Báo cáo chuyên ngành số 07 MÔI TRƯỜNGopen_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12000139_01.pdf · trường dọc các tuyến đường cao tốc ..... 4-8 Bảng 4.1.4 Một số

C QUAN HP TC QUC T NHT BN (JICA) B GIAO THNG VN TI, VIT NAM

NGHIN CU TON DIN V

PHT TRIN BN VNG H THNG GIAO THNG VN TI

VIT NAM

(VITRANSS 2)

Bo co chuyn ngnh s 07 MI TRNG

Thng 05 nm 2010

Cng ty ALMEC Cng ty T vn Phng ng

Cng ty NIPPON KOEI

T gi hi oi s dng trong bo co ny 1 USD = 110 Yn = 17.000 ng

(Mc trung bnh nm 2008)

LI NI U

p ng yu cu ca Chnh ph nc Cng ha X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam, Chnh ph Nht Bn quyt nh tin hnh Nghin cu ton din v Pht trin bn vng h thng Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam (VITRANSS2), giao chng trnh ny cho C quan Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn (JICA)

JICA c mt on nghin cu sang Vit Nam lm vic t thng 11,2007 ti thng 5,2010, do ng IWATA Shizuo t cng ty ALMEC lm trng on, v c cc thnh vin khc l chuyn gia ca cng ty ALMEC, cng ty t vn Phng ng v cng ty Nippon Koei.

c s hp tc cht ch ca nhm i tc Vit Nam, on Nghin cu JICA tin hnh nghin cu ny, ng thi t chc nhiu bui tho lut vi cc cn b hu quan ca Chnh ph Vit Nam. Khi tr v Nht Bn, on Nghin cu hon tt nghin cu v np bo co ny.

Ti hy vng rng bo co ny s gp phn vo qu trnh pht trin bn vng ca h thng giao thng vn ti ca Vit Nam v c nc Vit Nam, ng thi a mi quan h hu ho gia hai nc ln mt tm cao mi.

Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc cn b Chnh ph Vit Nam h tr v hp tc cht ch vi nghin cu ny.

Thng 5, 2010

HIROYO SASAKI,

Ph Ch tch C quan Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn

Thng 5, 2010

HIROYO Sasaki Ph Ch tch C quan Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn Tokyo

T trnh

Knh tha ngi,

Chng ti xin chnh thc trnh b bo co cui cng ca Nghin cu ton din v Pht trin bn vng H thng Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam (VITRANSS2).

B bo co ny tng hp cc kt qu nghin cu thc hin c Vit Nam v Nht Bn trong giai on t thng 11, 2007 ti thng 5, 2010 ca on Nghin cu gm cc chuyn gia ca cng ty ALMEC, cng ty T vn Phng ng v cng ty Nippon Koei.

Bo co ny c c l nh s ng gp ca rt nhiu ngi. Trc ht, chng ti c bit cm n nhng ngi h tr v hp tc vi on Nghin cu trong thi gian qua, c bit l ca B Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam.

Chng ti cng cm n cc cn b ca qu c quan, ca Ban C vn JICA v ca i s qun Nht Bn ti Vit Nam h tr v c vn su st cho chng ti trong qu trnh nghin cu.

Chng ti hy vng rng b bo co ny s gp phn vo qu trnh pht trin bn vng ca h thng giao thng vn ti ti Vit Nam.

Trn trng,

IWATA Shizuo Trng on Nghin cu Nghin cu Ton din v Pht trin Bn vng H thng Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam (VITRANSS2)

i

MC LC

1 GII THIU

1.1 D n ............................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Tng quan ........................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.3 Mc tiu ca Bo co ...................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4 Cc khu vc mi trng x hi cn quan tm ................................................................ 1-5 1.5 Vn cn quan tm ca cc yu t mi trng t nhin ............................................. 1-8 1.6 Vn cn quan tm ca cc yu t gy nhim .......................................................... 1-10

2 IU KIN MI TRNG CA VIT NAM

2.1 Mi trng x hi ............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Mi trng t nhin ......................................................................................................... 2-8 2.3 nhim ............................................................................................................................ 2-47

3 KHUNG LUT BO V MI TRNG

3.1 Lut v th ch mi trng .............................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 B khung nh gi mi trng ........................................................................................ 3-2 3.3 Cc qui chun/tiu chun mi trng .............................................................................. 3-3 3.4 Th tc hnh chnh trin khai d n ................................................................................ 3-4

4 XEM XT MI TRNG

4.1 nh gi mi trng chin lc (SEA) ........................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Xem xt mi trng trong QHTT ca VITRANSS 2 ........................................................ 4-31 4.3 Kt lun v xut .......................................................................................................... 4-75

PH LC

Ph lc 3A Ph lc 4A Ph lc 4B Ph lc 4C

ii

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.2.1 Khu vc h thc vt v mi trng ...................................................................... 1-3

Bng 2.1.1 Dn s theo vng nm 2006 ................................................................................. 2-1 Bng 2.1.2 Cc khu vc d xy ra thin tai dc tuyn ng st hin nay ............................ 2-7 Bng 2.2.1 Lng ma trung bnh thng Vit Nam nm 2006 ............................................ 2-9 Bng 2.2.2 Nhit trung bnh thng nm 2006 ................................................................... 2-10 Bng 2.2.3 m trung bnh thng nm 2006 ...................................................................... 2-10 Bng 2.2.4 S cn bo v p thp nhit di b vo Vit Nam giai on 2004 ~ 2007 ... 2-11 Bng 2.2.5 Thit hi v khi lng t st l trn cc tuyn quc l nm 2005 .................. 2-13 Bng 2.2.6 Thit hi v khi lng t st l trn cc tuyn ng a phng nm 2005 2-14 Bng 2.2.7 V tr tm chn ng t v cp ng t tng ng ......................................... 2-16 Bng 2.2.8 Din tch rng ca Vit Nam (000 ha)................................................................. 2-25 Bng 2.2.9 Hin trng v c cu s dng t ca Vit Nam nm 2006 (000 ha) ................ 2-27 Bng 2.2.10 Ti nguyn nc ca mt s sng chnh Vit Nam (109 m3) ......................... 2-28 Bng 2.2.11 Lu lng nc hng thng ca mt s sng chnh ......................................... 2-29 Bng 2.2.12 Cc h cha nc chnh Vit Nam ................................................................. 2-30 Bng 2.2.13 Danh mc cc ngun nc khong v nc nng ............................................ 2-31 Bng 2.2.14 Phn b cc m thy triu v rng ngp mn quc gia ................................... 2-33 Bng 2.2.15 So snh s a dng sinh hc ca 6 m thu triu quan trng ......................... 2-33 Bng 2.2.16 H sinh thi chnh Vit Nam ............................................................................ 2-33 Bng 2.2.17 a dng thnh phn loi ca Vit Nam .............................................................. 2-34 Bng 2.2.18 Cc loi sinh vt bin Vit Nam ....................................................................... 2-36 Bng 2.2.19 S lng cc loi b e da trn ton cu .......................................................... 2-36 Bng 2.2.20 Danh sch cc vn quc gia ca Vit Nam ...................................................... 2-37 Bng 2.2.21 Danh sch cc khu bo tn ca Vit Nam .......................................................... 2-38 Bng 2.2.22 Cc di sn th gii Vit Nam .......................................................................... 2-40 Bng 2.2.23 Tn xut xy ra thin tai Vit Nam ................................................................... 2-43 Bng 2.2.24 Tng thit hi do bo v p thp nhit i gy ra trong nm 2004&7 thng u nm 2005 ..................................................................................................................... 2-43 Bng 2.2.25 Thit hi do bo s 6 ........................................................................................... 2-44 Bng 2.2.26 Cc cng c/tha thun/hip c quc t v mi trng Vit Nam tham gia . 2-46 Bng 2.3.1 Lng nc thi t vn ti bin ......................................................................... 2-49 Bng 2.3.2 Cht thi rn ca cc khu cng nghip ti vng kinh t trng im ................... 2-49 Bng 2.3.3 Pht sinh cht thi rn ......................................................................................... 2-49

Bng 4.1.1 Cc khu bo tn thin nhin, vn quc gia v khu bo tn vn ha - lch s mi

trng c kh nng b nh hng ........................................................................ 4-3 Bng 4.1.2 Lng kh thi c tnh ca ngnh GTVT ng b nm 2030 ca 3 kch bn .. 4-5

Bng 4.1.3 Cc khu bo tn thin nhin, vn quc gia v khu bo tn vn ha lch s mi trng dc cc tuyn ng cao tc .................................................................... 4-8

Bng 4.1.4 Mt s vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin t ngp nc c ngha sinh thi, vn ho, lch s quan trng vng BSCL ........................................................... 4-24

Bng 4.2.1 Phn loi cc d n xut trong QHTT ........................................................... 4-34 Bng 4.2.2 Cc loi vt iu thng thy trong cht thi xy dng ng v ph d cng trnh

............................................................................................................................ 4-49 Bng 4.2.3 Tc ng ca bo nhit i t nm 2004 n thng 7 nm 2005 ...................... 4-50

iii

Bng 4.2.5 Lng kh thi CO2 ca mt s phng thc vn ti ........................................ 4-61 Bng 4.2.6 Cc ni dung c bit lu trong TM mt s d n c tim nng gy tc ng ln n mi trng .................................................................................................... 4-68 Bng 4.2.7 Cc bn a hnh t l 1:50.000 (s liu nm 2004) ca VITRANSS 2 .......... 4-71

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 2.1.1 Cc trung tm dn s v vng a l ca KVNC VITRANSS 2 ............................. 2-2 Hnh 2.2.1 Phn b lng ma hng nm ............................................................................. 2-8 Hnh 2.2.2 St l t v ngp trn cc tuyn ng ............................................................ 2-12 Hnh 2.2.3 Khu vc d xy ra ngp lt v st l t Vit nam .......................................... 2-14 Hnh 2.2.4 Tm chn ng t c cng MS>=4 ........................................................... 2-23 Hnh 2.2.5 Bn tm chn ng t ca Vit Nam v khu vc ln cn ............................ 2-24 Hnh 2.2.6 Lu lng dng chy trung bnh thng ca mt s sng chnh ......................... 2-28 Hnh 2.2.7 Ma bnh qun thng .......................................................................................... 2-29 Hnh 2.2.8 H sinh thi ven bin ca Vit Nam .................................................................... 2-32 Hnh 2.2.9 Bn cc khu bo tn ca Vit Nam ................................................................ 2-41 Hnh 2.2.10 Bn cc khu vc nguy him Vit Nam ........................................................ 2-45

Hnh 4.2.1 Phn vng mi trng ......................................................................................... 4-32 Hnh 4.2.2 Cc khu bo tn .................................................................................................. 4-32 Hnh 4.2.3 che ph .......................................................................................................... 4-32 Hnh 4.2.4 Khu vc d xy ra ng t ................................................................................ 4-32 Hnh 4.2.5 Khu vc d xy ra st l v ngp lt ................................................................... 4-33 Hnh 4.2.6 Khu vc d b nh hng bi bo gi ................................................................ 4-33 Hnh 4.2.7 S thay i nng bi hng nm ti cc nt giao thng cc thnh ph ln hng nm (2000 2004) .............................................................................................. 4-54 Hnh 4.2.8 S thay i nng SO2 hng nm ti cc nt giao thng cc thnh ph ln (2000 2004) ................................................................................................................ 4-54 Hnh 4.2.9 S thay i nng CO hng nm ti cc nt giao thng cc thnh ph ln (2000 2004) ................................................................................................................. 4-54

iv

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT

ADB Ngn hng pht trin Chu AIDS Hi chng suy gim nhim dch AP i tng b nh hng ATC iu hnh giao thng khu vc CAAV Cc hng khng dn dng Vit Nam CARB Ban ti nh c h tr n b CE c bit qu him CNG Kh nn t nhin CO2 Carbon ioxit CPC y ban Nhn dn x DMS Kho st o c chi tit DOC S Xy dng DOF S Ti chnh DONRE S Ti nguyn v Mi trng DPC y ban Nhn dn qun/huyn DPI S K hoch v u t EHS Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton EIA nh gi tc ng mi trng EN Qu him EURO n v tin t Chu u GOV Chnh ph Vit Nam HCMC Thnh ph H Ch Minh HIV Virut gy suy gim min dch ngi I/M Bo tr v Chnh b IEE nh gi ban u v mi trng IMO T chc hng hi quc t IOL Thng k thit hi IUCN Hip hi quc t v bo tn thin nhin IWT Giao thng ng thy ni a JICA T chc hp tc quc t Nht bn LEP Lut bo v mi trng LPG Kh ha lng MARPOL nhim hng hi MOH B Y t MOLISA B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi MONRE B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng MOT B Giao thng vn ti MRD ng bng sng Mkong NEPA C quan bo v mi trng quc gia NNW Bc Ty bc NO2 Nit ixit NSHSR ng st cao tc Bc - Nam NTRB Ban nghin cu giao thng vn ti quc gia OPRC Hp tc, ng ph v Phng trnh nhim du PAP i tng b nh hng ca d n PC y bn Nhn dn PIP K hoch u t cng PMU Ban qun l d n PPC y ban Nhn dn tnh PRC Ban ti nh c tnh RAP K hoch hnh ng v ti nh c ROW Ch gii an ton RP K hoch ti nh c RRD ng bng sng Hng

v

RT T chc ti nh c SEA nh gi mi trng chin lc SO2 Kh Sulfur ixit SSW Nam Ty Nam TCVN Tiu chun Vit Nam URENCO Cng ty Mi trng USA Hp chng quc Hoa K USD ng la VEA Cc Mi trng Vit Nam VINARAIL ng st Vit Nam VITRANSS 2 Nghin cu ton din chin lc pht trin giao thng vn ti

bn vng Vit Nam ln th 2 VIWA Cc ng thy ni a Vit Nam VND Vit Nam ng VNRA Cc ng st Vit Nam VOC Hp cht hu c VRA Cc ng b Vit Nam VU Chu nh hng WB Ngn hng Th gii WTO T chc Thng mi Th gii

Nghin cu ton din pht trin giao thng vn ti bn vng Vit Nam (VITRANSS 2) Bo co chuyn ngnh s 7: Mi trng

1-1

1 GII THIU

1.1 D n

Vo nm 2007 Chnh ph Vit Nam nh ti s h tr v mt k thut t pha Chnh ph Nht Bn thng qua C quan hp tc quc t Nht Bn (JICA) nhm trin khai Nghin cu ton din pht trin giao thng vn ti bn vng Vit Nam (VITRANSS 2) vi mc ch nng tm VITRANSS, c trin khai nm 1999 2000. VITRANSS tr thnh mt d n vin tr h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) hp tc a phng gia cc t chc nh Ngn hng Th gii (WB) v Ngn hng pht trin chu (ADB) cng nh nhng vin tr song phng ca d n v pht trin GTVT. VITRANSS c xem nh mang li mt nn tng trong vic pht trin bn vng v mang tnh h thng ngnh GTVT ca Chnh ph Vit Nam.

VITRANSS 2 d kin nng cp cp nht chin lc pht trin GTVT a phng thc tm quc gia c trin khai cch y 10 nm, nhm cung cp nn quy hoch cp nht hn, s c s dng trong vic pht trin c s h tng GTVT p ng nhu cu ca Vit Nam trong th k 21 ny. c bit, VITRANSS 2 c nhng mc tiu sau:

(i) Chun b mt chin lc mi pht trin ngnh GTVT mang tnh ton din v lu di; (ii) Chun b mt k hoch quy hoch tng th ton din GTVT cp trung bnh nhm

t c mc tiu nm 2020; (iii) Chun b mt chng trnh u t ngn hn cho giai on 2011 2015; (iv) Chun b quy hoch tng th mng li ng cao tc Bc Nam v tin hnh nghin

cu tin kh thi cho cc on ng u tin th im; (v) Hon thnh nghin cu quy hoch s b cho ng st cao tc Bc Nam; v, (vi) Chuyn giao cng ngh cho pha i tc Vit Nam.

Nhng chin lc v quy hoch tng th s bao gm vic phn tch h thng GTVT ng b, ng st, cng bin v vn ti bin, ng sng ni a v ng hng khng phc v cho c hnh khch ln dch v vn ti cng nh vic iu hnh hot ng, qun l v nng lc th ch, bo m cho quy hoch ng u v ph hp mang tnh bn vng lu di. Nhng chin lc ny s c tin hnh trn phm vi ton quc v tp trung nhng khu vc ng dn c.

Ngnh GTVT c trch nhim ngn nga v gim thiu ti a nhng tc ng xu m cc d n c th gy ra i vi mi trng. Do vy bo co ny s tp trung vo iu kin mi trng hin ti ca Vit Nam v c cu t chc mang tnh mi trng trong VITRANSS 2 d n xut s c trin khai.


1-2

1.2 Tng quan

t nc Vit Nam c hnh ch S tri di t v 23o30 ti 8o30 Bc v kinh 102o ti 110o ng, tng din tch l 330.363 km2. Vit Nam gip vi vnh nng Tonkin v pha Bc v vnh Thi Lan pha Nam v bin ng pha ng, chiu di ng b bin di khong 3.260 km. Vit Nam gip vi Trung Quc, Lo v Campuchia vi chiu di ln n 3.370 km.

Din tch t i ni Vit Nam chim , cn li l ng bng. C 2 vng chu th ln nht l chu th sng Hng v sng Mekong.

Mi trng t nhin ca Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph. Tng cng c 10 vng v 38 khu mi trng sinh thi c tng kt trong Bng 1.2.1 da trn nhng iu kin t nhin lin quan ti cc kha cnh KT-XH v mi trng. Cc vng bao gm vng ni pha Bc, vng trung tm, vng cao nguyn trung b, vng ng Bc B, Chu th pha Nam, H Ni, Tp. HCM v cc qun o.

Tuy nhin, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph b tn ph nng n trong chin tranh (1964 1975). Kt qu mang li khng ch c thng vong cht chc v nhng y hc bin chng ko di m cn l s ph v v xung cp trn din rng ca h sinh thi. Bom mn v thuc dit c l nguyn nhn chnh hy hoi mi trng. Nhng loi v kh ny nhm vo khu vc t cao v rng c, t nng nghip. Gn 35 nm tri qua k t khi chin tranh kt thc, thng nht t nc. Thi gian tri i lm cho ngi ta kh m nhn ra c s tn ph ca chin tranh vi cc p lc pht trin kinh t v tng trng dn s nhanh chng. Nhng khng th ph nhn mt iu l chin tranh gy ra s hy dit mi trng hng lot. Tuy nhin, nhng thnh cng trong n lc ca Chnh ph Vit Nam nhm phc hi v ti sinh mi trng lm gim bt nhng nh hng n h sinh thi.

D Vit Nam ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu vn v mi trng, song iu quan trng l ngi Vit Nam vn c th bo tn nt vn ha truyn thng ca h v hng ti s chung sng ha bnh v thn thin vi t nhin.


1-3

Bng 1.2.1 Khu vc h thc vt v mi trng

Vng h thc vt Khu vc mi trng sinh thi

1. Vng ni pha Bc v Bc Trung B

(i) Vng ni ng Bc (ii) Khu ng Vn (iii) Khu vc ni cao gia sng Hng v sng (iv) Khu min ni Ty Bc

2. Vng trung du pha Bc v Bc Trung B

(i) Trung du pha Bc (ii) Trung du Bc Trung B

3. Chu th pha Bc

(i) ng bng duyn hi (ii) Khu m ly pha Bc (iii) t ph sa (iv) Khu m ly pha Nam

4. Vng Trung b Vit Nam

(i) i ni Ty Bc Trung B Vit Nam (ii) ng bng Bc Trung B (iii) i ni Ty Nam Trung B Vit Nam (iv) ng bng Nam Trung B

5. Vng Cao nguyn Trung b

(i) Vng ni cao thuc Cao nguyn Nam b (ii) Cao nguyn Nam Trung B (iii) Gia vng Cao nguyn Trung b (iv) Cao nguyn Bc Trung B (v) Vng ni cao thuc Cao nguyn Nam Trung B

6. Vng ng Nam b

(i) Khu vc i cao trn 200 m (ii) t ba-zan pha ng (iii) t ph sa mi hnh thnh (iv) t ph xa c

7. Chu th Nam B

(i) Khu trng c ven bin (ii) Rng U Minh (iii) Khu trng la ng Thp Mi (iv) Khu vc t gic Long Xuyn (v) Vng trng gia sng Tin v sng Hu (vi) Khu vc chu th b nh hng ca nc bin (vii) Chu th Trung b

8. Tp. H Ni (i) Khu vc th H Ni (ii) Vng ngoi thnh H Ni

9. Tp. HCM (iii) Khu vc th Tp. HCM (iv) Vng ngoi thnh Tp. HCM

10. Qun o ngoi khi v bin

(i) Qun o Bac Bo Bay (ii) Qun o ngoi khi trung b (iii) Qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa (iv) o Ph Quc


1-4

1.3 Mc tiu ca Bo co

Ti liu bo co k thut VITRANSS 2 ny s mang li mt bc tranh tng quan v iu kin mi trng ti Vit Nam, vic bin son th ch bo v mi trng v nhng cn nhc s b khc.

Cc d n c pht trin nh mt phn ca VITRANSS 2 s c mt lot nhng tc ng n mi trng v nhim mang tnh t nhin x hi trn c phng din tch cc ln tiu cc. Trong khi vic ci thin nng cp c s h tng GTVT s mang li li ch cho x hi th vn cn c nhng tiu chun nh du bt k nhng vng no c nhng tc ng tiu cc v tch cc cng nh li ch c c. Vi bt k mt d n pht trin no th cng cn tnh n 9 yu t mi trng x hi, 8 yu t mi trng t nhin, v 6 yu t nhim; vic nhn bit nhng tc ng nh hng cng nh bin php gim thiu cng rt cn thit. Nhng thng tin ny sau c th c s dng cho vic phn tch d n c th trong lnh vc mi trng t nhin/x hi v nh hng ti nhim.

Do , bn Bo co ny c coi nh mt cuc nghin cu tng quan nhn bit v thm nh tm quan trng ca nhng nhn t gy ra nh hng i vi vic pht trin GTVT, c th nh sau:

(a) Mi trng x hi

Ti nh c ; Tn tht kinh t; Cc cng trnh x hi, kiu mu v an ton giao thng; Tip cn hn ch v phn chia cng ng; Mt mt v xung cp cng trnh ti sn vn ha; Tn tht v xung cp ngun s dng nc hay quyn s dng t; Nhng tc ng ti sc khe cng ng; Qun l rc thi xy dng; v, H thng thot nc v a cht bt n.

(b) Mi trng t nhin

Nhng tc ng ti a hnh v a cht; Si mn t; Tc ng n ngun nc ngm; Tc ng ti thc trng thy vn; Tc ng ti vng b bin; Tc ng ti ng thc vt; Tc ng ti kh tng hc; v Tc ng ti cnh quan.

(c) nhim

nhim khng kh; nhim nc; nhim t; Ting n v chn ng; Ln t; v Mi gy kh chu.

Bo co cng nhn nh nhng quy nh iu lut chnh cng nh cc tiu chun c p dng trong vic qun l cc nhn t gy nh hng tc ng ny.


1-5

1.4 Cc khu vc mi trng x hi cn quan tm

1) Ti nh c

Dng nh tc ng mang tnh x hi r nt nht ca cc d n c s h tng GTVT l vic thu hi t t cho vic xy dng cng trnh giao thng. iu ny s gy ra nhng tn tht nghim trng cho ngi dn v cc h gia nh, khng ch mt t v ti sn c nh m cn tc ng n cuc sng bt n ca h, cuc sng v s gn kt trong cng ng v. Do vy bt k hnh thc phn tch no u s phi hnh thnh ranh gii bao quanh cc vn ti nh c do chng u lin quan ti vic pht trin ng b, ng st, ng hng khng v cng bin c vch ra trong cc quy hoch tng th, do tc ng bt ngun t mi loi phng thc giao thng l khc nhau v phm vi quy m v tnh ngt ngho.

2) Tn tht kinh t

C mi lin quan cht ch vi nhng tc ng ti nh c l nhng tn tht v kinh t gn lin vi t ai v vic mt mt ti sn. Bn cnh nhng tn tht mang tnh nh lng v c th d dng nhn thy ny l s xung cp ca cuc sng cng nh tnh trng mt vic khng trnh khi trong qu trnh ti nh c v rt kh xc nh s lng v gim thiu. C s h tng mi cng gy ra nh hng ti gi t quanh cc cng trnh tng t bin khng ng gi tr tht, lm cho cc khon u t mi tr nn tn km hn hoc gi thnh gim st do ting n, rung chuyn, cc vn v xm phm bt hp php v an ton x hi, do vy lm gim gi tr ti sn. Chnh v th nhng phn tch c th nn c gng nhn bit nhng nhn t gy ra tc ng nh hng v phng hng ngn nga gim thiu.

3) Ti phn b lu lng giao thng v nhng nh hng n cc cng trnh cng cng

Vic thay th cc phng thc GTVT hin ti v cc tuyn ng bng nhng cng trnh mi dn n nhng tc ng tiu cc v mt kinh t cng nh tai nn giao thng v vic lu lng giao thng tng nhanh ngoi mun ti nhng khu vc nng, do vy vn an ton giao thng cng cn tng cng. Tt nhin cng c nhng li ch t vic ci thin nng cp tng th lung giao thng nh thi gian i li c gim bt v t nhim khng kh hn. Vic quy hoch cc cng trnh tuyn nh ng b v ng st phi cn nhc ti nh hng lu lng giao thng v ti phn b lung giao thng trn c 2 phng din l a im v thi gian. Nhng phn tch trong tng lai do vy s phi nhn bit nhng ch s chnh nhm xc nh nhng nh hng ti x hi t vic ti phn b giao thng v chng minh nhng tc ng quan trng v cc bc ng n nhm ngn chn v gim thiu nhng nh hng tiu cc khng mong mun. Mt lot nhng cng trnh cng cng c th gy ra tc ng tim nng cng s rt cn thit.

4) Phn chia cng ng v tip cn hn ch

i khi vic pht trin tuyn mi nh ng cao tc c xut v tuyn ng st cao tc s dn ti vic tip cn c nhng hn ch v gim bt vic s dng t truyn thng. y c coi nh mt tc ng ht sc nghim trng, nhng c th ngn chn trn din rng qua vic quy hoch cn thn. Tc ng hin nhin nht l vic phn chia cng ng thnh 2 theo ng cao tc ct ngang qua n hoc nh vic pht trin tuyn mi gy nh hng ti lng, x khi tuyn ng i qua rung nng nghip ca h. Mt iu cn kh nhn bit hn l vic nhng gi tr vn ha truyn thng gn lin vi mnh t qua hng th k b phn chia bi mt d n quy hoch ng b hay ng st km cht lng no . Vic nh gi mang tnh x hi trong tng lai s cn phi nhn bit v phn loi nhng ngun c th gy ra tc ng, loi hnh tc ng, ch s lin quan n nhng thay i ny,


1-6

hon thnh kho st chi tit cng nh nhn bit nhng hnh ng ngn nga gim thiu tc ng.

5) Cng trnh vn ha

Vit Nam c lch s pht trin hn 4.000 nm, cc di tch cng trnh kho c v vn ha hu ht vn cn nm trong lng t, dc theo khu vc ven bin v chn ni, y cng chnh l mc tiu ca vic quy hoch pht trin c s h tng. Do , nhng di tch ny ang thuc din c nguy c b hy hoi hoc mt i do thiu cn trng trong quy hoch v xy dng. Hin nay cng c nhng cng trnh lch s mang tnh vn ha quan trng v nhng a im nh n c, nh th c, cc a im lch s cng nh cc ngha trang cn c nhng nh lp quy hoch ch khi hnh thnh hng tuyn. c bit cc cng trnh h thng tuyn trn cao c th to ra ting n khng mong mun v mt m quan lm cho gi tr du lch gim st ti cc im b nh hng. Vic nh gi tc ng n nhng cng trnh vn ha s bao gm vic r sot li nhng quy ch lut nh lin quan v cc bc cn thit nhm nhn bit nhng di tch kho c v vn ha, cc loi hnh d n lin quan ti nhng tc ng nm trong d on v cc phng tin trnh gy thit hi hay ph hy cng trnh. Cng vic ny phi bao gm nhng phng n t vn vi Vin Hn Lm Kho C Khoa Hc X Hi, nhm vch ra s v nhn c s tr gip v cc khu vc nhy cm. Thng th cc t chc ny khng sn lng tit l nhng a im ca nhng tn tch kho c v lo s vn mt cp. V vy cc nh thu s phi gi li nhng g c du hiu c bit trn nn thi cng.

6) Quyn s dng nc v nhng mt mt ti sn chung

ng b v tuyn ng st thng ct ngang cc con sng v chy qua t ai thuc s hu ngi dn. Hn na, cc cng trnh ng b v ng st lin quan n ng hm hay vic s dng ng ng v nhng vt ct rng c th nh hng ti ging ca cc a phng, lm kh hn hay nhim ngun nc ung. Vit Nam c mt b dy lch s hnh thnh cc loi ti sn chung ca cng ng nh ging nc v ngun nc v vic xm lng a phng c th d dng tip cn s duy tr mt hnh thc sinh hot cng ng. Bn cnh nhng yu t tim nng c th gy nhim th vic pht trin tuyn ng c th lm hn ch hay gy ra cn tr v ri ro v an ton. Thng nhng a im chung c th nh lng m v nhng ni din ra cuc hnh hng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong hot ng tn ngng. Vic ct ngang hay lm hn ch kh nng tip cn ti nhng cng trnh nh vy s c th hy hoi tnh n nh x hi ca cng ng. Do vy vic nh gi mang tnh x hi ca nhng loi hnh tc ng ny s cn ti vic nhn bit nhng quy nh v ngun nc v t ai chung, nhn ra mi lin h gia nguyn nhn-h qu cn nhc ti cc bin php nh hnh cc a im nhy cm v cc hnh ng ngn nga gim thiu m cc nh lp quy hoch/thit k giao thng cn phi thc hin trong cng vic ca h.

7) Cc iu kin v sc khe cng ng

Vic pht trin tuyn ng cao tc hay ng st cao tc, c thit k vi mc ch nng lu lng giao thng, cng gy nh hng ti vic lu lng giao thng ln s gy ra tnh trng cht thi lng v rc thi tng cao. Vic thi cng ng b hay ng st m khng c c s h tng cn thit v dch v ng n s dn n nhng vn v sc khe v v sinh cng nh vic rn nt ton b h thng giao thng. V d nh vic quy hoch km v di mc quy m khu vc ng cao tc c th gy ra s lan nhim bnh tt trn din rng. Nhng tc ng gin tip do kh thi hay rc thi cha qua x l ti nhng khu vc l ng s lm cho ngun nc nhim r r vo trong ngun nc mt, y l nguyn nhn bng pht bnh lin quan ti ng rut nh bnh dch t v bnh l.


1-7

Do vy, vic kim nh nhn t ny v coi nh mt phn ca cng tc nh gi tc ng x hi c th s phi bao gm vic nhn bit nhng vn v sc khe cng ng gn lin vi cc d n ngnh giao thng vn ti, phi tun theo cc quy chun Vit Nam ng n v cc phng hng p dng nhm ngn nga v gim thiu.

8) Cht thi (ngnh xy dng)

Vic xy dng thi cng cc cng trnh GTVT nh ng st cao tc trn cao, ng cao tc hay cu cng thng sn sinh ra lng cht thi rt ln trn phng din cht thi nguyn vt liu xy dng, rc thi t khai qut khng ph hp cho vic ti s dng trong cng vic kin trc, v rc thi trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh thu. Vic qun l bt cn v khng c k hoch nhng loi rc thi ny s gy ra nhng vn v sc khe v an ton v sinh, lm nhim t trn din rng bao gm c nc mt ln nc ngm; v d nh rc thi t vic tip nhin liu v t khu vc dch v xng du khng c thu gom v ti ch ng cch. Rc thi s tr thnh vn nghim trng ti khu vc th ni m cc cng trnh kin trc v cng trnh ngm c th b ph hy. Vic phn tch vn ny trong cng tc nh gi mang tnh x hi s cn phi ch r nhng loi rc thi no cn c quan tm, v loi hnh pht trin GTVT no sn sinh ra n, cn quan tm n c lng rc thi, ni sn sinh v lm cch no c th x l v ngn nga cc tc ng tiu cc di hn cho mi trng x hi.

9) a th khng vng chc v tai nn xy dng

Cc iu kin v a l, a hnh v t ai khc nhau ng k ti 8 n 9 vng ca ton lnh th quc gia. Hng lot cc mi nguy him t vic st l t v ln t cho n a hnh b mt khng vng chc gy nn hin tng st ln. Nhiu tnh thnh b cc tuyn ng xut pht trin ct ngang lm cho dng chy cc con sng nhanh hn gy ra hin tng rt nc nhanh t ni ra bin bt u t hng Ty sang ng trong vng 50 70 km, trong cc knh mng vi dc khng n nh. Vic xy dng thi cng trong v xung quanh khu vc ny c th s rt nguy him v gy ra hin tng si mn nhanh, qu trnh si mn s cn nhanh hn trong iu kin tri ma, gy nguy him cho ngi dn v cng ng. Nhng hiu bit v cc khu vc ny bao gm c vn trong qu trnh phn tch nh gi x hi s ng vai tr rt quan trng v cn phi nhn bit cc loi a hnh a th c xu hng khng n nh, cc hot ng thi cng xy dng c th gp phn lm trm trng thm s bt n v cc bin php ngn nga gim thiu nhng tc ng ny ti ngi dn v cng ng.


1-8

1.5 Vn cn quan tm ca cc yu t mi trng t nhin

1) a hnh v a cht

Vic di chuyn ph v thm thc vt v thay i a hnh, no vt v ci to vng ven bin v s thay i cc iu kin bin v t bi ven bin thng qua vic no vt v ci to c th s xy ra. Tt c nhng iu s dn ti s thay i v a hnh v a cht trn din rng v vic x dch hay lp y gy nn bi s ph v cn bng t do b chia ct trn din rng, nhim nc v l lt bi v hin tng st l t v si mn l do qu trnh ci to phc hi t nhng khu vc dc, v tc ng do si mn t v ng cn ti vng ven bin gy nn i vi a hnh vng duyn hi v thm thc vt.

2) Si mn t

Si mn tng t mt l hin tng s xy ra khi tri ma v sau qu trnh ci to t hay di di thm thc vt. Hin tng ny c th dn n nhng hu qu sau:

(i) Mt lp t mt gy nh hng ti s pht trin cy trng v ng vt, nng lm nghip.

(ii) p ng trn din rng s gim tnh thm ht v tng lp t mt b mt trong mt thi gian ngn. Vic ny s c th gy ra l lt v si mn t.

(iii) Vic s dng nc v ngnh nh bt c s b nh hng hoc gim gi tr do nc b t lm cho nhim.

(iv) Vic hnh thnh pht trin vng c th b thit hi.

3) Nc ngm

Trong trng hp pht trin bao gm c vic pht trin nc ngm, vic pht trin qu mc lm cho mc nc ngm xung thp v cc ngun nc ngm tr nn kh kit, bao gm c vic cn kit nc sng sui v ging nc, iu ny s gy ra nh hng ln ti cuc sng ngi dn. Hn na, mc nc ngm thp c th s gy ra hin tng nhim do s xm nhp ca nc bin. V s quan tm n mi trng, cn phi kim tra iu kin hin ti ca ngun nc ngm v cng sut bm hin c.

4) Thc trng thy vn

Trong qu trnh xy dng thi cng bao gm c cng tc ci thin nng cp sng ngi, lng nc nh im chy v pha h lu c th ln hn trc do vy kh nng nguy c xy ra l lt l rt ln. H thng knh rch chng cht c xy dng nhm lm phn tn hng l c th lm gim chc nng knh rch thuc h thng sng v tng cng qu trnh lng ng do lc chy ca dng sng b gim i. Do vy, khi cn nhc ti mi trng, thc trng hin ti ca ngnh hng hi, ngnh ng nghip cng nh khu vc h ngun d c nguy c xy ra l lt cn phi c quan tm ng mc.

5) Vng ven bin

Cc iu kin ca ng b bin v y bin s b thay i t nhiu do vic tn dng khai thc cho cc cng trnh GTVT v no vt xy dng cc cng trnh cu cng. Ngun cung t bn cho vng xung quanh bin ng c th s b thay i do s bin i thy triu v dng chy. Nhng tc ng nh vy s dn n nh hng ti mi trng t nhin, v d nh rng c v cc va san h cng nh vic nh bt ngoi khi do s thay i ca cc im nh bt, tnh ton vn lnh th v du lch cng s b nh hng do s thay i ng b bin. Cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin v cc hot ng kinh t ca khu vc xung quanh cng nn c cn nhc k.


1-9

6) H ng thc vt

Nhng tc ng trc tip ca vic xy dng cng trnh n rng c, va san h, v.v... vng duyn hi, n cc loi ng vt sinh sng trong khu vc c th s din ra. Cc h qu ny c th dn ti s suy gim a dng sinh hc v cc loi sinh vt hc c ch cng nh nguy c tit chng cc loi sinh vt c gi tr cao. Gi tr ng thc vt v cc c im ca h sinh thi khu vc nn c cn nhc k lng.

Thm thc vt nm trong phm vi c s h tng GTVT phi c di di, v do mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt s b mt i do s di di thm thc vt gy ra. Vic chm sc ng thc thc vt s b nh hng bi kh ga thi ra v ting n do phng tin giao thng hay tu ha gy nn sau khi qu trnh xy dng c hon thnh. Vic di tn v cc khu vc sinh sng c th s b nh hng do cc cng trnh ng b v ng st. Vic khai thng ng b hay tuyn ng st i vo hot ng s khin cho s lng dn nhp c tng cao, gy nh hng v bin t rng dc tuyn ng thnh t canh tc lm cho mi trng sng b ph v. Nhng nh hng ny s suy gim cc loi sinh vt c gi tr v nguy c tit chng i vi mt s loi qu him gy ra s xung cp a dng sinh hc. Vic suy gim v nguy c tit chng ca cc loi ng vt n tht cng nh cc loi sinh vt khc c th dn ti s bng n ca cc loi ng vt v su b k sinh khc, c bit l cc loi vt nui v cn trng gy bnh. Gi tr cc loi ng thc vt v cc c im sinh thi ca khu vc cng nh x hi nn c nghin cu k hn na.

7) Cc nh hng v mt kh tng hc

Cc nh hng v mt kh tng hc c th xy ra do s thay i v a hnh v d n xy dng cng trnh quy m ln, v s xut hin ca hng lot cc ta nh cao tng/cu/lt ng quy m ln. iu ny c th dn ti nhng tc ng tim n ti mi trng:

(i) S thay i iu kin thy vn v kh hu vi m nh nhit , ma, gi v m; (ii) nh hng ti vic nng nghip do s thay i kh hu v ma nhiu khi m cc ma

v ph thuc nhiu vo yu t thi tit; (iii) nh hng ti ngi dn, bao gm ngi i b v c dn sinh sng trong vng do s

thay i nhanh ca gi.

Khng c mt nh hng ng k no v mt kh tng hc c d on do cc d n GTVT trn din rng gy nn. Trn thc t kh tng hc di hnh thc nh bo, l v thin tai c th gy nn nhng tc ng rt xu ti cc c s h tng GTVT.

8) Cnh quan

S thay i v a hnh v thm thc vt do qu trnh ci to t, s xung cp mang tnh thm m ng b din mo cc cng trnh kin trc u s nh hng ti cnh quan. iu ny s dn ti s thay i cnh quan a phng v cc thnh phn cnh quan nhn to trn din rng.


1-10

1.6 Vn cn quan tm ca cc yu t gy nhim

1) nhim khng kh

Kh thi v bi bn t cc phng tin giao thng v my mc xy dng trong sut qu trnh thi cng xy dng s gy ra nhim khng kh. Khi sc khe c dn v ng thc vt cng s b nh hng. Nu nh lng kh thi qu ln th lng kh tha oxi v nit oxit rt c th s gy ra ma axit; cacbon dioxit v nit dioxit chnh l nguyn nhn ca hin tng nng ln ton cu. Trong khu vc th, nh hng ca mui en, cacbon monoxit, nit oxit v axit sunphua phi c quan tm cn trng.

2) nhim nc

Nc ma v nc thi chy ra sng h ti cc vng ph cn c th gy ra hin tng nhim nc. Nc thi nhim cc c t c th xm nhp vo ngun nc ngm khi n c thi ra t cc a im v thm vo lng t. Sng h b nhim s nh hng xu n ngun nc s dng cho sinh hot, cc hot ng khc bao gm nh bt ngoi khi, m quan, cc hot ng vui chi gii tr v s pht trin sinh si ca cuc sng di nc. Cc ngnh cng nghip v mi trng t nhin quanh vng nn c cn nhc k lng.

3) nhim t

S phn tn cht thi (kim loi nng, thuc tr su v cc c t) t cc cng trnh cng c th gy ra hin tng nhim t. iu ny s lm gia tng nh hng qua mt qu trnh khi m di iu kin nht nh cc loi kim loi nng trong bi bn v ha cht c hi trong thuc dit c tch t li trong lng t v c cy trng hp th n khi n ngm vo h thng nc. Trong trng hp pht trin ng x, nhim t xy ra do cc yu t sau:

(i) S phn tn nguyn vt liu lm ng, nh nha ng trong khi thi cng xy dng (ii) S dng thuc dit c trn din rng (iii) Kh thi v bi bn do cc phng tin tham gia giao thng

4) Ting n v chn ng

Ting n v chn ng c sinh ra do hot ng ca qu trnh xy dng cng trnh. Trong qu trnh hot ng, phng tin giao thng, tu ha, v my bay c th gy ra ting n v chn ng nht nh. Nhng cng trnh cn ti s yn tnh c bit nh bnh vin v trng hc cng s b nh hng. Gic ng ban m cng s b quy ry, chm sc vt nui s b nh hng theo, v cc loi ng vt hoang d c th b phn tn. Do vy vic cn nhc xem xt k lng l rt cn thit ti nhng khu vc ng dn c hoc ti nhng cng trnh mang tnh tn ngng c o.

5) Ln t

Hin tng ln t l do s tch t v co li ca tng t st do mc nc ngm xung thp. Ln t c th gy ra bin i v ri lon chc nng ca cc cng trnh kin trc, v thit hi do l lt gy ra trn din rng l do kh nng thot nc km. Hin tng ny lm cho chi ph pht trin th tng ln. Do vy, thc trng ln t hin ti v tnh hnh s dng t quanh khu vc d xy ra hin tng ny nn c kim nh.

6) Mi kh chu

Cc loi mi nhim trng hay thi ra l do rc thi sinh ra khi khng c chn ng cch. Hin tng r r ti cc im gom rc thi, cht thi thot ra t nhng nh my c l


1-11

t v rc thi t cc phng tin tham gia giao thng u c th sinh ra mi kh chu. Kh thi t cc nh my c l t cn ph thuc nhiu vo hng gi v lng kh thi ra. Kh thi t my mc xy dng c s dng du ha cng gy ra mi kh chu. Do cc bnh vin, trng hc v cc cng trnh cng cng khc b nh hng bi cc loi mi gy kh chu, chng ta nn xem xt cn nhc tht k vn ny.

Nghin cu Ton din v Pht trin Bn vng H thng Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam (VITRANSS 2) Bo co chuyn ngnh s 7: Mi trng

2-1

2 IU KIN MI TRNG CA VIT NAM

2.1 Mi trng x hi

1) Dn s

Dn s Vit Nam nm 2007 l 85,1 triu ngi (s liu cha cng b c tnh dn s nm 2008 l trn 85,5 triu ngi), trong nam gii chim 41,86 triu ngi, n gii l 43,30 triu ngi, tng 1,26% so vi nm 2005 v gim cn 1,8% so vi cc nm trc . Vit Nam c bn vn l nc nng nghip vi trn 65% dn s (47 triu ngi) sinh sng cc khu vc nng thn v khong 37 triu ngi sng 5 th ln v cc vng bn th trong c nc (Bng 2.1.1) (d mt s khu th vn mang hnh thi sinh hot ca nng thn).

Vng ng Nam b (hnh 2.1.1) gm TPHCM c t l dn s th cao nht l 54,7%. ng bng sng Hng (vng 3) c tc tng dn s th cao l 4,7%/nm trong khi tc th ha ca c nc ch vo khong 2,2%/nm (xem Bng 2.1.1). Vng BSH (vng 3) cng c dn s cao nht trong c nc vi trn 18,4 triu dn, tip n l vng BSCL vi 17,52 triu ngi. Vng Ty Bc v khu vc Ty Nguyn c dn s thp nht, ln lt l 2,65 triu ngi v 4,94 triu ngi.

Nhn chung, khu vc ng dn c nht l nhng khu vc t ai bng phng, d tip cn trong v quanh 3 trung tm dn s ln. Mt dn s ca vng BSH l 1.238 ngi/km2, so vi mt trung bnh trong c nc l 257/km2. Vng BSCL (vng s 8) c mt dn s trung bnh l 429 ngi/km2.

Vng tha dn c nht l vng Ty Bc (71 ngi/km2), tip n l khu vc Ty Nguyn (90 ngi/km2) c 2 vng ny u l khu vc min ni v vng su, vng xa. Nu s dng ch tiu dn s l thc o nhu cu vn ti v u t kt cu h tng tng ng th cc khu vc cn u tin s l vng 2, tip n l vng BSCL, gm c TPHCM, vng ng Nam b v vng ven bin Bc Trung b. Cc vng ny cng l nhng khu vc c nhiu tc ng x hi tim tng nht. Kt hp vi cc khu vc thm canh nng nghip m d n trng im i qua, 2 loi d n ny v mt dn s s cho bit khu vc cn tp trung phn tch x hi.

Bng 2.1.1 Dn s theo vng nm 2007

11 vng Dn s Tng trng DS (%) Mt DS

(ngi/km2) Tng (000) th (%) Tng th C nc 85158 27,1 1,3 2,2 257 ng bng sng Hng 18.401 25,0 1,1 4,7 1.238 ng Bc 9.544 18,9 0,9 1,7 149 Ty Bc 2.650 13,9 2,3 4,2 71 Ven bin Bc Trung b 10.723 13,7 0,9 1,9 208 Ven bin Nam Trung b 7.185 30,1 1,2 2,8 217 Ty Nguyn 4.935 28,1 2,3 3,2 90 ng Nam b 14.193 54,7 2,3 3,1 408 ng bng sng Cu Long 17.524 20,7 1,1 3,8 432

Ngun: Nin gim Thng k cc nm 2000 - 2006


2-2

Hnh 2.1.1 Cc trung tm dn s v vng a l ca KVNC VITRANSS 2

Ngun: Bo co Khi u ca VITRANSS 2, thng 11 nm 2007

Kha cnh Vng kinh t trng im Vit Nam Bc Trung Nam

Vng

S tnh/thnh 9 7 8 64

Cc thnh ph chnh H Ni, Hi Phng Nng TPHCM v Cn Th -

Din tch (km2) 18.832 38.123 30.412 329.315

Dn s

000 1995 12.891 7.201 12.108 71.9952000 13.716 7.689 13.439 77.6352005 14.660 8.184 14.890 83.106

T l tng (%/nm)

1995-2000 1,2 1,3 2,1 1,5

2000-2005 1,3 1,3 2,1 1,4

Mt (ng/km2) 779 217 490 252

GRDP

T ng 1995 34.850 14.386 67.415 195.5672000 49.814 19.342 99.898 273.6662005 73.878 27.586 144.511 393.031

T l tng trng (%/nm)

1995-2000 7,4 6,1 8,3 7

2000-2005 8,2 7,4 7,7 7,5

GDP/ngi (USD)

1995 345 243 773 2982000 421 291 949 4042005 708 486 1,529 635

K hiu: Vng 1 ng Bc 2 Ty Bc 3 BSH 4 Bc Trung b 5 Nam Trung b 6 Ty Nguyn 7 ng Nam b 8 BSCL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


2-3

2) Vic lm

Tng iu tra dn s nm 2006 cho thy dn s trong tui lao ng chim khong 45% tng dn s ca c nc. Lc lng lao ng tng 3%/nm trong giai on 2002 2006 hay t 39,3 triu lao ng ln 43,3 triu lao ng trong lao ng trong khu vc quc doanh vn chim t trng n nh khong 9,2 n 10% v cc hot ng kinh t chnh l nhng ngnh thu ht nhn lc, gm c nng, lm, ng nghip.

T l tht nghip khu vc thnh th gim t 6,01% nm 2002 xung cn 4,82% nm 2006 trong khi t l tht nghip bnh qun ca 8 vng l 5,7%, y l mc va phi so vi quy m dn s ln v a dng nh ca Vit Nam.

Nm 2006, tui c t l tht nghip cao nht l tui t 15-19 tui v gim dn cc tui tip theo. Xt theo gii tnh, t l tht nghip ca nam gii lun cao hn v mc 4,8% cn t l tht nghip ca n gii l 4,8%, ngoi tr nhm tui trn 65.

Do , nhu cu chnh v cc phng thc vn ti trc tin l pht sinh cc trung tm th c nhiu lao ng v thu nhp cao v gim dn cc khu vc vng su, vng xa khi c cc phng thc vn ti mi, thun tin v kinh t v khi pht trin h thng ng gom v kt ni lin phng thc hp l. Cn thc hin phn tch x hi hiu r tc ng ca lao ng v vic lm ti cc khu vc th, sau l nh gi cc tc ng ti khu vc nng thn.

3) Thu nhp

Thu nhp bnh qun tng t 356.000 ng/ngi/thng nm 2002 ln 484.400 ng/ngi/thng nm 2004, tng ng vi tng 36,1%. Tnh n cui nm 2006, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi tng gn gp i ln 907.000 ng/thng. Thu nhp tng dn ti vic gim t l ngho th t 28,9% nm 2002 xung cn 19,5% nm 2004 v gim mnh hn na trong nhng nm tip theo. Tuy nhin, hu ht ngi ngho li sng cc khu vc vng su, vng xa trong c nc v khong cch thu nhp gia 2 nhm ny ngy cng tng. Theo s liu thng k nm 2004 v chun ngho ca B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi (100.000 ng/ngi/thng = ngho) th t l ngi ngho trong tng dn s ca vng ng Bc (vng 1) ln ti 60% cn t l ngi ngho ca vng pha ty khu vc Ty Nguyn (vng 6) v vng Bc Trung b (vng 4) s ln lt l 22,1% v 32%. Thu nhp ca ngi dn th vng 4 vn cao hn thu nhp bnh qun ca khu vc nng thn t 2 n 3 ln. Do , xc nh gi v ng st v ph ng b hp l s l cha kha to ra nhu cu vn ti, c bit l nhu cu vn ti ca dn s nng thn, gip chuyn i cc gnh nng kinh t thnh li ch.

4) Gio dc

Theo s liu Tng iu tra dn s nm 2006, 94% dn s (t 10 tui tr ln) bit c bit vit so vi 91% nm 1999. cc khu vc vng su, vng xa, t l khng bit c, bit vit vn cao nhng thp hn t l bit ch cc khu vc th khong 10%. C hi hc tp ca thanh thiu nin cng tng do s tr n trng tng 5-10% k t nm 1999.

Trong giai on 2002-2006, s trng tiu hc, trung hc c s v trung hc ph thng tng ln lt l 1,16%, 3,%% v 7,47%. Cc phng tin vn ti c ci thin v ng tin cy hn gp phn thc y pht trin gio dc tt hn, c bit l cc khu vc trc y cha c kt ni tt vi cc trung tm ln v trng hc tt hn. Ngoi ra, gim thi gian i li cc c ly di cng khuyn khch gio vin c cht lng tham gia ging dy cc trng cch xa ni ca h.


2-4

5) Y t

Nm 2006, Vit Nam c 12,420 c s y t, gm 487 bnh vin v 10.672 trung tm y t v trm x vi tng s 176.792 ging bnh, tng ng vi 1 ging bnh/476 ngi hay 1 trung tm y t/4.780 ngi. Nhn chung, y l t l kh cao v cho thy p lc ca ngnh y t, c bit l cc khu vc nng thn. Vng Ty Bc v khu vc Ty Nguyn c h thng y t km nht. Hu ht nhn vin y t c trnh v tay ngh u tp trung cc trung tm ln c cc phng tin vn ti tt v nhiu dch v hn. Quy hoch k lng h thng ng b v ng st kt ni cc trung tm nh vi cc trung tm ln l cha kha khuyn khch cn b y t c trnh v tay ngh ti lm vic cc vng nng thn. Ngoi ra, dch v vn ti hiu qu v tin cy ti cc c s y t s gp phn ci thin dch v y t ni chung.

6) S dng t

Tnh hnh s dng t ca khu vc d n tri di sut chiu di t nc t Bc ti Nam thay i rt khc nhau. vng Ty Bc, t ai c giao cho cc h gia nh s dng phc v canh tc nng nghip, lm vn v trng la. vng BSH, tnh hnh s dng t thay i theo hng pht trin cc vng trng la, nui trng thy sn, sn xut cng nghip v thng mi/kinh doanh, quy m ln hn. Chuyn vo min Nam, sn xut nng nghip tp trung vo cc loi cy ngn ngy nh la go, ma ng, ng, cam qut v cc loi cy n tri bn nhit i khc. Trn thc t, vng ny c h thng sng ngi chng cht. Vng Bc Trung b l vng tp trung nui gia sc, gia cm ly trng v sa cng vi rau mu v cy n tri trong khi min Nam Trung b l vng trng la go v tri cy nhit i khu vc ng bng ven bin cng nh cc loi cy thch hp vi iu kin kh hu mt m hn nh hng, v sa, c ph v ch khu vc ty nguyn. Cc khu vc ven bin vn l cc vng trng la chnh. Vit Nam cng c mt s khu vc kh gn vng Nam Trung b, ni ph hp nui d tp trung.

Khu vc TPHCM v t min Nam ti BSCL l vng chuyn canh la. Vng ny c xem l va la ca Vit Nam nhng s chu tc ng gin tip do d n kt thc ti Cn Th (ng b).

Ngoi tr khu vc Ty Nguyn v vng ng Bc, din tch rng ca cc vng khc cn rt t, hu ht t lm nghip c chuyn i thnh t nng nghip. Vit Nam, mt trong nhng quc gia c a dng sinh hc cao nht trn th gii hin ang mt i cc ngun lc khng th thay th do qun l km cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Nu khng c quy hoch k, vic pht trin ng b, ng st v cng bin s dn n suy gim hn na a dng sinh hc do nhiu din tch t b thu hi pht trin v nhiu khu vc b chia ct ng thi nhiu vng t hoang d s b ln chim.

Cc vn x hi chnh l t th b chia ct bi cc cng trnh GTVT, tip n l cc vn mt ng n cc khu vc sn xut nng nghip, khin gia tng chi ph v hn ch lung vn chuyn nng sn v vt nui. cc khu th, iu ny s dn n vic t chc li cc m hnh giao thng nn cc m hnh hot ng kinh t hng ngy s nh hng n thu nhp v s gn kt ca cng ng.

Pht trin cng ng ngha vi vic mt t th nhng hu ht l ti pht trin t th do cng tc pht trin cng bao gm nng cp cc cng hin c, ni hu ht din tch t cha c s dng hp l. Trong s 5 cng trnh hng hi c xem xt, c 3 cng trnh xy dng mi nhng u nm khu vc t ven bin cha s dng c cao tng ng hoc thp hn mc nc bin v cn phi gia c. 2 cng trnh khc c xy dng cc khu cng nghip hin c v bt u trin khai nh cng Dung Qut tnh


2-5

Qung Ngi, ni c nh my ha du v cng s c m rng. Do , nu xt t gc gii phng mt bng, pht trin cng bin s khng gy tc ng ln.

Vit Nam c 6 n 7 cng hng khng chnh (gm 4 ca ng quc t), y l con s khng ln so vi mt quc gia c quy m dn s trn 84 triu ngi. Cc cng hng khng thng nm khu vc xa cc trung tm th nn gim cc tc ng ca cng hng khng ti mi trng x hi. Ch c mt sn bay c gn trung tm thnh ph (Tn Sn Nht). Mt v d l vic chuyn cng hng khng Nha Trang cng trc y c xy dng ngay trong trung tm thnh ph, nm 2004, cng c chuyn ti khu vc mi, cch trung tm thnh ph 58 km v pha Nam ti vnh Cam Ranh, l cn c hng khng thi chin.

7) An ton giao thng v cc cng trnh cng cng

Cc ngun tc ng chnh ti an ton giao thng v cc cng trnh cng cng l pht trin cc tuyn ng b v ng st xut trong c giai on xy dng v khai thc. C 2 cng trnh ny u i qua cc khu vc ng dn c trong c nc nn c th gy ra tc ng bt li ln ti ngi dn v mi trng x hi. C 2 vn chnh cn xem xt gim thiu tc ng l (a) xy dng ng st trn cao hu ht cc on tuyn (c mt s on xy dng ng ngm, tch khi cc lung vn ti khc nhng s to ra ro chn lin tc kh ln) v (b) kim sot tip cn tuyn ng cao tc chnh bng cc hng ro. Tuy nhin, li ch ny, t nht l i vi ng b s dn n tc ng chia ct cng ng.

Vi c im giao thng ca Vit Nam l xe my chim 70% v xe t chim 30%, an ton l vn chnh vi t l s v tai nn (gm c s ngi cht v tai nn giao thng) tng 20%/nm. Hu ht tai nn giao thng ng b xy ra trn quc l, do lng giao thng ln v tc xe lu hnh cao:

Quc l chim 48,9%

Tnh l chim 26,2%

ng th 17,1%

ng huyn x 7,8%

Chia theo phng tin, 71,4% tai nn l do xe my, trong khi t l 22,5% cn li 6,1% do phng tin khc v b hnh.

Phn tch hnh vi iu khin phng tin ca ngi tham gia giao thng ng b cho thy nguyn nhn chnh ca TNGT ng b l chy qu tc (chim 34% tng s v tai nn), vt tri php (22%), li xe khi sau ru (7%) v thc km hoc khng tun th quy nh giao thng ng b (7%) nh vt n .

Hu ht giao thng v tng trng vn ti trn cc tuyn ng cao tc c kim sot tip cn l xe ti do thi gian vn chuyn s nhanh hn, gim ng k chi ph vn ti. Vit Nam, vn chuyn c ly di bng xe but hoc tu ha u c vn tc rt chm. V d, thi gian i li t H Ni ti TPHCM vi khong cch khong 1.750 km bng xe but l trn 30 gi hay bnh qun 58 km/gi so vi ng st cao tc l 5-7 gi hoc ng b cao tc l 18-20 gi.

Cc tai nn giao thng ng st chim t l nh v nm 2007, ch c 379 v trong 47% gy cht ngi, hu ht u lin quan n vic bo tr ng st hoc xung t ti ng ngang. Vi h thng trn cao hoc c bo v, tai nn giao thng ng st s rt him khi xy ra v theo kinh nghip ca Nht Bn hoc Php, ch c 1 v tai nn trong


2-6

vng trn 25 nm. ng ngang hin l mi quy him ln nht v cng l nguyn nhn khin vn tc chy tu gim ng k. H thng ca Trung Quc hin ang c xy dng, s dng cc tu c vn tc nhanh hn trn ng ray hin c nhng ti cc on ni vn tc chy tu vt qu 165 km/h, tt c cc cng trnh giao ct ng mc u c ci thin bng giao khc mc.

Cc khu th s chu tc ng ca vic t chc li m hnh giao thng xt t c gc thi gian v a im do lch trnh chy tu mi v c th dn ti tnh trng n tc giao thng. Hin cha xy ra vn ny do ng st c kt ni tt vi khu vc th, phc v khai thc dch v vn chuyn hnh khch trong khu vc trung tm v phc v vn ti hng ha cc khu vc ngoi vi vi m hnh vn ti v kim sot giao thng tt.

8) Qun l cht thi xy dng

Hin Vit Nam c ngnh cng nghip ti ch phi chnh thc kh tt, c th thy tt c rc thi xy dng kh u c ti s dng di hnh thc san lp. Nhu cu v vt liu san lp, gm c rc b tng ph hy t cc cng trnh cng nh vt liu o kh cao, c bit l khu vc ven bin do cc khu vc ny, c bit l khu vc Bc Trung b v Nam Trung b c cao gn bng cao mc nc bin v l cc khu vc d b ngp lt. Mi nm Vit Nam c hng triu tn rc thi xy dng v u c ti s dng lm vt liu san lp.

Cng tc qun l rc thi xy dng cc thnh ph c thc hin theo nhiu quy nh v lut khc nhau. Mt trong nhng quy nh chnh l Ch th s 199/TTg ngy 3/4/1997 v cc bin php cp bch v qun l cht thi rn cc khu th v khu cng nghip, yu cu phi ti s dng ngay rc thi xy dng hoc ch n bi chn lp x l hp v sinh. Nghim cm rc thi xy dng tri php trn ng ph. Theo , nh thu chu trch nhim thc hin cc quy nh v qun l, x l rc thi xy dng theo quy trnh chun do y khng ch l yu cu v mt php l m nh thu thng phi tr tin x l loi rc ny. Vn ny cn c phn tch v xem xt k hn trong cc nh gi mi trng.

9) Cc ri ro: st l, st ln v tai nn xy dng

C nhiu vt t gy chy t khu vc ty bc ti ng bc min Bc Vit Nam. Cc con sng ln gm c sng Hng ra vnh Bc B chy dc theo cc vt t gy ny. S khng n nh do ng t v st l ven sng hoc do ma l dn n tnh trng st l quy m ln dc cc ng t gy khu vc min ni pha Bc vng ng Bc v Ty Bc.

min Trung v Min Nam, hu ht cc con sng chnh u ra bin vi chiu di ngn (40 ~ 70km), dc cao dc cc vt t gy nhng do hot ng a chn yu v cc thung lng kh n nh nn nghim trng v tn sut st l t nh. cc khu vc min ni vng Ty Nguyn, t km n nh v tnh trng st l t din ra kh ph bin.

Vi iu kin a cht trn, cng tc khai thc ng b v ng st khu vc ng Bc v Ty Bc thng b nh hng hoc gin on bi st l t. V d, l ng v nc sng dng cao thng xy ra lu vc ng bng sng Hng v sng Cu Long , nh hng nghim trng ti mt s tuyn ng. Nm 2005, 58 cu, 125 cng b ph hy; 430.678m2 mt ng b hng do st l t v l lt.

Mt vn khc l l qut, nh hng ti s n nh ca taluy, dn ti vic sp ta luy, bn ct che lp v st l. cc khu vc min ni pha Bc v min Trung, st l t do l ng chim t trng ln (43,4% khi lng st l min Bc v 55,2% min Trung). Khu vc ven bin min Trung ni c mt s vng sa mc kh cn thng b nh hng


2-7

nghim trng bi l ng d khng thng xuyn. Nm 2005, l lt cun tri 24,3 triu m3 t ca cc tuyn ng a phng 33 tnh vi tng gi tr thit hi ln ti 484 t ng. Tnh Ngh An c khi lng st l ln nht, chim ti 19% tng khi lng st l ca c nc nm 2005. Cc tnh ny u c ng b v ng st i qua.

ng st quc gia i qua 3 khu vc d xy ra ngp lt v st l t do bo l v ma ln. Cc khu vc v cc vn lin quan m tuyn ng st chnh phi i mt c tng hp trong Bng 2.1.2.

Bng 2.1.2 Cc khu vc d xy ra thin tai dc tuyn ng st hin nay

a im L trnh (km) Vn Vinh ~ Thu Lc 319 ~ 498 L qut v l Ho Sn ~ o C 1.220 ~ 1,269 L v st l t trong ma ma Yn Bi ~ Lo Cai 155 ~ 293 15 im xy ra l qut, l v st l t

Ngun: C s d liu ca VITRANSS 2

Quc l 32 v 37 tnh Yn Bi c lng st l t ln nht, chim 37% tng lng t st l ca c nc.

Tm li, cc tnh ven bin khu vc ng Bc ti ng Nam b ni c tuyn ng b cao tc v ng st cao tc i qua l nhng khu vc d xy ra st l t v l lt v cn c xem xt k trong giai on thit k.


2-8

2.2 Mi trng t nhin

1) Kh hu

Vit Nam nm trong vng nhit i gi ma, lng ma trung bnh hng nm khong 1.940 mm. 3/4 din tch l i ni v vy lng ma phn b khng ng u theo lnh th v thi gian. S bin i ca lng ma trung bnh hng nm l rt ln, mt s vng c th t ti 4.000 to 5.000 mm c bit ln ti 8.000 mm nh vng ni Bch M (tnh Tha Thin Hu) trong khi lng ma hng nm tnh Bnh Thun ch t 600-800 mm. Trn phn ln din tch lnh th, lng ma trung bnh nm t 1.400 n 2.400 mm. S bin i ca lng ma trong nm nh hng n ch ma v l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nn hn hn trong ma kh v ngp lt trong ma ma.

Hnh 2.2.1 Phn b lng ma hng nm

Ngun: Bo co k thut s 11, Nghin cu Chin lc Pht trin GTVT quc gia nc CHXHCN Vit Nam (VITRANSS-2000)


2-9

Bng 2.2.1 Lng ma trung bnh thng Vit Nam nm 2007

Trm Lng ma trung bnh thng (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C nmKV min ni pha Bc Lai Chu 4 27 11 139 491 479 780 304 188 4 49 0 2.476 Sn La 4 17 9 166 267 176 290 174 169 69 11 1 1.353 Bi Chy 4 21 31 44 100 297 410 129 268 80 41 7 1.432 Tuyn Quang 2 32 17 120 288 163 231 175 208 20 14 24 1. 294BSH

H Ni 3 25 29 98 118 211 286 330 388 145 5 21 1.659 Nam nh 6 45 32 43 175 60 217 162 179 125 10 33 1.087 Bc Trung b

Vinh 33 35 142 76 204 9 44 637 119 495 45 123 1.962 Hu 255 3 100 180 153 17 63 261 307 1544 907 603 4.393 Nam Trung b Nng 153 0 58 55 156 7 24 152 253 1147 894 164 3.063 Qui Nhn 68 1 93 23 78 28 5 311 135 673 808 18 2.241 Nha Trang 23 3 40 27 157 49 17 51 168 483 543 4 1.565 Ty Nguyn

Pleiku 0 0 31 49 306 209 444 522 258 327 168 0 2.314 Lt 0 0 98 85 338 147 206 530 394 208 148 2 2.156 ng Nam b

Vng Tu 2 - 8 27 302 314 210 297 173 117 70 2 1.522 BSCL

C Mau 38 - 39 86 174 322 421 371 307 508 339 1 2.606 Ngun: Nin gim Thng k Vit Nam nm, 2007

Theo thng k ca trung tm Nghin cu Kh tng v Thy Vn, nhit ca Vit Nam kh cao, nhit trung bnh nm 2007 l 23,90C cao hn 0,41OC so vi nhit trung bnh ca giai on 1961- 1990 v 10 nm gn y (1998-2007) l 10 nm nng nht trong lch s. Nhit trung bnh gia cc vng c s khc bit r rt: H Ni: 24,7oC; H Ch Minh: 27oC; Sa Pa (Lo Cai) v Lt (Lm ng): 17oC.

Tng s gi nng c s phn b rt khc nhau trn lnh th: trn i b phn din tch Bc B, a phn din tch Bc Ty Nguyn, khu vc t Khnh Ha dn B Ra Vng Tu v vng ng bng sng Cu Long c tng s gi nng t trn 1.000 n 2.000 gi; khu vc ni cao Ty Bc B, i b phn din tch Trung B, Nam Ty Nguyn v bn o C Mau c tng s gi nng t 2.000 n trn 2.500 gi. m trung bnh nm ca Vit Nam vo khong 84%.


2-10

Bng 2.2.2 Nhit trung bnh thng nm 2006

Trm Nhit trung bnh thng (oC)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C nm Khu vc min ni pha Bc

Lai Chu 17,4 19,2 22,8 24,0 25,6 27,0 26,3 26,9 25,6 24,4 19,6 19,7 23,2 Sn La 14,8 19,6 21,9 22,1 24,1 25,8 25,1 24,9 23,6 21,5 16,7 17,4 21,5 Tuyn Quang 16,1 22,2 21,5 23,1 26,6 29,7 29,4 28,4 26,6 25,0 19,8 19,6 24,0 Bi Chy 16,2 20,1 20,5 22,4 26,4 29,2 29,3 28,5 26,8 25,4 20,5 20,0 23,8 ng bng sng Hng

H Ni 16,9 21,9 21,1 23,4 27,3 30,2 30,4 29,2 27,2 25,8 21,4 20,4 24,6 Nam nh 16,5 21,3 20,9 23,1 26,6 30,2 30,4 28,7 26,9 25,3 20,7 20,3 24,2 Bc Trung b

Vinh 17,2 22,1 22,5 24,0 27,2 31,2 31,1 29,2 27,4 25,0 20,7 21,1 24,9 Hu 19,3 22,8 24,7 25,0 26,8 29,2 29,2 28,0 26,7 24,7 21,6 22,3 25,0 Nam Trung b Nng 21,3 23,7 25,4 26,4 28,1 29,8 29,4 28,8 27,8 26,0 23,2 23,9 26,2 Qui Nhn 23,5 24,5 26,4 27,1 28,9 29,7 29,7 29,3 28,9 27,1 24,5 24,8 27,0 Nha Trang 24,6 24,6 26,2 27,4 27,9 28,7 28,6 28,0 27,9 26,7 24,9 25,3 26,7 Ty Nguyn

Pleiku 19,5 21,1 23,3 24,2 23,8 24,0 22,6 22,2 22,9 21,7 19,9 19,8 22,1 Lt 16,3 16,7 18,0 19,0 19,5 19,4 18,8 18,3 18,9 18,0 16,7 16,8 18,0 ng Nam b

Vng Tu 26,4 26,1 28,0 29,2 28,7 29,0 28,2 27,8 28,0 27,9 27,0 26,7 27,8 ng bng sng Cu Long

C Mau 26,1 26,4 27,9 29,2 28,4 28,3 27,3 27,4 27,5 27,1 26,6 26,9 27,4 Ngun: Nin gim Thng k Vit Nam nm 2007

Bng 2.2.3 m trung bnh thng nm 2007

Trm m trung bnh (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C nm Khu vc min ni pha Bc Lai Chu 76 75 69 74 76 82 87 82 87 85 89 85 81 Sn La 75 67 72 76 78 84 87 87 84 82 80 83 80 Tuyn Quang 77 80 87 83 80 78 82 85 84 83 79 83 82 Bi Chy 71 85 90 81 80 82 82 83 80 75 67 81 80 ng bng sng Hng H Ni 69 81 88 79 75 77 78 81 81 77 67 77 78 Nam nh 76 87 92 84 83 78 78 85 84 83 73 85 82 Bc Trung b Vinh 87 89 92 85 79 71 70 78 81 87 80 89 82 Hu 93 87 90 87 85 77 76 82 88 94 92 92 87 Nam Trung b Nng 87 83 85 80 80 74 76 78 81 87 85 85 82 Qui Nhn 80 79 83 81 78 77 72 71 77 83 82 80 79 Nha Trang 78 76 80 80 81 78 78 80 81 84 83 79 80 Ty Nguyn Pleiku 77 70 75 74 84 87 91 93 90 89 85 80 83 Lt 83 76 83 85 88 90 90 92 89 90 86 80 86 ng Nam b Vng Tu 73 76 76 74 81 78 80 81 81 81 77 77 78 ng bng sng Cu Long C Mau 80 79 79 77 84 85 87 86 86 87 82 79 83

Ngun: Nin gim Thng k Vit Nam nm 2007

C s khc bit v kh hu gia cc vng trn lnh th Vit Nam. Min Bc b nh hng trc tip bi 2 h thng gi ma: gi ma ng Bc (thng 10 n thng 3) v h thng gi ma Ty Nam (thng 4 n thng 9). Gi ma ng Bc mang theo kh hu lnh v


2-11

kh trong khi gi ma Ty Nam li gy ra m v nhit cao. Khi c gi ma Ty Nam thi thng gy ra ging bo v trng vi ma ma. (t thng 8 n thng 11).

Kh hu khu vc Bc Trung B v Nam Trung B c tnh cht chuyn tip v khu vc ny nm gia cc vng kh hu Bc v Nam c ngn cch bi o Hi Vn. Ma ma trng vi gi ma ng Bc v ma kh c gi ma Ty Nam.

Min Nam Vit Nam (vng ng Nam b v vng BSCL) c 2 ma r rt: ma ma (t thng 5 n thng 10) v ma kh (T thng 11 n thng 4). Kh hu mt m v n ha.

Trung bnh mt nm c khong 17 t p thp nhit i v 30 trn bo b vo Vit Nam. p thp nhit i ch yu din ra min Bc v Trung B. Cc trn bo thng xy ra vo thng 7 n thng 12 min Bc v Bc Trung B.

Bng 2.2.4 S cn bo v p thp nhit di b vo Vit Nam giai on 2004 ~ 2007

Nm S p thp nhit i S cn bo b vo Vit Nam

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C nm2004 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 5 2005 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 8 2006 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 10 2007 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 7

Ngun: Trung tm Nghin cu Kh tng v Thy vn

Min Bc v Bc Trung B chu nh hng bo ln nht chim khong 67% tng s bo b vo Vit Nam trong mt nm. Phn ln cc cn bo b vo b bin u bt u vo ma ma. Hu ht cc cn bo b vo khu vc ny u rt mnh. Ngoi cc trn ma ln v l lt m cc cn bo ny gy ra th hin tng bo v p thp nhit i cn gy ra l t khu vc min ni, ngp ng ng bng, ph hy h thng giao thng v nhiu kt cu h tng khc, gy ra cc thit hi ln v ti sn v con ngi.

Min ven bin Nam Trung B cng chu nh hng bi cc trn bo khc nghit nhng s bo trung bnh hng nm khong 24%. Ma bo khu vc ny v khu vc pha Nam trong khong t thng 10 n thng 11. min Nam bo khng thng xuyn xy ra v bnh qun s trn bo ch khong 9% mt nm. Cc hin tng t nhin v kh tng khc nghit (bo, ma ln, ng t...) l khng th ngn nga c.

Tuy nhin c th gim c cc tn tht do thin tai gy ra. Ngnh giao thng vn ti ni ring cn phi trin khai nhng bin php sau y:

(i) Ci tin nghip v d bo thi tit trc t 2-3 ngy, ci tin h thng quan trc c cc ra a kh tng v ng h o lng ma v pht trin nghip v d bo tm ngn s dng ra a v cc s liu v lng ma.

(ii) Thnh lp mng thng tin kh tng gia ngnh GTVT v cc c quan chuyn trch v phng nga thin tai.

(iii) Chun b cc bn ca cc khu vc nguy him v thnh lp mt h thng theo di. (iv) Ci tin nghip v xy dng cng trnh nhanh chng khai thng cc tuyn vn ti

sau thin tai. (v) Tng cng mng li thng tin lin lc thng tin v d bo thi tit v thin tai trn

cc phng tin thng tin i chng.

2) St l t v ngp trn cc tuyn ng b v ng st

Ty Nam. Cc sng ln (bao gm c sng Hng) chy ra Vnh Bc B dc theo cc vt t gy ny. V cc vt t gy ny, hin tng l t thng xy ra ti vng min ni min Bc trong ma ma ln nh tng hp trong hnh 2.2.2 di y


2-12

Hnh 2.2.2 St l t v ngp trn cc tuyn ng

St l t Cao Bng

St l ni vi Cao Bng

Ti min Trung v min Nam, hu ht cc sng chnh cng ra bin dc theo cc vt t gy nhng hot ng dt gy ny yu nn quy m l t nh. Tuy nhin, ti vng ni min Trung Vit Nam, t khng n nh v y l iu kin d dng dn n l t.

V c im a cht trn, cc tai nn giao thng, c bit l tai nn do l t nh hng ln n ng b, ng st, thng xy ra tp trung min Bc Vit Nam. L qut v lt thng pht sinh ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. Thng tin chi tit v nh hng n ng b v ng st nh sau:

Tuyn ng st quc gia chy ra 3 khu vc nguy him chu nh hng ca l lt v st l t do bo, p thp nhit i v ma nhit i. Cc khu vc ny gm:

(i) Vinh Th Lc (319 ~ 498km): L qut v l (ii) Ha Sn o C (1,220 ~ 1,269km) tnh Khnh Ha: st l t v trong ma

ma. (iii) Yn Bi Lo Cai (155 ~ 293km): 15 im nguy him d xy ra l qut, ngp lt v

st l t trong ma ma.

Nm 2005, 58 cu, 125 cng b ph hy, 430.678m2 mt ng b hng do st l t v l lt.

C nhiu on tuyn quc l thng b nh hng bi l qut, l v st l t do bo, p thp nhit i v ma ln. Khu vc min ni pha Bc v min Trung thng b thit hi bi l qut v st l t (43,4% khi lng st l min Bc v 55,2% min Trung). Tuyn quc l 32 v 37 tnh Yn Bi c lng t st l ln nht, chim ti 37% lng t st l nm 2005 (xem Bng 2.2.5)

Nm 2005, l lt cun tri 24.208.650 m3 t ca cc tuyn ng a phng 33 tnh (tng ng vi tng gi tr thit hi 484 t ng). Tnh Ngh An c khi lng st l ln nht, chim ti 19% tng khi lng st l ca cc nc nm 2005 (xem Bng 2.2.6).


2-13

Bng 2.2.5 Thit hi v khi lng t st l trn cc tuyn quc l nm 2005

Quc L Tnh Khi lng (m3) Thit hi (T ng) 2B, 2C Vnh Phc 140.000 2.800 39 Thi Bnh 4.950 99 31, 279 Bc Giang 100.000 2.000 21 Nam nh 32.500 650 21 H Nam 1.500 30 14C, 24, 40 Bc Cn 110.800 2.216 32, 37 Yn Bi 2.525.000 50.500 2C, 37 Tuyn Quang 66.800 1.336 34 Cao Bng 150.000 3.000 279, 4D, 70 Lo Cai 135.850 2.717 6, 12 in Bin 115.600 2.312 279, 4D,12 Lai Chu 113.800 2.276 No 18 Qung Ninh 5.750 115 37 Thi Nguyn 11.500 230 279, 4A, 4B, 31 Lng Sn 277.500 5.550 32, 32B, 32 C Ph Th 297.400 5.948 12B, ATK, TSA Ha Bnh 125.000 2.500 4G, 32B, 37, 43, 279 Sn La 278.150 5.563 15, 47,,217 Thanh Ha 575.000 11.500 15A, 48 Ngh An 273.700 5.474 49B Hu 110.500 2.210 15, 8B H Tnh 16.600 332 12A Qung Bnh 570.000 11.400 14B, 14D, 14E Qung Nam 45.000 900 279, 4D, 12 Qung Tr 150.000 3.000 24 Qung Ngi 79.000 1.580 27 Lm ng 60.000 1.200 14C, 24, 40 Kon Tum 125.000 2.500 1A, 27, 27B Ninh Thun 17.800 356 25 Ph Yn 150.000 3.000 19 Bnh nh 80.000 1.600

Tng 6.744.700 134.894 Ngun: B Giao thng Vn ti- Ban Phng chng lt bo, nm 2005


2-14

Bng 2.2.6 Thit hi v khi lng t st l trn cc tuyn ng a phng nm 2005

Tnh Khi lng (m3) Thit hi (T ng) Tnh Khi lng

(m3) Thit hi (T ng)

Vnh Phc 150.000 3.000 Sn La 302.400 6.048 Thi Bnh 299.650 5.993 Thanh Ha 3.974.750 79.495 Bc Ninh 100.000 2.000 Ngh An 4.644.950 92.899 H Nam 25.000 500 H Tnh 16.600 332 Hi Dng 25.000 500 Qung Bnh 550.000 11.000 Bc Cn 300.000 6.000 Qung Tr 1.305.000 26.100 Yn Bi 1.650.000 33.000 Hu 350.000 7.000 Hi Phng 89.200 1.784 Khnh Ha 947.200 18.944 Qung Ninh 119.850 2.397 Bnh nh 1.882.000 37.640 in Bin 86.750 1.735 Qung Ngi 1.325.500 26.510 Lai Chu 108.750 2.175 Ninh Thun 250.000 5.000 Lo Cai 2.487.700 49.754 Ph Yn 1.732.500 34.650 Thi Nguyn 60.850 1.217 Long An 386.450 7.729 Lng Sn 22.500 450 Bn Tre 6.600 132 Ph Th 297.400 5.948 Tin Giang 100.000 2.000 Ha Bnh 250.000 5.000 Cn Th 333.450 6.669 Tuyn Quang 28.600 572 Tng 24.208.650 484.173

Ngun: B Giao thng Vn ti- Ban Phng chng lt bo

Hnh 2.2.3 Khu vc d xy ra ngp lt v st l t Vit nam

Ngun: C s d liu GIS VITRANSS2


2-15

3) iu kin a chn

Cng ca cc trn ng t l mt yu t c cn nhc khi thit k c s h tng GTVT. Vi mc ch thit k cc cng trnh GTVT, lc a chn c xc nh da trn gia tng a chn trn mt t khi c ng t xy ra v da trn phng php h s a chn, c s dng trn ton cu. Nht Bn gia tng a chn trn mt t trong trng hp ng t mnh c th c c tnh bng cc dng c o c lp t ti mt im c nh (trm qua trc kh tng, trm quan trc ng t, v.v). Khi phn tch s liu thu c t cc im quan trc v h hng kt cu th mi quan h gia h s a chn v gia tng a chn trn mt t dn tr ln r rng hn.

ng t xy ra lin quan cht ch vi hot ng ca cc vt t gy su, c bit l s trt ngang ca cc vt t gy. ng t lin quan n hot ng ca ni la c cng yu hn v thng din ra khu vc ngoi khi min Trung Vit Nam. ng t Vit nam thng xy ra su di 30 km t v tri t. Hnh 2.2.1 lit k tm ng t c cng >=4 Vit Nam. y, cc ng t gy chy dc khu vc in Bin, Lai Chu, Sn La, sng Hng, sng Chy, sng M, sng Cn, sng C (kinh tuyn 109030) v cc dy ni pha ty tnh Lai Chu. ng t c cng 4,6 7,0 thng thy khu vc ny. Cc on ng st t H Ni n Lo Cai v H Ni ng ng v cc ng Quc l nh tuyn 1A, 1B, 2, 4D, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 32, 70 v 279 c xy dng trong hoc cch khng xa vng a chn cng cao. Chnh v cc ng nt rn ln ny v do cc trn ng t nn t nhng khu vc ny rt yu v mt khi c ma ln th hin tng l t chc chn s xy ra trong khu vc ny. V th cn phi c cc bin php i ph bo v h thng CSHT GTVT chng hn nh ng b, ng st, sn bay, cng bin khi h hi cng nh c cc bin php khi phc mng li ny sau thin tai.

Bng 2.2.7 cho bit cc tm chn ng t v cp ng t tng ng. Hnh 2.2.4 cho bit bn vng mc a chn ca Vit Nam v cc vng ln cn.

Trong giai on 1900 2006, Vit Nam ghi nhn 450 chn ng vi cng 4,0MS


2-16

Bng 2.2.7 V tr tm chn ng t v cp ng t tng ng

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp 1. Th H Ni 34. Tnh Kin Giang Qun Ba nh Phng Cng V 7 Th x H Tin Phng ng H 5

Qun Cu Giy Phng Quan Hoa 8 Th x Rch Gi Phng Vnh Thnh Vn 5

Qun ng a Phng Th Quan 7 Huyn An Bin Th trn Th Ba 5

Qun Hai B Trng Phng L i Hnh 7 Huyn An Minh Th trn Th Mi Mt 5

Qun Hon Kim Phng Hng Trng 7 Huyn Chu Thnh Th trn Minh Lng 5

Qun Hong Mai Phng Phng Mai 8 Huyn Ging Ring Th trn Ging Ring 5

Qun Long Bin Phng Ngc Thy 7 Huyn G Quao Th trn G Quao 5 Qun Ty H Phng Nht Tn 7 Huyn Hn t Th trn Hn t 5 Qun Thanh Xun Thanh Xun Bc 8 Huyn Kin Hi o 5 Qun ng Anh Th trn ng Anh 7 Huyn Kin Lng Th trn Kin Lng 5 Qun Gia Lm Th trn Tru Qu 7 Huyn Ph Quc Th trn Dng ng 5 Qun Sc Sn Th trn Sc Sn 7 Huyn Tn Hip Th trn Tn Hip 5 Qun Thanh Tr Th trn Vn in 8 Huyn Vnh Thun Th trn Vnh Thun 5 Qun T Lim Th Trn Cu Din 8 35. Tnh Kon Tum 2. Thnh ph H Ch Minh Th x Phng Thng Li 7 Qun 1 Phng Bn Ngh 7 Huyn Dak Glei Th trn Dak Glei 7 Qun 2 Phng An Ph 7 Huyn Dak Ha Th trn Dak Ha 7 Qun 3 Phng 4 7 Huyn Dak To Th trn Dak To 7 Qun 4 Phng 12 7 Huyn Kon Plong Th trn Kon Leng 7 Qun 5 Phng 8 7 Huyn Kon Ray Th trn Tan Lap 7 Qun 6 Phng 1 7 Huyn Ngoc Hoi Th trn Plei Kan 7 Qun 7 Phng Ph M 7 Huyn Sa Thay Th trn Sa Thay 7 Qun 8 Phng 11 7 36. Tnh Lai Chu Qun 9 Hip Ph 7 Th x Lai Chu 7 Qun 10 Phng 14 7 Huyn Mng T Th trn Mng T 8 Qun 11 Phng 10 7 Huyn Phong Th Th trn Phong Th 7

Qun 12 Phng Tn Chnh Hip 7 Huyn Sn H Th trn Sn H 8

Qun Bnh Thnh Phng 14 7 Huyn Tam ng Th trn Tam ng 7 Qun G Vp Phng 10 7 Huyn Than Uyn Th trn Than Uyn 8 Qun Ph Nhun Phng 11 7 37. Lng Sn Qun Tn Bnh Phng 4 7 Thnh ph Lng Sn Phng Vnh Tri 7 Qun Tn Ph Phng 4 7 Huyn Bc Sn Th trn Bc Sn 5 Qun Th c Phng Bnh Th 7 Huyn Bnh Gia Th trn Bnh Gia 5 Qun Bnh Chnh Th trn An Lc 7 Huyn Cao Lc Th trn Cao Lc 7 Huyn Cn Gi Th trn Cn Gi 7 Huyn Chi Lng Th trn ng M 5 Huyn C Chi Th trn C Chi 7 Huyn nh Lp Th trn nh Lp 7 Huyn Hc Mn Th trn Hc Mn 7 Huyn Hu Lng Th trn Hu Lng 7 Huyn Nh B Th trn Nh B 7 Huyn Lc Bnh Th trn Lc Bnh 7 3. Thnh ph Hi Phng Huyn Trng nh Th trn Tht Kh 7

Qun Hng Bng Phng Hong Vn Th 8 Huyn Vn Lng Th trn Na Sm 7

Qun Kin An Phng Trn Thnh Ng 8 Huyn Vn Quan Th trn Vn Quan 6

Qun Hi An Phng Trn Thnh Ng 8 38. Tnh Lo Cai

Qun L Chn Phng Ct Di 8 Th x Lo Cai Phng Cc Lu 8 Qun Ng Quyn Phng My T 8 Th x Cam ng Phng Pom Hn 7


2-17

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Th x Sn Phng Vn Sn 7 Huyn Bc H Th trn Bc H 7 Huyn An Dng Th trn An Dng 8 Huyn Bo Thng Th trn Ph Lu 8 Huyn An Lo Th trn An Lo 8 Huyn Bo Yn Th trn Ph Rng 8 Huyn o Ct Hi Th trn Ct B Huyn Bt Xt Th trn Bat Xt 8

Huyn Hi An Th trn Ni i 8 Huyn Mng Khng Th trn Mng Khng 6

Huyn Kin Thy Th trn Ni i 8 Huyn Sa Pa Th trn Sa Pa 6 Huyn Thy Nguyn Th trn Ni o 8 Huyn Vn Bn Th trn Khnh Yn 7 Huyn Tin Lng Th trn Tin Lng 8 Huyn Si Ma Cai Si Ma Cai 6 Huyn Vnh Bo Th trn Vnh Bo 7 39. Lm ng 4. Thnh ph Nng Thnh ph Lt Phng 3 5 Qun Hi Chu Phng Hi Chu 8 Th x Bo Lc Phng B'Lao 5 Qun Lin Chiu Phng Ha Khnh 7 Huyn Bo Lm Th trn Lc Thng 5 Qun Ng Hnh Sn Phng Ha Hi 7 Huyn Ct Tin Th trn ng Nai 6

Qun Sn Tr Phng An Hi ng 7 Huyn Di Linh Th trn Di Linh 5

Qun Thanh Kh Phng Chnh Gin 7 Huyn Huoai Th trn Ma Da Gui 5 Huyn Ha Vang X Ha Th 7 Huyn Teh Th trn Da Teh 5 Huyn Hong Sa o 7 Huyn n Dng Th trn Thnh M 6 5. Thnh ph Cn Th Huyn c Trng Th trn Lin Ngha 6 Qun Bnh Thy 7 Huyn Lm H Th trn inh Vn 5 Qun Ci Rng 7 Huyn Lc Dng Th trn Lc Dng 5 Qun Ninh Kiu 7 40. Tnh Long An Qun Mn 7 Th x Tn An Phng 1 7 Huyn C Th trn C 5 Huyn Bn Lc Th trn Bn Lc 7 Huyn Phong in Th trn Thnh An 8 Huyn Cn Giuc C Th trn Cn Giuc 7 Qun Tht Nt Th trn Tht Nt 7 Huyn Cn c Th trn Cn c 7 Huyn Vnh Thnh Th trn Thi Lai 6 Huyn Chu Thnh Th trn Tm Vu 6 6.Tnh An Giang Huyn c Ha Th trn Hu Ngha 7 Thnh ph Long Xuyn Phng M Bnh 7 Huyn c Hu Th trn ng Thnh 7

Th x Chu c Phng Chu Ph A 7 Huyn Mc Ha Th trn Mc Ha 5 Huyn An Ph Th trn An Ph 7 Huyn Tn Hng Th trn Tn Hng 5 Huyn Chu Ph Th trn Ci Du 7 Huyn Tn Thnh Th trn Tn Thnh 5 Huyn Chu Thnh Th trn An Chu 7 Huyn Tn Tr Th trn Tn Tr 7 Huyn Ch Mi Th trn Ch Mi 7 Huyn Thnh Ha Th trn Thnh Ha 5 Huyn Ph Tn Th trn Ch Vm 6 Huyn Th Tha Th trn Th Tha 7 Huyn Tn Chu 6 Huyn Vnh Hng Th trn Vnh Hng 5 Huyn Thoi Sn Th trn Ni Sp 5 41. Nam nh Huyn Tri Tn Th trn Tri Tn 5 Thnh ph Nam nh Phng Ng Quyn 8 Huyn Tnh Bin Th trn Nh Bng 6 Huyn Giao Thy Th trn Ng ng 8 7.Tnh B Ra Vng Tu Huyn Hi Hu Th trn Yn nh 8 Thnh ph Vng Tu Phng 1 7 Huyn M Lc Th trn M Lc 8

Th x B Ra Phng Phc 6 Huyn Nam Trc Th trn Nam Trc 8 Huyn Chu c X Ngi Giao 5 Huyn Ngha Hng Th trn Liu 8 Huyn Cn o Cn o 7 Huyn Trc Ninh Th trn C L 8 Huyn t Th trn t 6 Huyn V Bn Th trn Gi 8 Huyn Long in Th trn Long in 7 Huyn Xun Trng Th trn Xun Ngc 8 Huyn Tn Thnh Th trn Ph M 6 Huyn Yn Th trn Lm 8 Huyn Xuyn Mc X Phc Bu 5 42. Tnh Ngh An 8.Tnh Bc Liu Thnh ph Vinh Phng L Mao 8 Th x Bc Liu Phng 3 5 Th x Ca L Phng Nghi Thy 8


2-18

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Huyn ng Hi Th trn Gnh Ho 6 Huyn Anh Sn Th trn Anh Sn 8 Huyn Gi Rai Th trn Gi Rai 5 Huyn Con Cung Th trn Con Cung 8 Huyn Hng Dn Th trn Ngan Da 5 Huyn Din Chu Th trn Din Chu 7 Huyn Phc Long Th trn Phc Long 5 Huyn Lng Th trn Lng 8 Huyn Vnh Li Th trn Ha Bnh 5 Huyn Hng Nguyn Th trn Hng Nguyn 8 9.Tnh Bc Giang Huyn K Sn Th trn Mng Xn 7 Th x Bc Giang Phng Trn Ph 8 Huyn Nam n Th trn Nam n 8 Huyn Hip Ha Th trn Thng 7 Huyn Nghi Lc Th trn Quan Hnh 8 Huyn Lng Giang Th trn Vi 7 Huyn Ngha n Th trn Thi Ha 6 Huyn Lc Nam Th trn i Ng 8 Huyn Qu Phong Th trn Kim Sn 6 Huyn Lc Ngn Th trn Ch 7 Huyn Qu Chu Th trn Qu Chu 6

Huyn Tn Yn Th trn Cao Thng 6 Huyn Qu Hp Th trn Qu Hp 6

Huyn Sn ng Th trn An Chu 7 Huyn Qunh Lu Th trn Cu Git 6 Huyn Vit Yn Th trn Bch ng 8 Huyn Tn K Th trn Tn K 7

Huyn Yn Dng Th trn Neo 8 Huyn Thanh Chng Th trn Thanh Chuong 8

Huyn Yn Th Th trn Cau Go 7 Huyn Tng Dng Th trn Ha Bnh 7 10.Tnh Bc Cn Huyn Yn Thnh Th trn Yn Minh 7

Th x Bc Cn Phng Phng Ch Kin 7 43. Tnh Ninh Binh

Huyn Ba B Th trn Ch R 6 Thnh ph Ninh Bnh Phng Thanh Bnh 7 Huyn Bch Thng Th trn Ph Thng 7 Th x Tam ip Phng Bc Sn 7 Huyn Ch n Th trn Bng Lng 5 Huyn Gia Vin Th trn Me 7 Huyn Ch Mi Th trn Ch Mi 7 Huyn Hoa L Th trn Hoa L 7 Huyn Na R Th trn Yn Lc 6 Huyn Kim Sn Th trn Pht Dim 8 Huyn Pc Nm Th trn Bc B 6 Huyn Nho Quan Th trn Nho Quan 7 Huyn Ngn Sn Th trn Ngn Sn 7 Huyn Yn Khnh Th trn Yn Ninh 8 11. Tnh Bc Ninh Huyn Yn M Th trn Yn Thnh 7 Thnh ph Bc Ninh Vu Ninh pre. 8 44. Tnh Ninh Thun

Huyn Gia Bnh Th trn Gia Bnh 8 Th x Phan Rang-Thp Chm My Huong pre. 5

Huyn Lng Ti Th trn Tha 8 Huyn Bc i Th trn Bc i 6 Huyn Qu V Th trn Ph Mi 8 Huyn Ninh Hi Th trn Khnh Hi 5 Huyn Thun Thnh Th trn H 8 Huyn Ninh Phc Th trn Phc Dn 5 Huyn Tin Du Th trn Lim 8 Huyn Ninh Sn Th trn Tn Sn 6 Th x T Sn Th trn T Sn 7 45. Tnh Ph Th Huyn Yn Phong Th trn Ch 8 Thnh ph Vit Tr Phng Th Sn 8 12.Ben Tre Th x Ph Th Phng u C 8 Ben tre ts. Phng 8 5 Huyn oan Hng Th trn oan Hng 8 Ba Tri Ba Tri to. 6 Huyn H Ha Th trn H Ha 8 Binh Dai Binh Dai to. 7 Huyn Lm Thao Th trn Lm Thao 8 Chau Thanh Chau Thanh to. 5 Huyn Ph Ninh Th trn Phong Chu 8 Cho Lach Cho Lach to. 5 Huyn Sng Thao Th trn Sng Thao 8 Giong Chom Giong Tom to. 5 Huyn Tam Nng Th trn Hng Ha 8 Mo Cay Mo Cay to. 5 Huyn Thanh Ba Th trn Thanh Ba 8 Thach Phu Thach Phu to. 5 Huyn Thanh Sn Th trn Thanh Sn 7 13. Tnh Bnh Dng Huyn Thanh Thy Th trn Thanh Thy 7 Th x Th Du Mt Phng Hip Thnh 7 Huyn Yn Lp Th trn Yn Lp 7 Huyn Bn Ct Th trn M Phc 7 46. Tnh Ph Yn Huyn Du Ting Th trn Du Ting 7 Th x Tuy Ha Phng 1 7 Huyn D An Th trn D An 7 Huyn ng Xun Th trn La Hai 8 Huyn Ph Gio Th trn Phc Vnh 7 Huyn Ph Ha X Ha M ng 7 Th trn Tn Uyn Th trn Uyn Hng 6 Huyn Sng Cu Th trn Sng Cu 8


2-19

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Th trn Thun An Th trn Li Thiu 7 Huyn Sng Hinh Th trn Hai Ring 7 14. Tnh Bnh nh Huyn Sn Ha Th trn Cng Sn 7 Thnh ph Quy Nhn Phng L Li 7 Huyn Tuy An Th trn Ch Thnh 8

Huyn An Lo Th trn An Lo 8 Huyn Tuy Ha Th trn Ph Lm 7 Huyn Nhn Lo Th trn Bnh nh 8 47. Tnh Qung Bnh Huyn Hoi An Th trn Tng Bt H 8 Thnh ph ng Hi Phng Hi nh 7 Huyn Hoi Nhn Th trn Bng Sn 8 Huyn B Trch Th trn Hon Lo 6 Huyn Ph Ct Th trn Ng My 8 Huyn L Thy Th trn Kin Giang 6 Huyn Ph M Th trn Ph M 8 Huyn Minh Ha Th trn Quy t 6 Huyn Ty Sn Th trn Thu Phong 8 Huyn Qung Ninh Th trn Qun Hu 6 Huyn Tuy Phc Th trn Tuy Phc 8 Huyn Qung Trch Th trn B n 6 Huyn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh 8 Huyn Tuyn Ha Th trn ng L 6 Huyn Vnh Thnh Th trn Vnh Thnh 7 48. Tnh Qung Nam 15.Tnh Bnh Phc Th x Tam K Phng An Xun 7 Th x ng Xoi Phng Tn Ph 7 Th x Hi An Phng Minh An 6 Huyn Bnh Long Th trn An Lc 7 Huyn Bc Tr My Th trn Tr My 7 Huyn B ng Th trn c Phong 6 Huyn Duy Xuyn Th trn Nam Phc 6 Huyn B p Th trn Lc Ninh 5 Huyn i Lc Th trn i Ngha 6 Huyn Chn Thnh Th trn Chn Thnh 7 Huyn in Bn Th trn Vnh Din 6 Huyn ng Ph Th trn ng Ph 7 Huyn ng Giang Th trn P Rao 7 Huyn Lc Ninh Th trn Lc Ninh 7 Huyn Hip c Th trn Tn An 7 Th x Phc Long Phng Thc M 5 Huyn Nam Giang Th trnN Thch M 6 16.Tnh Bnh Thun Huyn Nam Tr My Th trn Tr Mai 7 Thnh ph Phan Thit Duc Thang pre. 5 Huyn Ni Thnh Th trn Ni Thnh 7

Huyn Bc Bnh Th trn Ch Lu 5 Huyn Phc Sn Th trn Khm c 8 Huyn c Linh Th trn V Xu 6 Huyn Qu Sn Th trn ng Ph 6 Huyn Hm Tn Th trn La Gi 7 Huyn Ty Giang Plang 7 Huyn Hm Thun Bc Th trn Ma Lm 5 Huyn Thng Bnh Th trn H Lam 6

Huyn Hm Thun Nam Th trn Thun Nam 6 Huyn Tin Phc Th trn Tin K 7

Huyn Ph Qu Th trn Ph Qu 7 49. Qung Ngi

Huyn Tnh Linh Th trn Lc Tnh 6 Th x Qung Ngi Phng Trn Hng o 7

Huyn Tuy Phong Th trn Lin Hng 6 Huyn Ba T Th trn Ba T 8 17. Tnh C Mau Huyn Bnh Sn Th trn Chu 7 Thnh ph C Mau Phng 5 5 Huyn c Ph Th trn c Ph 8 Huyn Ci Nc Th trn Ci Nc 5 Ly Son Th trn L Sn 7 Huyn m Di Th trn m Di 5 Huyn Minh Long Th trn Long Hip 6 Huyn Nm Cn Th trn Nm Cn 6 M c Th trn M c 6 Huyn Ngc Hin Th trn Rch Gc 5 Huyn Ngha Hnh Th trn Ch Cha 7 Huyn Ph Tn Th trn Ci i Vm 5 Huyn Sn H Th trn Di Lng 6 Huyn Thi Bnh Th trn Thi Bnh 5 Huyn Sn Ty X Sn Dung 6 Huyn Trn Vn Thi

Th trn Trn Vn Thi 5 Huyn Sn Tnh Th trn Sn Tnh 8

Huyn U Minh Th trn U Minh 5 Huyn Ty Tr Son Dung 7 18. Tnh Cao Bng Huyn Tr Bng Th trn Tr Xun 7 Th x Cao Bng Phng Hp Giang 7 Huyn T Ngha Th trn La H 7 Huyn Bo Lm Th trn Bo Lm 6 50. Tnh Qung Ninh Huyn Bo Lc Th trn Bo Lc 6 Thnh ph H Long Phng Hng Gai 7 Huyn H Qung Th trn H Qung 7 Th x Cm Ph Phng Cm Thnh 7 Huyn H Lang Th trn H Lang 5 Th x Mng Ci Phng Trn Ph 7 Huyn Ha An Th trn Nc Hai 7 Th x Ung B Phng Trng 8


2-20

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Vng

Huyn Nguyn Bnh Th trn Nguyn Bnh 6 Huyn Ba Ch Th trn Ba Ch 8

Huyn Phc Ha Th trn T Lng 6 Huyn Bnh Liu Th trn Bnh Liu 6 Huyn Qung Yn Th trn Qung Yn 6 Huyn C T o 5 Huyn Thch An Th trn ng Kh 7 Huyn m H Th trn m H 7 Huyn Thng Nng Th trn Thng Nng 6 Huyn ng Triu Th trn ng Triu 8 Huyn Tr Lnh Th trn Hng Quc 6 Huyn Hi H Th trn Qung H 7

Huyn Trng Khnh Th trn Trng Khnh 5 Huyn Honh B Th trn Tri 8

19. Tnh ak Lak Huyn Tin Yn Th trn Tin Yn 7 Tp Bun Ma Thut Phng T An 5 Huyn Vn n Th trn Ci Rng 7 Huyn Bun n Th trn Bun n 5 Huyn Yn Hng Th trn Qung Yn 8 Huyn C M'gar Th trn Qung Ph 5 51. Tnh Qung Tr Huyn Ea H'leo Th trn Ea Drng 5 Th x ng H Phng 1 6 Huyn Ea Kar Th trn Ea Kar 5 Th x Qung Tr Phng 1 6 Huyn Ea Sp Th trn Ea Sp 5 Huyn Cam L Th trn Cam L 6 Huyn Krng Ana Th trn Bun Trp 5 Huyn a Krng Th trn a Krong 7 Huyn Krng Bng Th trn Krng Kmar 6 Huyn Gio Linh Th trn Gio Linh 6 Huyn Krng Buk Th trn Bun H 5 Huyn Hi Lng Th trn Hi Lng 6 Huyn Krng Nng Th trn Krng Nng 5 Huyn Hng Ha Th trn Khe Sanh 7 Huyn Krng Pak Th trn Phc An 5 Huyn Triu Phong Th trn i T 6 Huyn Lk Th trn Lin Sn 6 Huyn Vnh Linh Th trn H X 6 Huyn M'Drak Th trn Drak 7 52. Sc Trng 20.k Nng Th x Sc Trng Phng 2 6 Huyn C Jt Th trn Ea T'Ling 5 Huyn C Lao Dung Th trn C Lao Dung 7 Huyn k Mil Th trn k Mil 5 Huyn K Sch Th trn K Sch 6 Huyn k Nng Th trn Gia Ngha 7 Huyn Long Ph Th trn Long Ph 6

Huyn k Rlp Th trn Kin c 6 Huyn M T Th trn Hunh Hu Ngha 5

Huyn k Song Th trn k Song 5 Huyn M Xuyn Th trn M Xuyn 5 Huyn Krng N Th trn Dak Man 5 Huyn Ng Nm Th trn Ng Nm 5 21.Dien Bien Huyn Thnh Tr Th trn Ph Lc 5 Tp in Bin Ph Phng Him Lam 8 Huyn Vnh Chu Th trn Vnh Chu 6 Huyn Lai Chu Phng Na Lay 8 53. Sn La

Huyn in Bin Th trn Mng Thanh 8 Th x Sn La Phng Ching L 8

Huyn in Bin ng

Th trn in Bin ng 8 Huyn Bc Yn Th x Bc Yn 7

Huyn Mng Lay Th trn Mng Lay 8 Huyn Mai Sn Th x Ht Lt 8 Huyn Mng Nh Th trn Mng Nh 8 Huyn Mc Chu Th x Mc Chu 8 Huyn Ta Cha Th trn Ta Cha 8 Huyn Mng La Th x Mng La 8 Huyn Tun Gio Th trn Tun Gio 8 Huyn Ph Yn Th x Ph Yn 7 22.ng Nai Huyn Qunh Nhai Th x Qunh Nhai 7 Thnh ph Bin Ha Th trn Thanh Bnh 6 Huyn Sng M Th x Sng M 8 Th x Long Khnh Th trn Xun Lc 6 Huyn Sp Cp Th x Sp Cp 8 Huyn Cm M Th trn Long Giao 5 Huyn Thun Chu Th x Thun Chu 8 Huyn nh Qun Th trn nh Qun 6 Huyn Yn Chu Th x Yn Chu 8 Huyn Long Thnh Th trn Long Thnh 6 54. Ty Ninh Huyn Nhn Trch Th trn Nhn Trch 6 Th x Ty Ninh Phng 2 7 Huyn Tn Ph Th trn Tn Ph 5 Huyn Bn Cu Th trn Bn Cu 7 Huyn Thng Nht Th trn 6 Huyn Chu Thnh Th trn Chu Thnh 7

Huyn Trng Bom Th trn Trng Bom 5 Huyn Dng Minh Chu Th trn Dng Minh Chu 7

Huyn Vnh Cu Th trn Vnh An 5 Huyn G Du Th trn G Du 7


2-21

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Huyn Xun Lc Th trn Gia Ray 7 Huyn Ha Thnh Th trn Ha Thnh 7 23.ng Thp Huyn Tn Bin Th trn Tn Bin 7 Thnh ph Cao Lnh Phng M Thun 6 Tn Chu Th trn Tn Chu 7

Th x Sa c Phng 1 6 Huyn Trng Bng Th trn Trng Bng 7 Huyn Cao Lnh Th trn Cao Lnh 6 55. Thi Bnh

Huyn Chu Thnh Th trn Ci Tu H 6 Thnh ph Thi Bnh Phng L Hng Phong 8

Huyn Hng Ng Th trn Hng Ng 6 Huyn ng Hng Th trn ng Hng 7 Huyn Lai Vung Th trn Lai Vung 7 Huyn Hng H Th trn Hng H 8 Huyn Lp V Th trn Lp V 7 Huyn Kin Xng Th trn Kin Xng 8 Huyn Tam Nng Th trn Trm Chim 5 Huyn Qunh Ph Th trn Qunh Ci 7 Huyn Tn Hng Th trn Sa Ri 5 Huyn Thi Thy Th trn Dim in 7 Huyn Thanh Bnh Th trn Thanh Bnh 6 Huyn Tin Hi Th trn Tin Hi 7 Huyn Thp Mi Th trn M An 5 Huyn V Th Th trn V Th 8 24.Gia Lai 56. Thi Nguyn

Tp Plei Ku Phng Din Hng 7 Thnh ph Thi Nguyn Phng Trng Vng 7

Th x An Kh Th trn An Kh 7 Th x Sng Cng Phng Tn Quang 7 Huyn Ayun Pa Th trn Cheo Reo 7 Huyn i T Th trn i T 8 Huyn Ch Pah Th trn Ph Ha 7 Huyn nh Ha Th trn Ch Chu 6 Huyn Ch Prong Chu Prong 5 Huyn ng H Th trn Cha Hang 7 Huyn Ch Se Chu Se 6 Huyn Ph Yn Th trn Ba Hng 7 Huyn Dak Doa Dak Doa 7 Huyn Ph Bnh c Son 7 Huyn Dak Po Dak Po 7 Huyn Ph Lng Th trn u 8 Huyn c C Th trn Ch Ty 5 Huyn V Nhai nh C 6 Huyn Ia Grai Ia Kha 6 57. Thanh Ha

Huyn Ia Pa Kim Tan 7 Thnh ph Thanh Ha in Bin 7

Huyn K'Bang Kbang 7 Huyn Bm Sn Bc Sn 8 Huyn Kong Chro Kong Chro 7 Huyn Sm Sn Bc Sn 7 Huyn Krng Pa Th trn Ph Tc 7 Huyn Ba Thc Canh Nng 8 Huyn Mang Yang Kon Dong 6 Huyn Cm Thy Cm Thy 8 25. H Giang Huyn ng Sn Rng Thng 7 Th x H Giang Trn Ph 7 Huyn H Trung H Trung 8 Bc M Bc M 6 Huyn Hu Lc Hu Lc 8 Bc Quang Vit Quang 6 Huyn Hong Ha Bt Sn 8 ng Vn Dong Van 5 Huyn Lang Chnh Lng Chanh 8 Hong Su Ph Vinh Quang 5 Huyn Mng Lt Mng Lt 8 Mo Vc Mo Vc 6 Huyn Nga Son Nga Sn 8 Quang Bnh Yn Bnh 7 Huyn Ngc Lc Ngc Lc 8 Qun B Tam Sn 6 Huyn Nh Thnh Nh Thnh 7 V Xuyn V Xuyn 6 Huyn Nh Xun Yn Ct 7 Xn Mn Cc Pi 5 Huyn Nng Cng Nng Cng 8 Yn Minh Yn Minh 7 Huyn Qung Xng Qung Xng 7 26.H Nam Huyn Quan Ha Quan Ha 8 Th x Ph L Quang Trung pre. 8 Huyn Quan Sn Quan Sn 7 Bnh Lc Bnh M 8 Huyn Thch Thnh Kim Tn 8 Duy Tin Duy Tin 8 Huyn Th Xun Th Xun 7 Kim Bng Qu 8 Huyn Thng Xun Thng Xun 7 L Nhn Vnh Tr 8 Huyn Thiu Ha Vn H 7 Thanh Lim Thanh Lim 8 Huyn Tnh Gia Tnh Gia 7 27.H Ty Huyn Triu Sn Triu Sn 8 Th x H ng Phng Nguyn 8 Huyn Vnh Lc Vnh Lc 8


2-22

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Tri

Th x Sn Ty Phng Quang Trung 8 Huyn Yn nh Qun Lo 7

Ba V Ba V 8 58. Tha Thin Hu Chng M Chc Sn 8 Ni thnh Ph Hi 7 an Phng Phng 8 A Li A Li 7 Hoi c Tri 8 Hng Thy Ph Bi 6 M c T Tiu 7 Hng Tr T H 7 Ph Xuyn Ph Xun 8 Nam ng Khe Tre 7 Phc Th Phc Th 8 Ph Lc Ph Lc 6 Quc Oai Quc Oai 8 Ph Vang Ph Vang 7 Thch Tht Lin Quan 8 Phong in Phong in 6 Thanh Oai Kim Bi 8 Qung in Sa 6 Thng Tn Thng Tn 8 59. Tin Giang ng Ha Vn nh 8 Thnh ph M Tho Phng 5 28. H Tnh Th x G Cng Phng 7 Th x H Tnh P.Bc H 8 Ci B Ci B 5 Th x Hng Lnh P. Nam Hng 8 Cai Ly Cai Ly 5 Can Lc Nghn 8 Chu Thnh Tn Hip 6 Cm Xuyn Cm Xuyn 8 Ch Go Ch Go 6 c Th c Th 8 G Cng ng Vnh Hu 7 Hng Kh Hng Kh 6 G Cng Ty Vnh Bnh 7 Hng Sn Tt. Ph Chu 7 Tn Phc M Phc 5 K Anh K Anh 8 60. Tr Vinh Nghi Xun Nghi Xun 8 Th x Tr Vinh Phng 4 5 Thch H Th trn Thch H 8 Cng Long Cng Long 6 V Quang V Quang 7 Cu K Cu K 7 29. Hi Dng Cu Ngang Cau Ngang 6 Thnh ph Hi Dng

Phng Nguyn Tri 8 Chu Thnh Chu Thnh 6

Bnh Giang K St 7 Duyn Hi Duyn Hi 6 Cm Ging Lai Cch 8 Tiu Cn Tiu Cn 7 Ch Linh Sao 8 Tr C Tr C 7 Gia Lc Gia Lc 8 61. Tuyn Quang Kim Thanh Ph Thi 8 Th x Tuyn Quang P. Minh Sn 7 Kinh Mn An L 8 Chim Ha Vnh Lc 5 Nam Sch Nam Sch 8 Hm Yn Tn Yn 6 Ninh Giang Ninh Giang 7 Na Hang Na Hang 6 Thanh H Thanh H 8 Sn Dng Sn Dng 7 Thanh Min Thanh Min 7 Yn Sn Yn Sn 7 T K T K 8 62. Vnh Long 30. Hu Giang Th x Vnh Long Phng 5 Th x V Thanh Phng 5 5 Bnh Minh Ci Vn 7 Chu Thnh Ng Su 6 Long H Long H 5 Chu Thnh A Tn Thun 5 Mang Tht Ci Nhum 5 Long M Long M 5 Tam Bnh Tam Bnh 6 Phng Hip Phng Hip 6 Tr n Tr n 6 V Thy Nng Mau 5 Vng Lim Vng Lim 5 31. Ha Bnh 63. Vnh Phc Th x Ha Bnh Phuong Lam pre. 7 Th x Phc Yn Phc Yn 7 Cao Phong Cao Phong 7 Th x Vnh Yn Phng Lin Bo 7 Bc Bc 7 Bnh Xuyn Hng Canh 7 Kim Bi Bo 6 Lp Thch Lp Thch 7 K Sn K Sn 7 M Linh Phc Yn 7


2-23

Tnh/huyn Cp Tnh/huyn Cp Lc Sn V Bn 8 Tam Dng Tam Dng 7 Lc Thy Chi N 7 Vnh Tng Vnh Tng 8 Lng Sn Lng Sn 7 Yn Lc Yn Lc 8 Mai Chu Mai Chu 8 64. Yn Bi Tn Lc Mng Khn 7 Tp. Yn Bi P. Nguyn Thi Hc 8 Yn Thy Hng Trm 7 Th x Ngha L P. Trung Tm 7 32. Hng Yn Lc Yn Yn Th 8 Th x Hng Yn Minh Khai pre. 8 M Cang Chi M Cang Chi 7 n Thi n Thi 7 Trm Tu Trm Tu 6 Khoi Chu Khoi Chu 8 Trn Yn C Phc 8 Kim ng Lng Bng 8 Vn Chn TTNT. Lin Sn 7 M Ho Bn Yn Nhn 7 Vn Yn Mu A 8 Ph C Trn Cao 7 Yn Bnh Yn Bnh 8 Tin L Vng 8 Vn Giang Vn Giang 7 Vn Lm Nh Qunh 7 Yn M Yn M 7 33. Khnh Ha Tp. Nha Trang Phng Tn Lp 6 Th x Cam Ranh Ba Ngi 5 Din Khnh Din Khnh 6 Khnh Sn THp 6 Khnh Vnh Khnh Vnh 5 Ninh Ha Ninh Ha 6 Trng Sa o 5 Vn Ninh Vn Gia 5

Ngun; Vin a Vt l, nm 2007


2-24

Hnh 2.2.4 Tm chn ng t c cng MS>=4

Ngun: Vin a Vt l, Vin Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia (nm 2007)

Scale: 7000 000

Annotation: Epicentres


2-25

Hnh 2.2.5 Bn tm chn ng t ca Vit Nam v khu vc ln cn (T l: 1: 7.000.000)

Ngun: Vin a Vt l, Vin Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia (nm 2007)


2-26

4) Ti nguyn rng

Vit Nam l nc nhit i c mc a dng sinh hc rt cao v cng l mt trong nhng im nng v bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc ca th gii. Ti nguyn rng Vit Nam giu c v cc loi ng thc vt, c cc loi rng a dng nh: rng ngp mn, rng t ngp nc ni a, rng bn thng xanh rng ln, rng bn nguyn sinh vng t thp, rng ni vi, rng xanh ni caoTheo thng k, Vit Nam c hn 7.000 loi thc vt bc cao. Theo d bo ca cc nh sinh hc, c t nht khong 12.000 loi thc vt Vit Nam trong c 2.300 loi c s dng phc v con ngi nh lng thc, dc phm, thc n, g xy dng, tinh du, v.v.

n th k th 17 Vit Nam c mt h thng rng nhit i dy c bao ph cc khu vc ng bng, chn ni cng nh cc ngn i thp. Nhiu nht l cc khu rng lim, hunh, de v.v. Cho n cui th k th 20, din tch ph ca rng gim xung ch cn 9 triu ha. Din tch rng b ph l 12 triu ha. Trong my thp k qua din tch ph ca rng gim mt cch nhanh chng. Din tch rng gim t 14.272.000 ha nm 1943 xung cn 9.184.283 ha vo nm 1987 ch chim c 28% tng din tch t ai. Theo cc s liu thng k, t rng ang gim khong 20,000 ha mt nm do chy rng v chuyn sang canh tc. Thm vo , din tch rng rng ln khu vc Ty nguyn v min ng Nam B chuyn i thnh cc n in cao su, c ph, ch v bng trong nhng nm gn y. che ph ca rng gim t 14.3 triu ha (43,5%) nm 1943 xung cn di 12 triu ha (38%) hin nay.

Nm 2006, Vit Nam trng c 2,5 triu ha rng, chim 9,5 tng din tch rng v tng 16% so vi nm 2000. T l tng din tch rng l 2,5%/nm trong giai on 2000 2006.

Din tch rng b chy tng t 1,04 triu ha nm 2000 ln 2,08 triu ha nm 2006, c bit l vng ng Bc, ni chim ti 51% (1.069,8 ha) tng din tch rng b chy ca c nc. Trn ton quc tc chy rng hng nm giai on 2000-2006 l kh cao mc bo ng, 12,2%. Tuy nhin, din tch rng b chy gim ng k vng ng Nam B v ng bng sng Hng (Xem trong bng 2.2.8). Din tch rng b cht ph gim ng k t 3,54 triu ha nm 2000 xung cn 2,85 triu ha nm 2006.

Bng 2.2.8 Din tch rng ca Vit Nam (000 ha)

Vng

2000 2006 T l tng (%) (2000-2006)

Tng

R

ng t

nh

in

R

ng trn

g

R

ng b

ph

hy

R

ng b

chy

Tng

R

ng t

Documents

Báo cáo chuyên ngành số 07 MÔI TRƯỜNGopen_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12000139_01.pdf · trường dọc các tuyến đường cao tốc ..... 4-8 Bảng 4.1.4 Một số