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Continuing Education Systems.

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any material of construction or

any method or manner of

handling, using, distributing, or

dealing in any material or

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_____________________________________

Questions related to specific materials,

methods, and services will be addressed at

the conclusion of this presentation.

• Explain the process used to create laminated glass

• List three features of laminated glass• Discuss the various security glazing

standards• Describe the benefits of hurricane glass

in residential applications

Learning Objectives

Glass

Interlayer

Glass

In the 2019 edition of the Laminated Glazing Reference Manual, laminated glass is described as “flat laminated architectural glass, comprised of two or more plies of glass and one or more plies of interlayer.”

What is Laminated Glass?

• Plasticized Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Sheet

o Sheet that bonds glass to glass laminates

o Formulations for different applications

• Safety glazing

• Acoustic damping

• Blast

• Ballistics

• Decorative applications

• Energy control

• Hurricane resistance

Sheet Interlayers

• Aliphatic Polyurethane

o Bonds glass-clad and non-coated

polycarbonate or acrylic units

o Security, detention, ballistics applications

• Ionomer

o Rigid sheet that bonds glass to glass laminates

o Blast, hurricane, security, and structural glass

applications

Sheet Interlayers

• Nip roll / Autoclave

o Specialized rollers and ovens squeeze air out

from the laminate and seal edges

o High temperature and pressure complete

laminating process to form the integral unit.

• Vacuum bagging / vacuum ring

o Air is pulled out by vacuum

Interlayer Sheet Processing

Billco Manufacturing, Inc. and Maschinenbau Scholz

Glass washerLay upNip rollsOvensUnloading area

Typical Laminating Line

How Laminated Glass Is Made with PVB

• Liquid formulations that react to form solid

interlayers

• UV Cure

• Thermal Cure

• Properties can be tailored for specific end

uses, including

o Safety

o Hurricane resistance

o Acoustical performance

o Decorative

Resin Interlayers

• Liquid formulations poured or pumped a void

between two plies of glass or plastic

• Glass/plastic held together with double sided tape

• Interlayer is cured by exposure to low intensity UV

light or via chemical reaction

Resin Laminating Process

Typical Resin Equipment

• Safety

• Security

• Hurricane Protection

• Solar Management

• Sound Transmission Reduction

• Durability and Optics

• Decoration

Features of Laminated Glass

• Swinging doors, fixed and sliding panels of siding door

assemblies, storm doors, unframed swinging doors

• Doors and enclosures for hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, steam

rooms, bathtubs and showers

• Glazing in guards and railings, including structural baluster

panels and nonstructural in-fil panels

• Glazing in walls and fences enclosing indoor and outdoor

swimming pools, hot tubs and spas

• Glazing adjacent to stairways, landings, ramps within 36

inches of a walking surface

• Glazing adjacent to stairways within 60 inches of the bottom

tread of a stairway

Hazardous Locations

Annealed/heat strengthened Tempered

How Laminated Glass Breaks

Laminated

• US Consumer Product Safety Commission 16 CFR

1201

o Promulgated in 1977

o Primarily applies to doors

• ANSI Z97.1 - “Safety Performance and Methods for

Safety Glazing Material Used in Buildings”

o Purpose is to prescribe the safety performance

characteristics of glazing materials

Safety

• Impact

o Impactor (swing bag) filled with 100 lbs of lead

shot

o Class A-drop height of 48 inches

o Class B-drop height of 18 inches

• Thermal

o 2 hours

• Weathering

o One year outdoor exposure in South Florida

o Enclosed twin carbon-arc exposure

o Xenon-arc type operating light exposure

Requirements for Laminated Glass

• ANSI Z97.1 states “no tear or shear or opening shall develop through which a three inch diameter sphere can pass freely…”

Interpretation of Impact Results

• Building codes have approved the use of

laminated glass in sloped glazing and skylights

• Laminated glass eliminates the need for screens

Yorkdale Mall

Sloped Glazing and Skylights

Mall of America

• Types of security

o Forced entry

• Smash & grab protection

• UL 972 standard

• ASTM F1233 and F1915

o Ballistic resistance (also referred to as bullet or burglary

resistance)

• Handguns, rifles, semi-automatic weapons

• UL 752

o Blast mitigation

• ASTM F1642 Test Method

Security Glazing Standards

• 2 lites of annealed glass

• Minimum of 60-mil interlayer

• UL 972 standard

o Multiple impact test/5 50 ft.lb. impacts

o Thermal conditioning test/120 °F. for 24 hrs.

o High energy impact test/one 200 ft.lb. impact

Forced Entry Glass

ASTM F1233 Forced Entry Standard

Security Grade

Total Time Blunt Impactor

Sharp Impactor

Blunt Impactor

Total Number of Impacts

1 90 min 150 300 150 600

2 60 min 100 200 100 400

3 30 min 50 100 50 200

4 15 min 25 50 25 100

ASTM F1915 Impact Test Criteria

• Provides an improved safety barrier against

bullets and related flying fragments

• Multi-ply laminates

• Typical applications

o Banks, currency exchanges

o Police stations, prisons

o Embassies, military installations

Ballistic Resistant Glass

Mecklenburg County Intake & Detention CenterSt Louis County Justice Center

Ballistic Resistant Glass

Rating Ammunition Grain Velocity (fps)

Level 1 9mm Full Metal Copper Jacket

with Lead Core

124 1175-1293

Level 2 .357 Magnum Jacketed Lead

Soft Point

158 1250 to 1375

Level 3 .44 Magnum Lead-semi-

Wadcutter Gas Checked

240 1350 to 1485

Level 4 .30 Caliber Rifle Lead Core

Soft Point

180 2450 to 2794

Level 5 7.62 Rifle Lead Core full Metal

Copper Jacket, Military Ball

150 2750 to 3025

Level 6 9mm Full Metal Copper Jacket

with Lead Core

124 1400 to 1540

Level 7 5.56mm Rifle Full Metal

Copper Jacket, Military Ball

55 3080 to 3388

Level 8 7.62mm Rifle Lead Core Full

Metal Copper Jacket, Military

Ball

150 2750 to 3025

Supp. Shotgun 12-Gauge Rifled Lead Slug/12-

gauge 00 Lead Buckshot

437/650 1585 to 1744/1200 to 1320

UL 752 Requirements

• Reduces injury from flying glass resulting from

direct blast shock waves

• Helps to maintain the integrity of the building

envelope following an explosion

• Reduces interior damage

Blast Resistant Laminated Glass

ISC Security Design Criteria

< 3ft

< 10 ft

< 2 ft

1, 2

3a 3b4

5

ISC Security Design Criteria

• Pentagon windows

following plane impact on

9/11

• Wedge 1 renovation

called for blast resistant

windows and a steel-

reinforcing system

• Most of the walls and

windows of Wedge 1

remained intact

Secure Windows Save Lives

• Must consider the entire framing and anchoring

system

• Cyclic requirements are the most demanding part

of the test

• May require a structural adhesive

• Edge bite and rigidity are important, especially in

larger glass areas

Hurricane Resistant Glass Design

• ASTM Test Method E1886 and Specification ASTM

E1996

• Referenced in the codes for wind zones greater than

110 miles per hour

• Impact test requirements

o Large Missile Test

• Applies to the first three floors (30 feet)

• 9 lb. 2X4 fired at 50 ft/sec

• 9000 Cycles

o Small Missile Test

• Applies to above 30 feet

• 2-gram ball @ 130 ft/sec

Hurricane Resistant Glass

• Commercial Applications• Protects people from storm-related injury

• Protects valuables inside the building from wind and rain

damage

• Residential Applications• Eliminates board up

• Protects home from water and

wind damage

• Minimizes potential

“mold” problems

• Many products on the market

Hurricane Resistant Glass

• Laminated glass interlayers can help to dissipate

unwanted noise

• Insulating glass units can incorporate laminated

glass for even more sound reduction

Acoustic / Sound Control

Boston Logan Airport Hilton

• Reduction of solar energy and

glare through use of tinted

interlayers

• Reduction of fading by

absorbing UV

• Protection for metallic coatings

• Combine with low-e coating to

lower shading coefficient

• Incorporate into IGUs to reduce

heat loss

Solar Management

Coffrin University of Wisconsin

• Excellent Durability

• Long Term Resistance to Weathering and Yellowing

• Color Stability

• Good Optics

Durability and Weathering

• Variety of special colors

• Embedded elements

• Digital printing on film/interlayer

• Patterned glasses

Decorative

• Prevents injury from accidental impact

• When broken, is retained in the frame

• Protects against various levels of man made

attacks like bomb blasts

• Protects against various levels of natural disasters

like hurricanes

• Can reduce fading, glare and solar heat gain

• Reduces noise

• Has excellent durability and optics

Conclusions

• Explain the process used to create laminated glass

• List three features of laminated glass• Discuss the various security glazing

standards• Describe the benefits of hurricane glass

in residential applications

Learning Objectives

• Visit the NGA technical resource library at

glasswebsite.com/publications.

• Specific Reference Materials:

o Laminated Glazing Reference Manual

o Glass Information Bulletins

More Information

This concludes The American Institute of ArchitectsContinuing Education Systems Course

The Many Benefits of Laminated Glass in Architectural Design

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