BLUETOOTHOverview

Spanakis ManolisSpanakis ManolisComputer Science DepartmentComputer Science Department

CS-532CS-532

Where are my shoes?

I am King Harold I am King Harold Bluetooth who unified Bluetooth who unified

warring Viking Tribes in warring Viking Tribes in the 10the 10thth Century. In the Century. In the 2121stst Century a wireless Century a wireless Bluetooth network is Bluetooth network is

named after me.named after me.

Who is Bluetooth?Who is Bluetooth?

Harald Blaatand “Bluetooth” IIHarald Blaatand “Bluetooth” II• King of Denmark 940-981 ACKing of Denmark 940-981 AC

This is one of two Runic This is one of two Runic stones erected in his capital stones erected in his capital city of Jellingcity of Jelling• The stone’s inscription (“runes”) says:The stone’s inscription (“runes”) says:

Harald christianized the DanesHarald christianized the Danes Harald controlled the DanesHarald controlled the Danes Harald believes that devices shall Harald believes that devices shall

seamlessly communicate seamlessly communicate [wirelessly][wirelessly]

What does Bluetooth do for What does Bluetooth do for you?you?

Personal Ad-hoc Personal Ad-hoc NetworksNetworks

Cable Cable ReplacementReplacement

Landline

Data/Voice Data/Voice Access PointsAccess Points

Ultimate HeadsetUltimate Headset

Cordless ComputerCordless Computer

Automatic SynchronizationAutomatic Synchronization

In the Office

At Home

Bluetooth SIG -- moreBluetooth SIG -- more February 1998February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed: The Bluetooth SIG is formed

• promoter company group: promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba

May 1998May 1998: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public”: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public” July 1999July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published December 1999December 1999: ver. 1.0B is released: ver. 1.0B is released December 1999December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9: The promoter group increases to 9

• 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola February 2000February 2000: There are 1,500+ adopters : There are 1,500+ adopters

• adopters "enjoy" royalty free use of the Bluetooth adopters "enjoy" royalty free use of the Bluetooth technologytechnology

products must pass Bluetooth certificationproducts must pass Bluetooth certification

The Bluetooth program The Bluetooth program overviewoverview

BluetoothPromise

Wireless Connections Made Easy

BluetoothValues

Freedom, Simplicity, Reliability, Versatility and Security

UsageScenarios

What the technology can do

SpecificationProfiles

How to implement the usage scenarios

CertificationTesting

Interoperability

License free IP for adopters: producttesting to ensure interoperability;protect the Bluetooth brand

General DescriptionGeneral Description A cable replacement technologyA cable replacement technology Operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 Operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4

GHzGHz Frequency Hopping scheme Frequency Hopping scheme (1600 hops/sec)(1600 hops/sec)

1 Mb/s symbol rate1 Mb/s symbol rate Range 10+ metersRange 10+ meters Single chip radio + baseband Single chip radio + baseband Key features:Key features:

RobustnessRobustness low complexitylow complexity low power, and low power, and low cost.low cost.

General Description (2)General Description (2) Bluetooth supportsBluetooth supports

• Synchronous & asynchronous data channels.Synchronous & asynchronous data channels. Three simultaneous synchronous voice channels, or Three simultaneous synchronous voice channels, or One channel, with asynchronous data and One channel, with asynchronous data and

synchronous voicesynchronous voice• Each voice channel supports 64 kb/s in each direction. Each voice channel supports 64 kb/s in each direction.

• The channel can support maximal 723.2 kb/s The channel can support maximal 723.2 kb/s asymmetric (and still up to 57.6 kb/s in the asymmetric (and still up to 57.6 kb/s in the return direction), or 433.9 kb/s symmetric.return direction), or 433.9 kb/s symmetric.

Bluetooth providesBluetooth provides• point-to-point connection (only two BlueTooth point-to-point connection (only two BlueTooth

units involved), or units involved), or • point-to-multipoint connection. point-to-multipoint connection.

New Application ScenariosNew Application Scenarios Data Access PointsData Access Points SynchronizationSynchronization HeadsetHeadset Conference TableConference Table Cordless ComputerCordless Computer Business Card ExchangeBusiness Card Exchange Instant PostcardInstant Postcard Computer SpeakerphoneComputer Speakerphone

Sharing Common Data…

Usage scenarios: Usage scenarios: SynchronizationSynchronization

User benefitsUser benefits Proximity synchronizationProximity synchronization Easily maintained databaseEasily maintained database CommonCommon

Wireless Freedom…

Usage scenarios: HeadsetUsage scenarios: Headset

User benefitsUser benefits Multiple device access Multiple device access Cordless phone benefitsCordless phone benefits Hand’s free operationHand’s free operation

PSTN, ISDN,PSTN, ISDN,LAN, WAN, xDSLLAN, WAN, xDSL

Remote Connections...

Usage scenarios: Data access Usage scenarios: Data access pointspoints

User benefitsUser benefits No more connectors No more connectors Easy internet accessEasy internet access Common connection experienceCommon connection experience

Bluetooth Specifications

Technical OverviewTechnical Overview

Application Framework and Support

Link Manager and L2CAP

Radio & Baseband

Host Controller Interface

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

TCP/IP HID RFCOMM

Applications

DataC

ontro

l

What is Bluetooth?What is Bluetooth?

A hardware/software descriptionA hardware/software description An application frameworkAn application framework

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data Con

trol

Bluetooth StackBluetooth Stack

A hardware/software/protocol descriptionA hardware/software/protocol description An application frameworkAn application framework

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications

Single chip with RS-232,USB, or PC card interface

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data Con

trol

Bluetooth Radio SpecificationBluetooth Radio Specification

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications0 dBm

-20

-70

-91

Tx power

Rx power @ 10 cm

Rx power @ 10m

Noise floor

C/I = 21 dB

Power consciousnessPower consciousness Standby current < 0.3 mAStandby current < 0.3 mA

• 3 months(*)3 months(*) Voice mode 8-30 mAVoice mode 8-30 mA

• 75 hours75 hours Data mode average 5 mAData mode average 5 mA

(0.3-30mA, 20 kbps, 25%)(0.3-30mA, 20 kbps, 25%)• 120 hours120 hours

Low-power architectureLow-power architecture• Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)• Hold and Park modes: 60 µAHold and Park modes: 60 µA

Devices connected but not participatingDevices connected but not participating Hold retains AMA address, Park releases AMA, gets PMA Hold retains AMA address, Park releases AMA, gets PMA

addressaddress Device can participate within 2 msDevice can participate within 2 ms

(*)(*)Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier, power Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier, power will vary with implementationwill vary with implementation

RadioRadio Low CostLow Cost

• Single chip radio (minimize external components)Single chip radio (minimize external components)• Today’s technologyToday’s technology• Time division duplexTime division duplex

Low PowerLow Power• Standby modes Standby modes • Sniff, Hold, ParkSniff, Hold, Park• Low voltage RFLow voltage RF

Robust OperationRobust Operation• Fast frequency hopping 1600 hops/secFast frequency hopping 1600 hops/sec• Strong interference protectionStrong interference protection

Fast ARQFast ARQ Robust access codeRobust access code Forward header correctionForward header correction

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data Con

trol

BasebandBaseband

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications

Baseband protocolBaseband protocol

StandbyStandby• Waiting to join a piconetWaiting to join a piconet

InquireInquire• Ask about radios to Ask about radios to

connect toconnect to

PagePage• Connect to a specific Connect to a specific

radioradio

ConnectedConnected• Actively on a piconet Actively on a piconet

(master or slave)(master or slave)

Park/HoldPark/Hold• Low-power connected Low-power connected

statesstates

Inquiry Page

ConnectedAMA

TransmitdataAMA

HOLDAMA

PARKPMA

T =2mstpcl

Low-powerstates

Activestates

Standby

Connectingstates

UnconnectedStandby

Detach

T =2mstpcl

T =0.6stpcl

T =2stpcl

releasesAMA address

Connection SetupConnection Setup

Inquiry - scan protocolInquiry - scan protocol• to lean about the clock to lean about the clock

offset and device address offset and device address of other nodes in proximity of other nodes in proximity

Piconet formationPiconet formationMaster

Active Slave

Parked Slave

Standby

Page - scan protocolPage - scan protocol• to establish links with to establish links with

nodes in proximitynodes in proximity

M

M

SS

S

S

P

sb

sb

P

P

The Bluetooth network topologyThe Bluetooth network topology Radio designationRadio designation

• Connected radios can be master or slaveConnected radios can be master or slave• Radios are symmetric (same radio can be Radios are symmetric (same radio can be

master or slave)master or slave)

PiconetPiconet• Master can connect to 7 simultaneous or Master can connect to 7 simultaneous or

200+ active slaves per piconet200+ active slaves per piconet• Each piconet has maximum capacity (1 Each piconet has maximum capacity (1

MSps)MSps)

• Unique hopping pattern/IDUnique hopping pattern/ID

ScatternetScatternet• High capacity systemHigh capacity system• Minimal impact with up to 10 piconets Minimal impact with up to 10 piconets

within rangewithin range• Radios can share piconets!Radios can share piconets!

The piconetThe piconet

ID a

P

M Sor

sb

A

D

C

B

E

ID b

ID a

ID c

ID d

ID e

M

P

S

S

sb

ID a

ID c

ID d

ID a

IDa

IDa

ID e

ID b

All devices in a piconet hop togetherAll devices in a piconet hop together• To form a piconet: master gives slaves its To form a piconet: master gives slaves its clockclock and and device IDdevice ID

Hopping pattern determined by Hopping pattern determined by device IDdevice ID (48-bit)(48-bit) Phase in hopping pattern determined by Phase in hopping pattern determined by ClockClock

Non-piconet devices are in standbyNon-piconet devices are in standby Piconet AddressingPiconet Addressing

• Active Member Address (AMA, 3-bits)Active Member Address (AMA, 3-bits)• Parked Member Address (PMA, 8-bits)Parked Member Address (PMA, 8-bits)

PiconetPiconet

One unit acts as the master of the One unit acts as the master of the Piconet, whereas the others acts as Piconet, whereas the others acts as slaves. slaves.

Up to seven slaves can be active.Up to seven slaves can be active. More slaves can be synchronized & More slaves can be synchronized &

locked to the master in parked state. locked to the master in parked state. The channel access for all the slaves in The channel access for all the slaves in

a piconet is controlled by the master.a piconet is controlled by the master.

Piconet (2)Piconet (2)

ScatternetScatternet Scatternet is formed by multiple Piconets Scatternet is formed by multiple Piconets

with overlapping coverage areas.with overlapping coverage areas. Each Piconet can only have a single Each Piconet can only have a single

mastermaster Slaves can participate in different Slaves can participate in different

Piconets on a time-division multiplex Piconets on a time-division multiplex basis.basis.

A master in one Piconet can be a slave in A master in one Piconet can be a slave in another Piconet.another Piconet.

Each Piconet has its own hopping channel Each Piconet has its own hopping channel in a Scatternet.in a Scatternet.

Scatternet (2)Scatternet (2)

AddressingAddressing

Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)• 48 bit IEEE MAC address48 bit IEEE MAC address

Active Member address (AM_ADDR)Active Member address (AM_ADDR)• 3 bits active slave address3 bits active slave address• all zero broadcast addressall zero broadcast address

Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)• 8 bit parked slave address8 bit parked slave address

Piconet channelPiconet channel

m

s1

s2

625 sec

f1 f2 f3 f4

1600 hops/sec

f5 f6

FH/TDD

Multi slot packetsMulti slot packets

m

s1

s2

625 sec

f1 f4 f5 f6

FH/TDD

Data rate depends on type of packet

Packet FormatPacket Format

Access code

Header Payload

72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2745 bits

Synchronizationidentification

Filtering

AddressPacket TypeFlow controlARQSEQNHEC

Error correction1/3 rate FEC2/3 rate FEC

ARQ scheme for the data

Smaller than an ATM cell !Notice that there is no protocol type field

Physical Link TypesPhysical Link Types Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) Link Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) Link

• slot reservation at fixed intervalsslot reservation at fixed intervals No ARQ, No CRCNo ARQ, No CRC FEC (optional)FEC (optional) 64 Kbps64 Kbps

Asynchronous Connection-less (ACL) LinkAsynchronous Connection-less (ACL) Link• Polling access methodPolling access method• ARQ, CRCARQ, CRC• FEC (optional)FEC (optional)• Symmetric data rate 108 - 433 Kbps Symmetric data rate 108 - 433 Kbps • Asymmetric data rate up to 723 KbpsAsymmetric data rate up to 723 Kbps

Error handlingError handling

Forward-error correction (FEC)Forward-error correction (FEC)• headers are protected with 1/3 rate FEC and HECheaders are protected with 1/3 rate FEC and HEC• payloads may be FEC protectedpayloads may be FEC protected

1/3 rate: simple bit repetition (SCO packets only)1/3 rate: simple bit repetition (SCO packets only) 2/3 rate: (10,15) shortened Hamming code2/3 rate: (10,15) shortened Hamming code 3/3 rate: no FEC3/3 rate: no FEC

ARQ (ACL packets onlyARQ (ACL packets only))• 16-bit CRC (CRC-CCITT) & 1-bit ACK/NACK16-bit CRC (CRC-CCITT) & 1-bit ACK/NACK• 1-bit sequence number1-bit sequence number

access code header payload

72b 54b 0-2745b

Mixed Link ExampleMixed Link Example

m

s1

s2

SCO SCO SCOACL ACL ACLACL ACL ACL

Inter piconet communicationInter piconet communication

Cell phone Cordlessheadset

Cordless

headset

Cell phone

Cordlessheadset

Cell phone

mouse

Scatternet, scenarioScatternet, scenario

How to schedule presence in two piconets?

Forwarding delay ?

Missed traffic?

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data Con

trol

Link Manager ProtocolLink Manager Protocol

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications Setup and Management of Baseband connections

• Piconet Management• Link Configuration• Security

LMP

Link Manager ProtocolLink Manager Protocol Piconet ManagementPiconet Management

• Attach and detach slavesAttach and detach slaves• Master-slave switchMaster-slave switch• Establishing SCO and ACL linksEstablishing SCO and ACL links• Handling of low power modes ( Sniff, Hold, Handling of low power modes ( Sniff, Hold,

Park)Park) Link ConfigurationLink Configuration

• packet type negotiationpacket type negotiation• power controlpower control

Security functionsSecurity functions• AuthenticationAuthentication• EncryptionEncryption

Bluetooth security featuresBluetooth security features

Fast frequency hopping (79 channels)Fast frequency hopping (79 channels) Low transmit power (range <= 10m)Low transmit power (range <= 10m) Authentication of remote deviceAuthentication of remote device

• based on link key (128 Bit)based on link key (128 Bit)• May be performed in both directionsMay be performed in both directions

Encryption of payload dataEncryption of payload data• Stream cipher algorithm (Stream cipher algorithm ( 128 Bit) 128 Bit)• Affects all traffic on a linkAffects all traffic on a link

InitializationInitialization• PIN entry by userPIN entry by user

KADA

B

C

D

M

KMC

KMAKMD

KMB

Link keys in a piconetLink keys in a piconet Link keys are Link keys are

generated via a PIN generated via a PIN entryentry

A different link key A different link key for each pair of for each pair of devices is alloweddevices is allowed

Authentication:Authentication:• Challenge-Response Challenge-Response

SchemeScheme Permanent storage Permanent storage

of link keysof link keys

Key generation and usageKey generation and usagePIN

E2

Link Key

Encryption Key

E3

Encryption

Authentication

PIN

E2

Link Key

Encryption Key

E3

User Input(Initialization)

(possibly)PermanentStorage

TemporaryStorage

Application level securityApplication level security

Builds on-top of link-level securityBuilds on-top of link-level security• creates trusted device groupscreates trusted device groups

Security levels for servicesSecurity levels for services• authorization requiredauthorization required• authentication requiredauthentication required• encryption requiredencryption required

Different or higher security requirements Different or higher security requirements could be added:could be added:• Personal authenticationPersonal authentication• Higher security levelHigher security level• Public keyPublic key

L2CAPL2CAP

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications Logical Link Control andAdaptation Protocol

• L2CAP provides• Protocol multiplexing• Segmentation and Re-assembly• Quality of service negotiation• Group abstraction

L2CAP Packet Format (CO)L2CAP Packet Format (CO)

Length DCID Payload

15 bits 16 bits 0 - 64K bytes

Baseband packets Minimum MTU is 48 bytes !default is 672 bytes !

L2CAP Packet Format (CL)L2CAP Packet Format (CL)

Length DCID Payload

15 bits 16 bits 0 - 64K bytes

Baseband packets

PSM

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data

Serial Port Emulation using Serial Port Emulation using RFCOMMRFCOMM

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications

Serial Port emulation on top of a packet oriented link• Similar to HDLC• For supporting legacy apps

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data

Bluetooth Service Discovery Bluetooth Service Discovery ProtocolProtocol

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications

Usage of SDPUsage of SDP Establish L2CAP connection to remote Establish L2CAP connection to remote

devicedevice Query for servicesQuery for services

• search for specific class of service, orsearch for specific class of service, or• browse for servicesbrowse for services

Retrieve attributes that detail how to Retrieve attributes that detail how to connect to the serviceconnect to the service

Establish a separate (non-SDP) connection Establish a separate (non-SDP) connection to user the serviceto user the service

RF

Baseband

AudioLink Manager

L2CAP

Data

RFCOMMSDPIP

Applications

GOALS

IP over Bluetooth V 1.0IP over Bluetooth V 1.0

Internet access using Internet access using cell phonescell phones

Connect PDA devices & Connect PDA devices & laptop computers to the laptop computers to the Internet via LAN access Internet via LAN access pointspoints

LAN access point profileLAN access point profile

SecurityAuthenticationAccess control

Efficiencyheader and data compression

Auto-configurationLower barrier for deployment

Access Point

Baseband

LMP

L2CAP

RFCOMM

PPP

IP

Software architecture goalsSoftware architecture goals Support the target usage scenariosSupport the target usage scenarios Support a variety of hardware Support a variety of hardware

platformsplatforms Good out of box user experienceGood out of box user experience

• Enable legacy applicationsEnable legacy applications• Utilize existing protocols where Utilize existing protocols where

possiblepossible

L2CAP

OBEXWAP

Printing

Host Controller Interface

vCard/vCalWAE

Still Image

Audio

TCP/UDP RFCOMM

TCS

HID

IPService Discovery

Bluetooth protocolsBluetooth protocols

PPP

Bluetooth protocolsBluetooth protocols Host Controller Interface (HCI)Host Controller Interface (HCI)

• provides a common interface between the provides a common interface between the Bluetooth host and a Bluetooth moduleBluetooth host and a Bluetooth module

Interfaces in spec 1.0: USB; UART; RS-232Interfaces in spec 1.0: USB; UART; RS-232

Link Layer Control & Adaptation (L2CAP)Link Layer Control & Adaptation (L2CAP)• A simple data link protocol on top of the A simple data link protocol on top of the

basebandbaseband connection-oriented & connectionlessconnection-oriented & connectionless protocol multiplexingprotocol multiplexing segmentation & reassemblysegmentation & reassembly QoS flow specification per connection (channel)QoS flow specification per connection (channel) group abstractiongroup abstraction

Bluetooth protocolsBluetooth protocols

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)• Defines a service record formatDefines a service record format

Information about services provided by Information about services provided by attributesattributes

Attributes composed of an ID (name) and a Attributes composed of an ID (name) and a valuevalue

IDs may be universally unique identifiers IDs may be universally unique identifiers (UUIDs)(UUIDs)

• Defines an inquiry/response protocol for Defines an inquiry/response protocol for discovering servicesdiscovering services

Searching for and browsing servicesSearching for and browsing services

Bluetooth protocolsBluetooth protocols

RFCOMM (based on GSM TS07.10)RFCOMM (based on GSM TS07.10)• emulates a serial-port to support a large base of legacy emulates a serial-port to support a large base of legacy

(serial-port-based) applications(serial-port-based) applications• allows multiple “ports” over a single physical channel allows multiple “ports” over a single physical channel

between two devicesbetween two devices

Telephony Control Protocol Spec (TCS)Telephony Control Protocol Spec (TCS)• call control (setup & release)call control (setup & release)• group management for gateway serving multiple group management for gateway serving multiple

devicesdevices

Legacy protocol reuseLegacy protocol reuse• resuse existing protocols, e.g., IrDA’s OBEX, or WAP for resuse existing protocols, e.g., IrDA’s OBEX, or WAP for

interacting with applications on phonesinteracting with applications on phones

Interoperability & ProfilesInteroperability & Profiles

ProfilesP

roto

cols

Applications Represents default Represents default

solution for a usage solution for a usage modelmodel

Vertical slice through Vertical slice through the protocol stackthe protocol stack

Basis for Basis for interoperability and interoperability and logo requirementslogo requirements

Each Bluetooth device Each Bluetooth device supports one or more supports one or more profilesprofiles

ProfilesProfiles Generic Access ProfileGeneric Access Profile

• Service Discovery Application ProfileService Discovery Application Profile• Serial Port ProfileSerial Port Profile

Dial-up Networking ProfileDial-up Networking Profile Fax ProfileFax Profile Headset ProfileHeadset Profile LAN Access Profile (using PPP)LAN Access Profile (using PPP) Generic Object Exchange ProfileGeneric Object Exchange Profile

• File Transfer ProfileFile Transfer Profile• Object Push ProfileObject Push Profile• Synchronization ProfileSynchronization Profile

• TCS_BIN-based profilesTCS_BIN-based profiles Cordless Telephony ProfileCordless Telephony Profile Intercom ProfileIntercom Profile

RFCOMM

ACL SCOBluetooth Baseband

LMP

L2CAP

IrOBEX

IrMC

Synchronization profileSynchronization profile

RFCOMM

ACL SCOBluetooth Baseband

LMP

L2CAPAudio

Stream

AT Commands

Headset profileHeadset profile

RFCOMM

ACL SCOBluetooth Baseband

LMP

L2CAP

PPP

LAN access point profileLAN access point profile

Research challengesResearch challenges

Techniques for link formation

Routing over scatternets

Resource Discovery

Plug-n-play applications

s

s

m

s

s

s

s

m

s

s

m

s

s

s

m

s

cell phone Palmpilot

cable modem

PC

keyboard mouse

head set

Cordless base

Internet

Will the current solutions for each layerwork in this environment?

cell phone Palmpilot

cable modem

PC

keyboard mouse

head set

Cordless base

Techniques for Scatternets Formation

What is different in this scenario ?What is different in this scenario ?

Dynamic network

Isolated network

Simple devices

Small, multi-hop networks

Connection oriented, low-power link technology

Applications ---> services ----> routing ----> link creationApplications ---> services ----> routing ----> link creation

cell phone Palmpilot

cable modem

PC

keyboard mouse

head set

cordless bases

s

m

s

s

s

s

m

s

s

m

s

s

s

m

s

Service discoveryService discovery

cell phone Palmpilot

cable modem

PC

keyboard mouse

head set

cordless bases

s

m

s

s

s

s

m

s

s

m

s

s

s

m

s

Need solutions for address allocation,

name resolution, service discovery

Existing solutions in the Internet

depend on infrastructure

Judicious use of Multicast/broadcast

is needed

Routing over ScatternetsRouting over Scatternets

x7

x8x6x4

x3

x5

y2

x2

x1 y1

Nodes must co-operate to forward

packets (MANET style protocols)

Forwarding at Layer 2 or Layer 3?

Bridging or routing ?

What interface should be exported to the above layer?

Better coupling with the service discovery layer is needed

SummarySummary Bluetooth is a global, RF-based (ISM band: Bluetooth is a global, RF-based (ISM band:

2.4GHz), short-range, connectivity technology 2.4GHz), short-range, connectivity technology & solution for portable, personal devices& solution for portable, personal devices• it is not just a radioit is not just a radio• create piconets on-the-fly (appr. 1Mbps)create piconets on-the-fly (appr. 1Mbps)

piconets may overlap in time and space for high aggregate piconets may overlap in time and space for high aggregate bandwidthbandwidth

The Bluetooth spec comprisesThe Bluetooth spec comprises• a HW & SW protocol specificationa HW & SW protocol specification• usage case scenario profiles and interoperability usage case scenario profiles and interoperability

requirementsrequirements

1999 Discover Magazine Awards finalist1999 Discover Magazine Awards finalist To learn more: To learn more: http://www.bluetooth.comhttp://www.bluetooth.com