– CYP 450 Enzyme induction – Increased clearance/catabolism of Vit D into non‐active metabolites

– 2° hyperparathyroidism and bone turnover2 hyperparathyroidism and  bone turnover

• Valproic acid– 10%  reduction BMD– May cause renal dysfunction w/  Ca & Phos loss– May also directly activate osteoblasts/osteoclasts to increase bone turnover

• Carbamezapine– Induces bone turnover 2° osteoclast activation

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Fracture Risk Factors

• Osteopenia/Thin bone cortices

• Stiff joints/contractures

• Poor balance/falls

• Seizures 

• Previous Fx

• Poor nutrition/gastrostomy tube

Fracture Risk

• Prevalence Fxs CP pts‐ 5 to 60%

• Most common region‐ distal femur

• 66% in non‐ambulatory pts

• Usually minimal trauma involved

• 2 to 6x  fx risk in pts w/ CP and SZS d/o

• 4% per year fx incidence in moderate to severe CP pts

Fracture Morbidity

• Most fractures occur in lower extremity (i.e., distal femur)

• CP pts have  fx risk than nl children, especially from 13‐15 yoa (Maruyama)

• Cause pain, decubiti, further bone loss, difficulyw/c positioning/transport

• High cost for med care: $10,000 per pt, $150 million in U.S. per annum (Apkon)– Loss of school time for pt, loss of work time for caregiver

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Screening

• Lab levels– Serum albumin

– Calcium

– Phosphorus

– Alk Phos

– 25‐OH Vit D

• DXA scan– Baseline for all GMFCS IV and V pts upon fracturing (Apkon & Kecskemethy)

• All pts who sustain lower extremity fracture

Osteopenia Tx

• Physical Therapy

• Standers

• Low amplitude mechanical loading (vibration)

• Optimize nutrition

• Calcium + Vit D supplementation

• Bisphosphanates

Physical Activity/Therapy

• Weight bearing and resistance exercise important for development of bone mass

• Bones adjust strengthen in proportion to amount of stress placed on them

• Chad et al• Chad et al‐– 8 months of weight bearing physical activity significantly  total proximal femur and femoral neck BMC

– Control patients (no weight bearing)  6% study period

• Little current evidence evaluating effect of PT on CP pts and BMD

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Standing Frames

• Anti‐gravity

• Theoretically, similar to resistant exercising, especially with dynamic standers

http://www.rifton.com/~/media/images/rifton/blog/blog‐images/2013/bonemineraldensitychildrencerebralpalsy.jpg

Standing Frames

• Caulton et al‐– 26 non‐ambulatory CP pts, 

upright/semi‐prone standers– Avg 48 min/day x 5days/week 

x9 months– Increased BMD of spine, not 

tibiatibia

• Katz et al‐– 12 non‐ambulatory CP pts, 

upright stander– 2 hrs/day, 5 days/week, 6 

months– BMD femur and calcaneous when compliant w/ standing program

http://presentessempreco.com/images/standing%20frame.jpg

Vibration Therapy

• Low‐amplitude, high frequency vibration

• Usually incorporated as vibrating platform in standing frame

d l• Ward et al‐

– Children w/ limited mobility, RCT on vibrating platform vs sham platform and DXA assessment

– BMD  6.3% in tibia BMD and 5.5% spine BMD             

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Nutrition

• Optimize nutritional parameters

• Regular assessment by dietician

• Consider G‐tube placement for supplemental i inutrition

– Arrowsmith et al‐

• G‐tube supplementation  total body protein and muscle mass, NOT  BMD but did not  over time either

Vit D Metabolism

Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD. Bone density in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am 2009;20:493‐508.

Vit D/Ca

• Shaw et al‐ did not find vit D status to coincide w/ magnitude of osteopenia

• Jekovec‐Vrhovsec et al‐– 23 CP quad pts, spine BMD, 9 mos supplementation Vit D and 

CaPts w/ supplementation had significant BMD over those w/o– Pts w/ supplementation had significant  BMD over those w/o

• Bischof et al‐– Vit D supplementation  fx rate in children w/ severe CP and 

rickets

• Henderson et al (2002)‐– 9%  BMD in mod to severe affected CP pts when given Ca and 

Vit D supplementation

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Vit D/Ca

• AAP intake recommendations:

– 400 IU/d if exclusively and partially breast‐fed infant

– 400 IU/D if non‐breast fed and < 1000 mL/d of Vit400 IU/D if non breast fed and < 1000 mL/d of VitD fortified milk for all children > 1 year old        

– 800 mg/day Calcium for children <9 years 

– 1200‐1500 mg/day Calcium for children 9‐18 years       

Bisphosphanates

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/520178_5

Bisphosphanates

• Henderson et al‐– RCT w/ placebo arm w/ IV pamidronate– 89% increase in distal femur BMD over 18 months in 

quadriplegic CP– No pt in bisphosphanate group had fx (3 in control did)

• Grissom et al• Grissom et al‐– OI and CP pts, IV pamidronate, DXA scans– BMD both groups >4.0, all 3 femur regions improved in BMD– 88% reduction fx rate

• Allington et al‐– Cyclic IV pamidronate 18 non‐ambulatory CP pts– BMD,  pain w/ manipulation, no add’l fxs 12 months after 

infusions

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Bisphosphanates

• Iwasaki et al‐– When treated with both Vit D and risedronate, BMD more than with Vit D alone

• Paksu et al‐– 36 pts CP quad– 36 pts, CP quad– Weekly PO alendronate x 12 months– After 1 year,  serum Ca and Phos,  BMD and z‐score

• Unal et al‐– PO alendronate more cost effective than IV pamidronate to  BMD

Treatment

Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD. Bone density in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am 2009;20:493‐508.

Conclusions

• Bone health important in overall care of CP pts

• More study required regarding outcomes of various bone health modalities in CP pts

• Screening is important especially afterScreening is important, especially after fracture

• Multiple tx options for  BMD available, combo of all should be utilized to maintain bone health in CP population

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References

• Gage JR, et al. The Identification and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. Clinics in Developmental Medicine Mac Keith Press Lavenham, Suffolk 2009

• Henderson RC, et al. Bone density and metabolism in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2002;110:e5‐15.

• Wren TAL, et al. Bone density and size in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol2011;53:137‐41.

• Henderson RC, et al. Bisphosphanates to treat osteopenia in children with quadripelgic cerebral palsy: a randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial. J Pediatrics 2002;141:644‐51.

• Henderson RC, et al. Longitudinal changes in bone density in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy J Pediatrics 2005; 146:769 75severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatrics 2005; 146:769‐75.

• Chad KE, et al. The effect of a weight‐bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatrics 1999;135:115‐7.

• Maruyama K, et al. Bone fracture in physically disabled children attending schools for handicapped children in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2010;15:135‐40.

• Samaniego EA, Sheth RD. Bone consequences of epilepsy and antiepileptic medications. Sem Ped Neuro2007;14:196‐200.

• Shaw NJ, et al. Osteopenia in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1994;71:235‐8.• Grissom LE, et al. Bone densitometry in pediatric patients treated with pamidronate. Pediatr Radiol

2005;35:511‐7.• Apkon SD, Kecskemethy HH. Bone health in children with cerebral palsy. J Ped Rehab Med 2008;115‐21.• Harcke HT, et al. Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children 

with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28:241‐6.

References

• Jekovec‐Vrhovsek M, et al. Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full‐time care. Dev Med Child Neuro 2000;42:403‐5.

• Ward K, et al. Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions. J Bone Min Res 2004;19:360‐9.

• Caulton JM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non‐ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:131‐5.

• Katz D, et al. Can using standers increase bone density in non‐ambulatory children? Abstract as published in the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Dev medicine Conference (AACPDM) 2006 Conference Proceedings.

• Cohen M, et al. Evidence‐based review of bone strength in children and youth with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol2009;24:959‐67.

• Bischof F, et al. Pathological long‐bone fractures in residents with cerebral palsy in a long‐term care facility in South Africa. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:119‐22.

• Iwasaki T, et al. Secondary osteoporosis  in long‐term bedridden patients with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Int2008;50:269‐75.

• Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD. Bone density in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am 2009;20:493‐508.

• Coppola G, et al. Bone mineral density in a population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and mental retardation with or without epilepsy. Epilepsia 2012;53:2172‐7.

• Allington N, et al. Cyclic administration of pamidronate to treat osteoporosis  in children with cerebral palsy or a neuromuscular disorder: a clinical study. Acta Orthop Belg 2005;71:91‐7.

• Ko CH, et al. Risk factors of long bone fracture in non‐ambulatory cerebral palsy children. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12:426‐31.

• Arrowsmith F, et al. The effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neuro 2010;52:1043‐7.

Thank You