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BME6260: Biomedical Imaging Optics and Spectroscopy
Matthew Mancuso BEE 7600, Professor Dan LuoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Presented Thursday February 3rd, 2011
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/anatomy/fluoromicroanatomy.html
“Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so.” --Galileo Galilei
in 15 Minutes or Less
What is and is not imaging?
Imaging Techniques Other Characterization Techniques
An image (from Latin imago) is an artifact, for example a two-dimensional picture, that has a similar appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or a person.
--Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image
•Optical Microscopy• Widefield Microscopy
• Bright Field/Dark Field• DIC/Phase Contrast• Fluorescent• photo-activated localization
microscopy (PALM), STORM• Laser Scanning Microscopy
• Confocal • Multiphoton
•Electron Microscopy• Scanning (SEM)• Transmission (TEM)
•Atomic Force Microscopy
•Optical and E&M Techniques• Spectroscopy• X-ray Scattering• Ellipsometry
•Elementary Particle Techniques• Neutron Scattering
•Force Techniques• Profilometry
We’ll cover some of these (and more!) on Tuesday!
Optical Techniques:Widefield
Basic Microscopy Imaging an entire Field of View at a time
(“When I was a kid, we had to….”)
http://www.tutornext.com/help/optical-microscope
Bright Field Microscopy
Condenser
Objective
Tube Lens
Eye Piece
Specimen
“Infinity Space”
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
“Kohler Illumination”
•Only useful on dark and strongly refracting materials•Diffraction Limited (approximately half wavelength)•Convoluted from other planes ( thick samples hard)
•Simple(Quick to do, Easy, Cheap, Reliable)• FAST (High Frame Rate, Great for videos)
Dark field Microscopy
Condenser
Objective
Tube Lens
Eye Piece
Specimen
Direct IlluminationBlock
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
Darkfield Filter
• Easy set-up• Impressive Contrast and Quality• Relatively good for live samples• Small things not light sensitive (nanotechnology)
• Low light Intensities•Diffraction Limited(approximately half wavelength)• Strong illumination can damage samples
Differential Interference Contrast and Phase Contrast
Microscopy
Objective
Tube Lens
Eye Piece
Wollaston Prism
Polarizer
Wollaston Prism
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
• Great for biological samples• High contrast with less light than darkfield• Also good for thin films in nanotechnology
• Thin samples• Similar refractive indices•Diffraction Limited(approximately half wavelength)
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/dic/dicphasecomparison.html
Polarizer
EmissionFilter
Fluorescent Microscopy
Objective
Tube Lens
Eye Piece
Specimen
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
• Excellent in biological samples• Can label certain sub-cellular features• Coupled with GFP provides a powerful tool
• Requires Fluorescently labeled specimen• Diffraction limited (mostly)• Weak signals often an issue
ExcitationFilter
Dichroic Mirror
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro.html
Epi-illumination
PALM / STORM
http://www.microscopyu.com/tutorials/flash/superresolution/storm/index.html
Usefulness / Purpose Shortcomings / Limits
•Ultra high Resolution• Optical Technique which overcomes Diffraction limit
•Very slow (hours)• Requires fluorescent sample• Fitting PSFs requires computational ability
Optical Techniques:Laser Scanning
“Scanning Microscopy” Raster scans through one small pixel(point) at a time
(“Here at Cornell, Watt Webb invented…”)
hvE
http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~jeske/litho/scanning.html
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
•Resolution increase over widefield• Excellent in biological samples• Allows optical sectioning
• slower (hard for dynamic systems)• Diffraction limited • complicated compared to previous techniques
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/image-gallery/laser/
Fluorescent Confocal
http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00044/full
Two Photon Microscopy
http://belfield.cos.ucf.edu/one%20vs%20two-photon%20excitation.html
Usefulness / Purpose Shortcomings / Limits
•Long wavelength enables deep imaging• Resolution increase over confocal• Simpler, faster than STORM/PALM
•Developed at Cornell!
• Overall still complex, slow• Requires expensive femto-second laser
Electron Techniques
“Replacing Light with Electrons” Bigger Particles Diffract less
(“To see smaller, throw something bigger at the problem”)
p
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Transmission Electron Microscopy
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
•Ultra high resolution (single to tens of nm)• Electron Diffraction << Photon Diffraction• Developed in 1930s, huge resolution for the time
• Extensive Preparation, Electron Transparent (Thin)• Small field of view• Can damage samples, hard for biology
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
http://www.purdue.edu/rem/rs/sem.htm
•Ultra high resolution (single to tens of nm)• Electron Diffraction << Photon Diffraction•Can scan over 5 to 6 orders of magnitude
• Often requires covering sample in metal• Most SEMs operate in vacuum• Hard to use on live/sensitive samples
Mechanical Techniques
“Seeing by Feeling” Touches one small point at a time
(“Nanoscale Braille”)
m
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Atomic Force Microscopy
http://www.imagemet.com/index.php?id=12&main=products&sub=applications http://www.phy.duke.edu/research/bio_physics/
Usefulness / Purpose
Shortcomings / Limits
•Can provide three dimensional images• Doesn’t require vacuum; can work in water!•Can reach true atomic resolution
• Limited Scan size and Field of View• Slow compared to Optical/ Electron Techniques
Thanks!References
1. E. Betzig, G. H. Patterson, R. Sougrat, O. W. Lindwasser, S. Olenych, J. S. Bonifacino, M. W. Davidson, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, and H. F. Hess, "Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution," Science 313, 1642-1645 (2006).
2. W. Denk, J. Strickler, and W. Webb, "Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy," Science 248, 73-76 (1990).
3. F. J. Giessibl, "Advances in atomic force microscopy," Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 949 (2003).
4. B. Huang, W. Wang, M. Bates, and X. Zhuang, "Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy," Science 319, 810-813 (2008).
5. C. W. Oatley, W. C. Nixon, and R. F. W. Pease, "Scanning Electron Microscopy," in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, L. Marton, ed. (Academic Press, 1966), pp. 181-247.
6. D. B. Williams and C. B. Carter, "The Transmission Electron Microscope," in Transmission Electron Microscopy (Springer US, 2009), pp. 3-22.