BY: OWEN SHIMBERGPERIOD 1 MRS. ODE

Body Systems Book

Skeletal System

Main Parts and their FunctionsBones- Any of the pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrae.

Cartilage- Firm whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms.

Joint- a structure in the human or animal body at which two parts of the skeleton are fitted together.

Ligament- a short band of tough, flexible fibourous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe skeletal system works with the circulatory system because it creates red blood cells and protects the heart.

The skeletal system works with the respiratory system, because it protects the trachea, vocal cords, and diaphragm.

InfectionBone Cancer- a cancerous tumor of the bone that destroys normal bone tissue.

Muscular System

Main Parts and their FunctionsCardiac Muscle- the muscular tissue of the heartSkeletal Muscle- a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and

other parts of the body.Smooth Muscle- muscle tissue in which the contractible fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal

organs and not under voluntary control.Tendons- a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe muscular system works with the skeletal system because the skeletal muscles move the bone and the tendons

connect the muscle to the bone.The muscular system works with the digestive system because smooth muscles are found in the intestines, esophagus,

and stomach.

InfectionContracture- the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles,tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic

connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues

The Circulatory System

Main Parts and their FunctionsHeart- pumps blood throughout body.Atrium- each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles.Ventricle- a hallow part or cavity in an organ.Artery- any of the muscular walled tubes forming part of the circulatory system by which blood is conveyed from the heart to

all parts of the body.Vein- any of the tubes forming part of the circulatory system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood

toward the heart.Capillary- any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.Blood- The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to

carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body.Red blood cell- a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red

color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe circulatory system works with the respiratory system because the respiratory system provides oxygen for the blood.The circulatory system works with the muscular system because the blood provides oxygen and nutrients for the muscles.

InfectionEndocarditis- inflammation of the endothelial membrane that lines the cavities if the heart.

The Respiratory System

Main Parts and their FunctionsPharynx- the membrane lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.Larynx- the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other

mammals; the voice box.Trachea- a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and

conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipeBronchi- any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe.Alveoli- a small cavity, pit,or ,hollow.

Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe respiratory system works with the nervous system because the spinal cord delivers the messages from the brain to the

rest of the bodyThe respiratory system works with the muscular system because there is a smooth muscle on the diaphragm.

InfectionFlu- a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often

occurring in epidemics.

The Digestive System

Main Parts and their FunctionsMouth- the opening in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and from

which speech and other sounds are emitted.Saliva- watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding

digestion.Esophagus- the part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other

vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.Stomach- the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being a pear-shaped enlargement of

the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.Pancreas- a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the

pancreas are the islets of langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.Liver- a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes.Small intestines- the part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum,

jejunum,and ileum collectively.Large intestines- the cecum, colon, and rectum collectively.Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe digestive system works with the circulatory system because the circulatory system moves oxygen and glucose around

the body so cells can do work, and it moves wastes so they can be disposed by the body.The digestive system works with the respiratory system because the respiratory system provides oxygen and removes

carbon dioxide.InfectionGastroenteritis- the inflammation of the gastrointestinal track which is composed of stomach and intestines.

The Nervous System

Main Parts and their FunctionsPNS- peripheral nervous system. The human nervous system. Blue is PNS while red is CNS. PNS is the part of the

nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.CNS- the central nervous system is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.Nerves- a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from

these to the muscles and organs.Brain- an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of

sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.Spinal cord- the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all

parts of the body to the brain, with which if forms the central nervous system.

Working With Other Systems to Create HomeostasisThe nervous system works with the digestive system be cause the digestive system provides energy for the brain.The nervous system works with the musculoskeletal system because the musculoskeletal system protects the brain ad

spinal cord, and provides protection for impulses sent down through the body from the brain.

InfectionMeningitis- this type of infection affects the tissues that surround the brain, spinal cord, and cerebral spinal fluid. The

majority of cases ate viral meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is more serious; it can cause death if not treated quickly or if the infection spreads rapidly.

Citations

www.webmd.comwww.livestrong.comwww.kidshealth.orgwww.innerbody.comwww.rsc.org