Body Systems

There are 10 Systems that you will be responsible for knowing about.

Function/s:

• gives structural support • protects• provides shape• stores minerals• produces red and white blood cellsSkeletal System

Parts:

• You Need to Know: skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, carpal, phalanges, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, fibula, tibia, femur, ulna, radius, elbow, humerus, scapula, mandible

Interactions: Circulatory

System

Marrow inside of your bones helps produce the cells inside of you blood.

Interactions:

Muscular SystemMuscles connect to your skeleton

They contract and move the skeleton along.

Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together.

They help the process of movement happen in a smoother manner.

Health:

Articles

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-health/MY01399

http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/living-with-osteoporosis-7/diet-nutrition

http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bone_health.cfm

General Info:Genetic Conditions

• Some genetic diseases cause individuals to grow excessive large and thick bones.

• Other genetic diseases can cause bones to become brittle and break easily, while the collagen of the body does not have the strength of a healthy individual.

• Even older people who break their bones can grow new bone and connective tissue that returns the bone to a usable state.

                                                                                

Quiz

What did you learn?

Who can name the Functions?

• gives structural support • protects• provides shape• stores minerals• produces red and white blood cells

What does the marrow inside your bones

produce?The cells inside your blood.

How does the muscular system interact with the

skeletal system?

Muscles connect to your skeleton

They contract and move the skeleton along.

Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together.

They help the process of movement happen in a smoother manner.

Muscular System

Function/s:

• produces movement• provides stabilization

• generates heat• pumps lymph

Major Body Parts

Front View

Major Body Parts

Back View

Parts:

The Three Different Types of Muscular Tissue

• Smooth • Cardiac• Skeletal/Voluntary (striated

muscle)

Smooth

•muscle you rarely control such as the muscle in digestive organs

Cardiac

•very specific tissue found in your heart

Skeletal/Voluntary (striated muscle)

•the muscle that helps you move and that you have control over

Muscle is called…

the meatus.

It is the meat you eat from cows, sheep, and includes the

muscle in your biceps.

Meat needs to connect to the bones so that

you can…

MOVE!!

Tendons

connect your

muscles to your bone at joints

Ligamentsbatches of connective tissue that bind bones to bones

MUSCLES, TENDONS&

LIGAMENTS

found working together in almost all of your joints

The Six Types of Jointshttp://www.kbteachers.com/human-anatomy/bone-joints-printable.html

Pivot Jointtrafelicien.edu.glogster.com/skeletal-system/

The pivot joint allows for the bone(s) to rotate, but not all the way around.

Ball and Socket Joint

Enables bones to

move 360 degrees.

Hinge Joint

Allows movement

in only one

direction

Saddle Joint

Allows movement in two

directions.

Gliding Joint

Permits a wide range of mostly sideways movements - as well as movements in one direction

Interactions: Nervous System

Even though thinking is not

always involved in moving, the neurons of the

nervous system are connected to most of the cells in your

muscular system.

Digestive SystemYou have smooth

muscles that line your digestive

system and help move food

through your intestines.

Smooth muscle also surrounds your circulatory

system and lymph system. Those

muscle tissues are spread throughout your body and are even involved in controlling the temperature of

your body.

Circulatory System and

Lymph System

Health:Keys to Maintaining

Healthy Muscles: Endurance and

Strength

• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/health/13muscles.html

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonesjointsandmuscles.html

To maintain endurance, you

should engage in activities that pump blood to

the muscles, like walking.

For strength, you need to lift weights,

concentrating on muscles of the back, legs, and

arms.

General Info:Muscles called extensors

cause your limbs to straighten.

The triceps are extensors.

Muscles called flexors force your joints to bend.

A bicep is a flexor

• http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_muscular.html

• http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/muscles.html

• http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human- biology/muscle1.htm

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-ozRNVhGVg

Quiz

What did you learn?

Who can name the joints?

•Pivot

•Ball and Socket

•Hinge

•Saddle

•Gliding

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons

What connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

What are the functions?

•produces movement•provides stabilization

•generates heat•pumps lymph

What’s an example of a flexor?

The bicep muscle.

What is an example of an extensor?

The tricep muscle.

Integumentary System (skin)

Function/s:

• reduces water loss,

• contains receptors that respond to touch,

• regulates body temperature, and

• protects the inside of the body from damage.

Parts:SKIN has

THREE layers

The epidermis

the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier

and creates our skin tone

The dermis

contains…

• tough connective

tissue• hair follicles

and •sweat glands

The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

made of fat and connective tissue

Interactions:

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_integument.html

Immune System

Your skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system. Your skin has tiny glands that secrete sweat and oil. Those glands are termed exocrine glands and are not like the glands of your endocrine system. While it may feel a bit slimy, those fluids decrease the pH on the surface of your skin and kill microorganisms. There are even enzymes in your sweat that can digest bacteria.

Circulatory System

The integumentary system also works closely with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your body. Capillaries near the surface of the skin open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat.

Nervous System• Receptors in skin

send sensory information to the brain.

• The autonomic nervous system regulates peripheral blood flow and sweat glands.

• Nerves control muscles connected to hair follicles.

Health:

• http://health.discovery.com/videos/skin-care-tips/ Video

• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/skin-care/SN00003 Article

• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acne/DS00169 Acne/Article

• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/best-sunscreen/MY01350 Article

General Info:

• The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 sq ft.

• The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin.

• Melanocytes are located in the epidermis

Immune System

Function:

• microscopic armor that protects the cells of your body from bacteria, viruses, and poisons you might encounter every day

Why do we have an immune system?

to keep you alive and healthy

This system can attack…

• foreign invaders

or

• go after cells created within your body that could endanger your life.

Cancer Cells

are sometimes the targets of our immune system.

Pathogens - agents of disease

• attack your body

• the immune system begins a series of immunological defenses.

You know when your immune system is at work because of the

symptoms you might have.

• fever• runny nose• swelling

Your immune system can respond many ways to a

problem.

There would be one response to…

• a knife wound • hay fever and

pollen• a specific response

to catching a cold.

Tonsils and Adenoids

The tonsils and adenoids are thought to assist the body in its defense against incoming bacteria and viruses by helping the body form antibodies.

Interactions:

Circulatory System

• Transports what is needed to fight pathogens

Lymphatic System

• produces lymphocytes

Integumentary System (your skin)

Is one of the most important parts of the immune system

It’s usually the first defense your body has against bacteria.

There is far more chance you will get dangerous bacteria or viruses on your

skin and hands than breathe those microorganisms in your lungs. You have cells and compounds on your skin that help to kill

any bacteria that appear. Always remember to wash your hands; most of

the microorganisms that get you sick are picked up when you touch things.

Failures of the Immune System

• immunodeficiency disorders (primary or acquired)

• autoimmune disorders (in which the body's own immune system attacks its own tissue as foreign matter)

• allergic disorders (in which the immune system overreacts in response to an antigen)

• cancers of the immune system

Primary Immune Deficiencies

Caused by a gene defect that affects the immune system. Genes carry an inherited code of instructions that tells the body how to make every cell and protein in the body.

The infections may be in the• Skin• Sinuses• Throat• Ears• Lungs• Brain or Spinal Cord • Urinary or Intestinal tracts

The increased vulnerability to infection may include repeated infections, infections that won’t clear up, or unusually severe infections.

Fortunately, with proper medical care, many patients live full and independent lives.

Secondary Immune Deficiencies Also known as, acquired

immunodeficiencies.

These are caused by something outside the body that suppresses, or causes the immune system not to work as it should.

For example, malnutrition, aging and particular medications such as chemotherapy or drugs that are given to patients after organ transplants.

AIDS (Autoimmune Deficiency

Syndrome)

A disease where specific immune cells such as helper-T and inducer-T cells are killed.

Without those cells, the immune system cannot work properly and even minor diseases can kill the organism.

Autoimmune Disorders

In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy organs and tissues as though they were foreign invaders.

Autoimmune Diseases

• Lupus, a chronic disease marked by muscle and joint pain and inflammation (the abnormal immune response also may involve attacks on the kidneys and other organs)

• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a disease in which the body's immune system acts as though certain body parts (such as the joints of the knee, hand, and foot) are foreign tissue and attacks them

• Scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disease that can lead to inflammation and damage of the skin, joints, and internal organs

• Juvenile dermatomyositis, a disorder marked by inflammation and damage of the skin and muscles

Allergic Disorders

• Allergic disorders occur when the immune system overreacts to exposure to antigens in the environment. The substances that provoke such attacks are called allergens.

The immune response can cause symptoms such as

• swelling• watery eyes• and sneezing,• even a life-threatening reaction

called anaphylaxis.

• Medications called antihistamines can relieve most symptoms.

Allergic disorders

• Asthma, a respiratory disorder that can cause breathing problems, frequently involves an allergic response by the lungs. If the lungs are oversensitive to certain allergens (like pollen, molds, animal dander, or dust mites), it can trigger breathing tubes in the lungs to become narrowed, leading to reduced airflow and making it hard for a person to breathe.

• Eczema is an itchy rash also known as atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is not necessarily caused by an allergic reaction, it more often occurs in kids and teens who have allergies, hay fever, or asthma or who have a family history of these conditions.

• Allergies of several types can occur in kids and teens. Environmental allergies (to dust mites, for example), seasonal allergies (such as hay fever), drug allergies (reactions to specific medications or drugs), food allergies (such as to nuts), and allergies to toxins (bee stings, for example) are the common conditions people usually refer to as allergies.

TEST TIME!!!!

• Get out a piece of paper and answer the questions. Use your notes ONLY if you need them.

1. What is the function of the Immune System?

• Body’s defense mechanism against illness

• Major controlling, regulating, and communication center

• Helps rid the body of wastes • Acts as a barrier to the outside

world

2. A disease where specific immune cells such as helper-T and

inducer-T cells are killed.

A. BronchitisB. AsthmaC. AIDSD. Hay Fever

3. This system is first defense against bacteria and viruses.

A. Immune SystemB. Integumentary SystemC. Skeletal SystemD. Endocrine System

4. Allergic reactions are when people can not tolerate ______.

A. AllergiesB. AIDSC. PoisonsD. Allergens

5. What are the Types of Immunological Disorders?

Write your answer now.

6. Where will you most likely pick up bacteria and viruses?

A. In your lungsorB. On your skin

7. Describe an Allergic Reaction.

Write out your answer.

Endocrine System

controls many of the biochemical pathways that occur in your body.

The endocrine system uses a compound called a hormone.

Hormones are used…

• to regulate your growth

• digestion

• body temperature, and

• glucose metabolism

The endocrine system is also unique in that it uses

• glands and cells within organs that are all closely related to other systems.

The endocrine system as the chemical brother of the nervous

system.

• the nervous system transmits information and instructions using electricity

• the endocrine system transmits information with chemicals and biological compounds.

Parts:• Pituitary Gland

a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain. It’s the "master control gland" - it makes hormones that affect growth and the functions of other glands in the body.

• Hypothalamus

is involved in several functions of the body including:

-Autonomic Function Control -Endocrine Function Control -Homeostasis -Motor Function Control -Food and Water Intake Regulation -Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation

Interactions:Circulatory System• The circulatory system is the transport system for endocrine

information. The endocrine chemicals and hormones most circulate through the body via blood vessels.

Excretory System• Many glands in your body secrete hormones into the blood. You

have a pituitary gland in the base of your skull that releases hormones that control blood pressure and your excretory system.

• You even have a tiny little adrenal gland above your kidneys that releases adrenalin if you get excited.

Muscular System• You have a thyroid gland in your neck that controls your bone

growth rate and metabolism.

Health

Thyroid Problems

A goiter: Lack of iodine in your food can cause your thyroid gland to grow to the size of a baseball.

An increase your body's metabolism can make you jumpy and sweaty (hyperthyroidism) or decrease the levels and make you sluggish (hypothyroidism).

Problems making insulin in the pancreas can cause a disease called diabetes which makes metabolizing carbohydrates difficult. Injections of insulin must be taken to counteract the problem.

The administration of thyroid hormone will lead to a

reduction in size of simple goiters in most cases.

Surgical removal of a simple goiter is usually unnecessary.

Caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet and usually occur in populations living in areas with

iodine-depleted soil