Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course …web.abo.fi/instut/pcc/presentations_pdf/Hupa_Thermal_Conv_Biomass… · Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course

Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course “The Forest based Biorefinery –The Forest based Biorefinery

Chemical and Engineering Challenges and Opportunities”May 3-7, 2010

Thermal conversion of biomassThermal conversion of biomass

Mikko HupaÅbo AkademiTurku, Finland

Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal conversion of biomass - Outline

1. Introduction2. Combustion and biomass fuel propertiesp p3. Gasification to produce combustible gas4. Gasification to produce synthesis gas. f p y g5. Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil6 Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?6. Black liquor: recovery boiler or gasifier?7. Summary

Use of Wood Wood

in Fi l dFinland

(VTT 2000)

Use of Use of Wood

i in Finland

(VTT 2000)

paper

pulppulping chemicals

Kraft Pulp Mill

stemwood chipschipping pulping

pulpchemicals

round wood

black liquor

debarking

forest harvestingbark

com- emissions

heat power&com

bustionemissions

pulping chemicals

ash

Kraft Pulp Mill & Biorefinery

paper

pulppulping chemicalsBiorefinery

stemwood chipschipping pulping

pulpchemicals

round wood

knots black liquor

debarking

extraction

extraction

P

forest harvestingbark

separationP

Pextraction

P P

com- emissions

residuesheat power

f ( )

&com

bustion----

gasifica-ti

emissions

synthesis gas

biofuels (l)

synthesispulping chemicals

tion

ash Precycling

Conversion Routes for Cellulosic Biomasses

Fischer-Tropsch Alkanes

Combustion Heat & PowerHeat & Power

SynGas (CO2+H2)

p

Methanol Methanol, DME

Cellulosic Bi P l i t

Water-Gas Shift

DehydroxygenationBio oils Liquid Fuels

Hydrogen

Biomass Pyrolysis etc.Zeolite Upgrading

Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars

DehydrationAromatic Hydrocarbons

Li Alk H

LigninAq.-Phase Processing

Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline




SynGas (CO2+H2)

p



Water-Gas Shift


Hydrogen


Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars


Li Alk H


Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline






SynGas (CO2+H2)

p



Water-Gas Shift


Hydrogen


Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars


Li Alk H


Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline

N2O2CO pump pump

Vent.

CO2 pump

NOCO/CO

SO2

pump

Vent

NOCO/CO2

Filter

Vent.

Single Particle Burning Systemg g y(Source: Åbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning of W d Wood

– 92.6 mgg800 ºC

21 % O2 (air)

Fuel Particle Burning StagesFuel Particle Burning Stages

H2O Combustion of a solid fuelH2OH2O Combustion of a solid fuelH2O Combustion of a solid fuelH2OH2O Combustion of a solid fuel

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Solid fuel

CO, CO2, H2OH2O

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2CxHy

CO, CO2

Air

Drying

O2

Drying

O2

Drying

O2

Drying

O2

Drying

O2

Drying

O2

A h

Pyrolysis/devolatilisation

andChar combustion

A h


andChar combustion

A h


andChar combustion

A h


andChar combustion

A h


andChar combustion

A h


andChar combustion

Ashandgas combustion






Single Particle Burning –Single Particle Burning On-line CO2 Analysis

3 %

4 %

n

2 %

3 %

orm

atio

n

1 %

%

CO

2fo

0 %0 20 40 600 20 40 60

time (seconds)

Single Particle Burning –Volatile Carbon vs Char CarbonVolatile Carbon vs. Char Carbon

pm)

Volatile carbon

CO

2 (

pp

Char b

time

carbon

time

Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler (Metso Power)E.ON UK Steven’s Croft Power StationLockerbie UK

Steam 126 MWth48 kg/sg137 bar537 °C

Fuels Wood chips, sawdust, bark,recycled woody

Start-up 2007

Bubbling Fuidzed Bed Boiler (Metso Power)

Tertiary superheaterSecondary superheatery pPrimary superheater

Fuel silosEconomizers

FurnaceAir preheaters

Hydro Beam floor

Fluidized bed

Bubbling Fluidized Bed Furnace

Boiler furnace Overfire air

Load burners

Fluidized bedFuel feeding

Primary air

Removal of coarse material

Hydro Beam Floor

Use of Wood Wood

in Fi l dFinland

(VTT 2000)

Five Spruce Tissuesp

Wood Bark Twigs NeedlesShoots

Ash Elements in Spruce TissuesAsh Elements in Spruce Tissues(J. Werkelin 2005)

Fouling and Corrosion due to Unsuitable Fuel Mixture

Summary 1: Biomass Combustion Summary 1: Biomass Combustion for Heat & Power

• Dominating biomass-to-energy technology• Finland strong with FBC technologyg gy• Research on demanding feedstocks:

moisture, heating value, ash, emissions• Research on improved power production –

controlling superheater corrosion






SynGas (CO2+H2)

p



Water-Gas Shift


Hydrogen


Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars


Li Alk H


Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline

What Happens in a Gasifier?What Happens in a Gasifier?

Volatiles,tarsMoisture

H2, COtarsMoisture

PyrolysisDrying Char gasification

CharDroplet Solids Ash

CO2, H2O

What Happens in a Gasifier?What Happens in a Gasifier?

Product gas / Syn Gas

Volatiles,tarsMoisture

H2, CO

g y

tarsMoisture

PyrolysisDrying Char gasification

CharDroplet Solids Ash

CO2, H2O

CFB Gasifier UNIFLOW CYCLONEREACTOR

850 °C GASIFICATION AIR FANFoster Wheeler

900 °CFUEL FEED

AIR PREHEATER

RET

UR

N L

EGR

BOTTOM ASH COOLING SCREW

HOT LOW CALORIFICGAS (750 - 650 °C)

COOLING WATER

BOTTOM ASH

BIOMASS GASIFICATION - COAL BOILER - LAHTI PROJECT

540 °C/170 bar350 MW

CO Reduction

Processing

Biomass

300 GWh/a -15 % fuel input

Power

CO2 Reduction -10 %

Pulverized coal flames50 MW

Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a

Gasifier

BottomCoal Fly ash

Gas flame

Natural Gas1050 GWh/a -50 %

650 GWh/ 35 %Bottomash Natural Gas 650 GWh/a -35 %

Foster Wheeler

Summary 2: Biomass Gasification & Summary 2: Biomass Gasification & Combustion of the Gas for Heat & Power

• Simple process – de facto partial oxidation of the fuel into a combustible gas mixture

%(air ratio 30-40 %)• Used instead of direct combustion in

i l li ti li kil fi i special applications: lime kilns, co-firing with coalCh ll t hi l t i • Challenges to achieve complete conversion of the biomass fuel






SynGas (CO2+H2)

p



Water-Gas Shift


Hydrogen


Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars


Li Alk H


Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline

Biodiesel Production in Pulp Mill

powerProcess steam & power

Paper& pulp

Gasification and

Pulp andpaper mill

plantProcess steam & powerp p

fuel gasGasification andgas treatmentEnergy

to drying

synthesis

fuel gas+ steam

Wood, straw

Biomasshandling

anddrying

y-gas

bark,

energy crops,peat, RDF

FT-synthesis& upgrading

y gforestresidues,otherbiomass

steam & oxygen

WoodDiesel

Pressurized Gasifier for Syngas Production (VTT)Production (VTT)

Stora Enso – Neste Stora Enso Neste BTL Gasification Projet

UCGR&D programme

2004-2007

Long term demonstrationin atmospheric conditions

2009 =>

Commercial scale 200-300 MWth pressurized

unit in operation2004-2007 2009 > unit in operation

Biomass Gasifier for BiodieselDemo by Stora Enso – Neste in Varkaus, FinlandD m y E , F

Summary 3: Biomass Gasification for Summary 3: Biomass Gasification for Synthesis gas and Liquid Biofuels

• Under development – no plants in operation(applied for coal in South-Africa) ( pp )

• Demanding technology: Pressurized, oxygen blown gasifier

• Advanced syngas cleaning• Various options for synthesis: FT Diesel, p y ,

Methanol, DME• Very hot topic – political pressurey p p p






SynGas (CO2+H2)

p



Water-Gas Shift


Hydrogen


Bio-oils

Fermentation

q

Ethanol

Aqueous Sugars


Li Alk H


Lignin Upgrading

Liq. Alkanes or H2

Etherified Gasoline



85 m

15 m

Tomlinson kattila, 1937 Wisaforest, 2005

Fray Bentos Uruguay (Andritz)Fray Bentos, Uruguay (Andritz)

Hainan Jinhai, Kiina (Metso 2007)2007)

f l illKraft Pulp MillSteam turbine

(power)

Blackliquor

15% solidsNa2CO3

Fl

Steam

(power)

Process steam

Digester

ChipsNa2SO4

Recoveryboiler

Black liquor concentration

BlackLiquor

75% solids

Flue gas

Na2CO3LimeDigester

Pulp

Whiteliquor

Smelt

Na2CO3Na2SO4

Na2CO3Na2S

C ti i i

Greenliquor

Water

CaCO3 CaOLimekiln

PulpNaOHNa2S

CausticizingDissolving

tank

WaterNa2CO3

Na2S

The Pulp Mill as a Biorefinery for Production f T t ti F lof Transportation Fuels

HemicelluloseG ifi ti

Chips

Di tHemicellulose

extraction Blackliquor

Gasification

Synthesisgas

DigesterHemicellulose

FermentationWhiteliquor

Syngascleaning

PulpEthanol

quoSyngas

conversion

HydrocarbonsMethanol

Black Liquor Gasification for Syngas (Chemrec)(Chemrec)

S

Black

Oxygen Gascooler

S-rich gas

Blackliquor Synthesis of:

- Methanol- DME

Fuelgas

Gasifier- DME- FT Hydrocarbons

CondensateWater

Quench

Green liquor Absorber / Stripper

Water

Summary 5: Biorefinery & EnergySummary 5 Biorefinery & Energy

1. Biomass molecules can be extracted as valuable chemicals (fractionation)

2. Biomass can be converted thermally to heat and/or powerpower- combustion (commericial)- gasification for combustion (commercial)gas f cat on for combust on (commerc al)

3. Residues may also be used for production of liquid biofuels:- pyrolysis for bio-oil (under development)- gasification for synthesis (under development)

4 N d f int ns s h: Th d il is in th 4. Need for intense research: The devil is in the (chemical) details

Documents

Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course …web.abo.fi/instut/pcc/presentations_pdf/Hupa_Thermal_Conv_Biomass… · Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course