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P.O Box (119)Mae Sod, Tak63110Phone: 01-7223590E-mail: thinyebaw@yahoo.comwww.burmasolidarity.org

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Bangkok Post2.6.2005

7

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Bangkok Post June 3,2005

20/ 5/ 05 aom=umae@wGif rJaqmuf+rdK@ csefyD,H okd;ar$;puf±kHY yef;pufESifhpufqGJXmerS jrefrmtvkyform; 300 eD;yg;cef@ qENjycJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf 'gZifaps;owfrSwf&ef vpmxkwf&uf twdtus owfrSwfay;&efESifhaexkdifcGifhtopf jyefvJay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkdqENjycJh=uonf?

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8

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(((((Bangkok Post)

May 22,2005

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9

tvkyf&Sifwkd@. acgif;ykHjzwftjrwfxkwfr_ukd&ifqkdifcHpm;cJh&mrS tvkyform;wkdufyGJtqifhqifhukd jzwfoef;&if;tvkyform;acgif;aqmifjzpfvmol jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;.ta&;ukda&SŒwef;rS óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufaeol xkdif;tvkyform;acgif;aqmif Mr.Saner BoonthongeJ@ oifh&Jabmf*sme,fwkd@&JŒ pum;0kdif;ukd oifh&Jabmfpmzwf olrsm;twGuf azmfjyvkdufygw,f?

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oifh&Jabmf ? ? t&ifqkH; cifAsm;&JŒtvkyform;b0jzwfoef;r_tawG@tóuHukdajymjyay;ygvm;?qem ? ? usaemftouf 19 ESpfrSm xkdif;EkdifiHawmifykdif; Zmwdòrd@uae befaumufwuf+yD; tvkyf&Smw,f? um;b&dwf±_;puf±kHrSm tvkyf&w,f? tvkyf±kHxJu tr_eftr$m;awGu ,m;,Hap+yD; c%c%zsm;w,f? c%c%zsm;awmh c%c% cGifh,l&w,f? cGifh,lawmhvnf; tvkyf&Sifu vkyftm;c ray;wJhtjyif aemufwpf&ufpmyg xyfjzwfw,f? cGifh,lwmrsm;vkd@qdk+yD;usaemfukd tvkyfxkwfw,f? epfema=u;vnf;ray;bl;? tvkyfuxkwfypf&if epfema=u;ay;&r,fqkdwm usaemfodygw,f?'gayr,fh b,fol@qD tultnDawmif;&r,fqkdwm usaemfrodbl;? ‘igwkd@&JŒ vkyfcepfema=u;awG&atmif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJ’qkdwm usaemfpOfpm;=unfhw,f? aemufqkH;awmh tJ'Dpuf±kHuxGufcJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu befaumufòrd@ay:rSm tvkyftukdif&Sm;yg;aecsdefvnf; jzpfwmrdk@ (1976) ckESpfrSm Zmwdòrd@ukdjyefoGm;w,f?

oihf&Jabmf ? ? tif; 'geJ@qufajymygOD;?qem ? ? (1979) ckESpfrSm befaumufjyefvm+yD; ‘a&mfqm’um; bufx&Dpuf±kHrSm ae@pm;c bwf 80 eJ@0ifvkyfw,f?"mwkypPnf;awGu usaemfhusef;rma&;ukd xdckdufapw,f? tvkyfu wtm;yifyef;+yD; vluvnf;ydefwmt&rf;yJ? usaemf puf±kHrSmtvkyf0ifawmh a&mfqmtvkyform;or*~uvnf; zGJ@ump? bmrSpOf;pm;raebJ or*~xJ0ifvkdufw,f? tvkyform; or*~tpnf;ta0;awG yGJvrf;awGqkd rvGwfwrf;oGm;wmyJ? tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd usaemft&rf;pdwf0ifpm;rdwJh umvaygh?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? tJ'Dpuf±kHu vkyfcukd b,fvkd&Sif;ay;vJ?qem? ? tvkyf p 0if0ifcsif; usaemfu vpm;r[kwfbl;? ae@pm;yJ? tJ'Dpuf±kHrSmu wpfESpfjynfhrS vpm;&Sif;ay;r,f? pae/we*FaEGem;&ufay;r,fqkdwJh owfrSwfcsuf&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh wpfESpfjynfhawmholaX;u uwdrwnfbl;? aemufajcmufvxyfvkyfrS vpm;ay;r,fqkd+yD; xyfvkyfjyefw,f? 'geJ@ ‘rif;uwdrwnfwJhtwGuf ig tvkyfu xGufr,f’vkd@ olaX;ukdajymawmholu‘rif;aocsmpOf;pm;’qkd+yD;jyefajymw,f? usaemfvnf;±kH;cef;jyef wpfem&DavmufxkdifpOf;pm;+yD; tvkyfuxGufvkdufw,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? aemuf+yD;awmha&m? qufygOD;?qem ? ? 'geJ@ ‘qkHqkHpifaxmfxkdif;(pufr_vkyfief;)’ ,ufuef;puf±kHukd (1981) ESpfprSm a&mufoGm;jyefw,f? tJ'DtcsdefutJ'Dpuf±kHrSm or*~zGJ@zkd@ vlpkaecsdefvnf; jzpfw,f? tvkyf0if+yD; 7 &ufajrmufae@rSm or*~zGJ@pnf;a&; tpnf;a0;ukdoGm;+yD; usaemfhukd

xkdif;tvkyform;v+yf&Sm;r+tzJGŒ (T.L.C) acgif;aqmifMr.Saner Boonthong ESifhawGŒqkHjcif;

10

tzGJ@0iftjzpf vufcHzkd@ajymawmh olwkd@u r,kHouFmeJ@ tvkyfðywfrSm ra=umufbl;vm;vkd@ usaemfhukd ar;w,f? ra=umufa=umif;jyefajymawmh usaemfukd tzGJ@0iftjzpf vufcHvkduf=uw,f? or*~zGJ@pnf;+yD;csdefrSm tvkyf&Sifu or*~tzGJ@0if (30) xJu (10)a,mufukd tvkyfxkwfypfzkd@óud;pm;w,f? 'gayr,fh (10) a,mufrSm (1) a,mufyJ xkwfypfEkdifcJhwJhtwGuf usaemfwkd@bufuatmifjrifw,fvkd@ ajymvkd@&w,f?

tJ'Dpuf±kHrSmvnf; tvkyform;awGtay: acgif;ykHjzwftcGifha&;csKd;azmufr_awGukd cH&wmyJ? wpf&ufcGifh,l&if ESpf&ufpmvkyftm;cjzwfw,f? wpfESpfaerS ae@pm;cukd jym; 50/ wpfbwfavmufyJ wkd;ay;w,f? tJ'Dvkyf&yfawGu tvkyform;awGukdpkpnf;apzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;wmyJjzpfw,f? [kwfw,f tJ'Dpuf±kHrSmxJu or*~OuUÏjzpfae+yD?

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oifh&Jabmff ? ?‘qkHqkHpifaxmfxkdif;’puf±kHrSmub,fESESpfavmuftvkyfvkyfcJhwmvJ?qem ? ? tJ'DrSm &SpfESpf=umw,f? (1988) ckESpfwpfae@rSmawmh atmufwkdbm (6) &ufae@ tvkyform; ta&;tcif;ta=umif; aqmif;yg;a&;aewkef; tvkyf=uyfu rdoGm;a&m? usaemfhukdtvkyfu csufcsif;xkwfypfcsifayr,fh usaemfu or*~aumfrwD0ifjzpfvkd@ w&m;±kH;rSm tr_&ifqkdif+yD;rSyJ qkH;jzwfvkd@&r,f? 'ga=umifhw&m;±kH;rSm tr_qkdif=uw,f? a&SŒaewkd@ tvkyf&Sifwkd@utr_&ifqkdifvnf;usaemfyJ&_H;rSmrkd@ epfema=u;,l+yD; tvkyfu at;at;aq;aq; xGufoGm;zkd@ ajymw,f? 'gayr,fh olwkd@ajymwJhtwkdif; vkyfvkduf&if or*~ukd b,fvkdoGm;+yD; &Sif;jyrvJ? 'geJ@yJ usaemfjiif;vkdufw,f? trdef@vnf;csa&molwkd@ajymwJhtwkdif; epfema=u;r&bJ tr_±_H;+yD; tvkyfu xGufay;vkdufw,f?

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oifh&Jabmf ? ? qENjywJh 3 vtwGif;rSm cifAsm;wkd@awG b,fvkd&yfwnf=uovJ?qem ? ? ckvkd tajctaersKd;óuHvm&if tokH;cszkd@qdk+yD; tvkyform;wpfa,mufukd wpfvbwf 40 pkxm;wm? usaemfwkd@rSm&efykHaiGwpfoef;&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh wjcm;puf±kH tvkyform;or*~awGu tultnDay;=uwm tJ'D&efykHaiGwpfoef;awmif

11

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oifh&Jabmf ? ? Mr.Saner taeeJ@ ckvkdóuHawG@ae&wJh tvkyform;tajctaeawGtay: b,fvkdoabm&ygovJ?qem ? ? vkyfcr#wr_ r&Sdbl;? xkdif;eJ@ jrefrmvkyfcwef;wl ay;&rSmaygh? ck[mu jrefrmtvkyform;awGtay: acgif;ykHjzwfvGef;aew,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? 'DtajctaeawGukd wkd;wufatmif b,fvkdvkyfaqmifEkdifrvJqkdwmav;?qem ? ? xkdif;tvkyform;Oya'u owfrSwfxm;wJhvkyftm;ceJ@ &ykdifcGifhawGukd xkdif;tvkyform;or*~awGukd wifjy&r,f?xkdif;tvkyform;or*~awGuwpfqifh jrefrmtvkyform;ta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; xkdif;tpkd;&&JŒay:vpDxJrSm Oya'xnfha&;qGJzkd@wkdufwGef;awmif;qkd&r,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? cifAsm;ajymovkd xdkif;or*~awGuwpfqifh jrefrmtvkyform;ta&; awmif;qkd&r,fqkd&if xkdif;tvkyform;awGu jrefrmtvkyform;awG&JŒta&;ukd awmif;qkday;Ekdifyghrvm;?qem ? ? usaemfwkd@tzGJ@taeeJ@ 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; xkdif;tpkd;&ukd awmif;qkdaeygw,f? jrefrmtvkyform;awGbufuvnf;Oyrm-tvkyf±kHwpf±kHukd ukd,fpm;vS,ftrmcH (10) a,muf&Sm/ tvkyform;Oya'eJ@ywfouf+yD; oifwef;ay;/ +yD;awmh wpfvwpf}udrf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;vkyf+yD; tajz&Sm&r,f? ukd,fh&ykdifcGifhtcGifhta&;awGtwGuf ukd,fwkdifawmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0ifrSyJ &vdrfhr,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? xkdif;tvkyform;eJ@ jrefrmtvkyform; E_dif;,SOfvkduf&ifff jrefrmtvkyform;awGtaeeJ@ tcGifhta&;trsm;}uD; csKd;azmufcHae&wJhtay: Mr.Saner taeeJ@b,fvkdjrifygovJ?qem ? ? 'g[m t"dujy\emyJ? 'DrJaqmufrSmu xkdif;tvkyform;u r&SdoavmufbJqkdawmh 'Djy\emay:rSm xkdif;updwfr0ifbl;? 'Dawmh ukd,fhjrefrmtvkyform;tcsif;csif; pkpkpnf;pnf;eJ@óuHawG@vmwJh jy\emukd ukd,fhjrefrmtvkyform;awGbmom &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rSmyJ?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? cifAsm;taeeJ@ jrefrmtvkyform;ta&;ukd bma=umifhpdwf0ifpm;&wmygvJ?qem ? ? usaemfhtaeeJ@uawmh tvkyform;a&;eJ@ywfouf&if xkdif;jzpfjzpf jrefrmjzpfjzpf vmtkdyJjzpfjzpf b,fvlrsKd;yJjzpfjzpfayghAsm pdwf0ifpm;wmygyJ?

oifh&Jabmf ? ?‘pifusL&Dxyfxkdif;’,ufuef;puf±kHu tawG@tóuHawGukd jyefajymygOD;?qem ? ? a&SŒrSmajymcJhwJh 3 vqENjyyGJvnf;+yD;a&m olaX;u puf±kHrSm usaemfhukd r&Sdapcsifawmhbl;? tvkyf±kHu tvkyf=uyfawGeJ@(0À) vnf; usaem fuk d tvky fuxGufoGm;atmif enf;rs K d ;p k Hok H ; +y D ; z dtm;ay;w,f? puf± k Hor*~tay:r SmoHa,mZOfuvnf;wG,faeawmh tvkyfub,fvkdrS rxGufcsifygbl;? 'gayr,fh zdtm;awG ay;vGef;ru ay;vmawmh (tJ'Dtcsdfefurdom;pkxJrSm jy\em jzpfaevkd@ acgif;±_yfaecsdefvnf;jzpfjyef) ‘at;æ puf±kHrSm ighukdr&Sdapcsif&if epfem a=u;ay;’qkd+yD; pdwfwdkwdkeJ@ajymvkdufrdw,f? tJ'DrSmwif tuGuf&oGm;awmh olaX;uac:awG@+yD; Oya'twkdif; bwf 7 aomif;ay;+yD; usaemfhukd tvkyfuxkwfvkdufw,f? trSefu pdwf±_yf±_yfeJ@ usaemfpum;vGefoGm;wm? owd&awmh jyefjyifvkd@ r&awmhbl;? 'Djy\emay:rSm 'Dae@xdpdwfraumif; jzpfaewkef;yJ? tvkyfxGuf&awmh or*~uyg xGufay;vkduf&w,f? wcsKd@ or*~tzGJ@0ifawGqkd usaemfhtay: 'Dae@txda'goxGufae=uwkef;yJ?

oifh&Jabmff ? ? cifAsm;wkd@ xkdif;tvkyform;awG&JŒ tajctaeukdvnf; ajymjyay;ygOD;?qem ? ? xkdif;tvkyform;awGay:rSmvnf; tvkyf&SifawG&JŒ acgif;ykHjzwftjrwfxkwfr_awG&SdwmyJ? tvkyform;or*~tckdiftrm&SdwJh tvkyf±kHyJoufomwm? puf±kHrSm trmcHwkdufr,fh vlr&Sd&if acgif;ykHjzwfcH&rSmyJ? 'ga=umifh jrefrmtvkyform;awGukdvnf; trmcHukd,fpm;vS,fawG a&G;cs,f+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifay;zkd@ajymwm?

12

oifh&Jabmf ? ? tJ'Dvkdwkdufvkd@ tvkyform;umuG,fa&;±kH;a&muf&if b,fvkdtultnDay;EkdifrvJ?qkdvkdwmu aemufqkH;tqifh a&SŒaeXm;zkd@ tcuftcJ/ tcsdefeJ@ aiGa=u;utpaygh?qem ? ? cufwmu tvkyform;a&SŒae±kH;uvnf; rJaqmufrSm r&Sdbl;? erfhcGrfp0rfrSmyJ&Sdwmrkd h oGm;wkdif&wm jrefrmjynfom;awGtwGuf tcuftcJ&Sdw,f?

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oifh&Jabmff ? ? qkdvkdwmu xkdif;tpkd;&taeeJ@ tusKd;tjrwf&wmenf;vkd@vm;?qem ? ? tvkyf&SifawGqDu taumufcGeftenf;tusOf;&wmuv$J+yD; bmrStusKd;r&Sdbl;? xkdif;tvkyform;awGbufuvufn‡dK;xkd;p&m jzpfvmw,f? &wJhtcGefuvnf; jrefrmtvkyform;awG&JŒusef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ jyefay;&wmeJ@yJ ±_H;+yD;&if;±_H;wmygyJ?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? xkdif;tvkyform;or*~awGtaeeJ@a&m 'Djrefrmtvkyform;awGtay: b,fvkdjrifygovJ?qem ? ? olwkd@bufu tvkyform;tcsif;csif; ukd,fcsif;pmygw,f? 'gayr,fh xda&mufatmif tultnD ray;Ekdif =ubl;?olwkd hukd,fYuvnf; jy\emawGeJ h &ifqkdifae&w,f? xdkif;pufr_tvkyform;or*~rsm;tzGJ hcsKyf (T.W.F.T) taeeJ h jrefrmtvkyform;awG owfrSwfvkyfc&&Sdzkdh xkdif;tpkd;&udk or~awGeJ h 0dkif;+yD; wkdufwGef;xm;w,f? (T.W.F.T) u or~aygif; 30 eJ h zGJhpnf;xm;wm? tzGJ h0ifaygif; (27000) &Sdw,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? cifAsm;wkd@ T.L.C ta=umif;ajymjyygOD;?qem ? ? usaemfwkd@u or*~r[kwfbl;? xkdif;tvkyform;awG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwJhtzGJ@tpnf;yg?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? cifAsm;&JŒ ckvkdjrefrmtvkyform;ta&; aqmif&Gufr_awGrSm b,fvkdtaESmifht,SufrsKd;awGukd óuHawG@cJh&vJ?qem ? ? b,folb,f0g&,fvkd@awmh twdtusajymvkd@ r&bl;? zkef;eJ@quf+yD; +cdrf;ajcmufwmawG &Sdw,f? tvkyf&SifawGbufu rauseyfwJh wkH@jyefr_awG &Sdvmw,f? ao&rSmvnf; ra=umufygbl;? vlqkdwm wpfae@ae@rSm wpfenf;enff;eJ@ ao&rSmcsnf;ygyJ? tvkyform;awG tusKd;aqmif&Guf&if;ao&wm rGefjrwfw,fvkdhcH,lxm;ygw,f?

oifh&Jabmf ? ? aemufqkH;taeeJ@ jrefrmtvkyform;awGukd bmrsm;ajymcsifygovJ? t}uHðycsifwmav;awG &Sd&ifaygh?qem ? ? olwkd@awGukd ukd,fcsif;pmygw,f? t"dujy\emukd olwkd@ukd,fwkdfif ajz&Sif;EkdifrSom tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdr,f? wjcm;tzGJhtpnf;awGukd tm;ukd;r,fqkd&if olwkd@u tðyoabmavmufom qufqHr,f? xda&mufatmifvkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?jrefrmtvkyform;awGukd 'DrSm&SdwJh jrefrmtzGJ@tpnf;awGu 0kdif;0ef;ulnDaxmufyH+yD;olwkd@&JŒ jy\emukd ajz&Sif;ay;&r,f?

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13

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14

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15

awmif;rSmjzpfw,f?cifAsm;wkd@ tvkyfrqif;}uygeJ@’vkd@?

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tvkyform;&JabmfawGu usaemfhqDa&mufvm}uw,f? ‘&Jabmf0if;xdef wcsKd@t&m&SdawG oydwfukdòzdcG Jzk d @ óud;pm;aew,f? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ bmvkyfrvJ±kduf}urSmvm;vkd@ ajymwmeJ@‘[m rvkyf}uygeJ@/ xdef;odrf;xm;yg? 'DrSm ±Hk;zGifhxm;wmyJ/ 'Dudkac:cJ hyg’qkdawmh/ r}umcifaumifpDOuUXOD;cspfOD;/ 'kOuUXOD;tkef;armif/aemuf twGif;a&;rª; ukdvSjrifhygvmw,f?olwkd@rsufESmawGvnf; raumif;}ubl;?usaemfu ‘OD;rsKd;xGÉfwkd@ OD;cspfOD;wkd@ cifAsm;pdwfr&SdygeJ@/ vkHjcKHa&;twGuf ac:&wmyg?usaemfwkd@ukd ,kHapcsifw,f? cifAsm;wkd@udkrowfygbl;? ckvkdtjyifrSm vkyfaewmudktvkyform;awGu cifAsm;wk d @tay:oHo, jzpfaew,f? 'ga}umifh vkHjcKHa&;tcef;rSmae}uyg’vkd@ ajym+yD; xdef;xm;vkduf&ygw,fvkHjcKHa&; aomhawG tygaomhtm;vkH;ukd usaemf ukdifxm;ygw,f? oydwfwkdufyGJukd 8 em&D 9 em&DrSmpvk duf}u+yD;r k d @ tvkyform; oydwfaumfrwDvnf;zGJ@}u&w,f? OuUXusaemf/'kOuUXukdbefa&$/ t}uHay; ukdwifjrifhponf wm0efay;}uw,f? OuUXtaeeJ@tkwfwkdifwpfwkdifay:wuf rkdufu±kdzkef;ukdif+yD; rdef@cGef;ajym&w,f? ‘&Jabmftvkyform;taygif;wkd@

cktcsdefup+yD; wkd@awG qifrvkdufoabFmusif;ukd odrf;vkduf+yD;/ puf±HkawGtm;vkH;ukd wdk@odrf;ykdufvkduf+yD/puf±HkawGeJ@twl ppfoabFmukdvnf; odrf;xm;vkduf+yD? 'ga}umif h puf±H kawG tm;vkH;[moabFFmawG tm;vkH;[m wkd@tvkyform;awG&JŒtm%matmufrSm&Sdw,f? 'ga}umifhwkd@odrf;yk dufxm;wJ@ puf±H kawGtwGufwkd@tvkyform;aw GjynfolawG&J@ tusKd;twGuf wk d @oydwfarSmufqENjyr,f?awmif;qkdcsufawG r&rcsif; qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f? wkd@[m tnHhrcHbl;?tav#mhray;bl;? &Jabmftvkyform;taygif;wkd@ pkpkpnf;pnf;eJŒ wkdufyGJ0if}u yg’vkd@vnf; awmif;qkdvk dufa&m tvkyform;awGu‘'kd@ta&; 'kd@ta&;’vkd@ aºuG;a}umfvkduf}uw,f? usaemfu quf+yD;aumifpDrSm usaemf wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;wJhM 6vkH;udpP &Sif;jyygw,f?aemufrS ‘'D M6vkH; jynfhjynfhpk Hpk H r&S dbJeJ@ 'DavmufacwfrDwJh oabFmusif;}uD; rvnfywfEkdifbl;? u&def;eJ@r,&r,fh[mukd vlawGeJ@r,ae}u&w,f? &Apf±kdufaewJh tvkyform;awGukd }unfhvkdufOD; ppfzdeyfuusGJwpfzuf EGm;wpfzuf ukd,fay:rSm pufqDawGay/waygif; wefcl;/ {+yDv}uD;xJrSmacG;awGvkd av;zufaxmuf &Apf±kdufae}u&w,f? oH*a[aqmfwJ@ tvkyform;awG c%c% "mwfvkdufcH&wmwkd@/ bmwkd@jzpfukefw,f?

qkdcsifwmu vkyfief;cGif[m tE W&m,fruif;bl;? tE W&m,fuif;atmif &Jabmfwkd@ awmif;qkd}u&vdrfhr,f? aemufwpfck&Jabmfwkd@ tvkyfqif;wJ@tcg 7em&DcG Ja&mufvmEkdifzkd@ 6em&Duwnf;u tdrfuxGuf&w,f? rkd;csKyfrS tdrfjyefa&mufw,f?tcsdefawG trsm;}uD;ukefoGm;+yD? wae ukeftvky fxJr Smy J ep fae}u&w,f?&wJ@vpmuodyfenf;w,f? 'ga}umihf 'DrSmtcef;&zkd@ vkdvm+yD? tdrfcef;&zkd@ awmif;qkd&r,f?

tkdAmwkdifudpPvnf; ajym&r,f? tkdAmwkdifukd wpfv27 em&DyJ vkyfcGifhay;

w,f? wkd@vufawG@ vkyfay;}u&wmuem&D 100ausmf w,f? em&DausmfawG[ma';atmzf (dayoff) eJ@yJjyef&w,f? qkdcsifwmu tkdAmwkdifvkyfc tjynfhr&bl;? &wJhvpmu odyfenf;? wcsKd@us bm;qkH;ae+yD?y±k drk d;&Sif;wifay;oif h +yD? csKyfvk duf&ifvkyfcawG odyfenf;w,f? tk dAmwk di fwtm; vkyfae&w,f? vkyfief;cGifuvnf;tE W&m,f}uD;rm;w,f? 'ga}umifh 'gawGtwGuf wkd@wkduf}ur,f? qefvkHavmufpGm&zkd@ awmif;qkd&r,f? vpmwkd;ay;zkd@/&mxl;wdk;ay;zkd@/ aetdrf&&Sdzkd@/ ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;zkd@awGvnf; awmif;qkd}u&r,f?aemufawmhusaemfu aºuG;a}umfoH wkdifay;vkdufygw,f?

qefvkHavmufpGm&&Sda&; ('k d @ta&;/ 'k d @ta&;)ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; ( ? )aetdrf&&Sda&; ( ? )vkyfief;cGiftE W&m,fuif;a&; ( ? )vpmwkd;jr‡ifha&; ( ? ) aemufwpfqufwnf; oabFmusif;rSm&SdwJ@ a&wyfukdvnf; xyf+yD;awmh yef}um;&w,f? 'Dtcsdefu a'gufwifxm;wJ@a&wyfoabFm 5 pif;&Sdw,f?

‘&e fvk H ;atmif / &e fr s K d ;atmif /okawoD/ e*g;usif;/ e0&wfoabFmay:uwyfrª;wyfom;taygif;wkd@/ &Jabmfwkd@udkusaemfwdk@ tdrfjyefcGifhray;awmhbl;vkd@’vnf; a}unmvkdufw,f? (usaemfu}um;jzwf+yD; &JabmfawGukd ar;vkdufw,f?)ar;? a'gufwifaewJ@tcsdef oabFmay:rSmpwif;bkdif (standby) vm;?ajz? ?olwkd@bmom vkyfae}uwmyJ/±kd;±kd;ae}uwmayg@? tdrfrSmaeovkdae}uwmyJ?ar;? ?olwkd@u oabFm}uD;xm;cJ@+yD;urf;ay:wufwm&Sdovm;?ajz? ?r&Sdbl;av?

'Dae&mrSm ajymzkd@vkdwmu oabFmwpfpD;rSm wyfcGJwpfcJG&Sdw,f? 5 pD;qkd 5 cGJ&Sdw,f? wpfpD; wpfpD;ukd 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; (C.O)

odk@r[kwf Akdvfrª;wpfa,muf tkyf csKyfw,f?

16

okawoDoabFmu tÀ0gqkdufprpf (Seismic) 'Daumifu wefzkd;odyf}uD;w,f? tJ'Dacwf aiGaps;eJ@ukd odef;50-60avmufay;&w,f? &efrsKd;atmifu pwD;oabFm/ 'kwd,urBmppfwkef;ur[ma&,mOf ('kAkdvfrª;}uD; tkyfcsKyfw,f)&efrsKd;atmifrSm tajr‡mufygw,f? okawoD/ar,kwkd@rSmvnf; tajr‡mufygw,f?wjcm; vufeufrsKd;pkH wyfqifxm;&mrSmabmufzm/ yGdKifhzkduf ponfwdk h &Sd}uw,f?ae0if;pwif;ukd ±kd;±kd;wyfom;awG udkif}u&w,f? oabFmwk di f;rSm &duQmawG&S d}uw,f? yJtdwf/ qeftdwftjyif tajccH&duQm jynf h jynf hp k Hp k H wifxm;&w,f?olwkd@twGuf jy\emr&Sd/ 'geJ@ ‘oabFmay:rSm&SdwJ@ wyfrª; wyfom;taygif;wkd@/&Jabmfwkd@ tdrfrjyef}uygeJ@? 'DtxJrSmyJae}uyg? usaemfwkd@eJ@ wkdufyGJtwl 0if}uyg?usaem fwk d @& J @ wk dufy G Juk d & Jabmfwk d @axmufcH}uvdrf@r,fvkd@ ,kH}unfygw,f?

tJ'Dawmh a&wyfu &JabmfawGusaemfwkd@eJ@ twlvm+yD; qENjyw,f?oabFmay:&SdwJ@olawG[m òrd@xJoGm;csif&ifusaemfwkd@*dwfawGjzwfrS&w,f?a&vrf;aygufu xGufr,fqkd&ifvnf; oabFmawGudk usaemfwkd@u ukdifxm;vkduf+yD? ±_yfaxG;r_awGtrsm;}uD;jzpfvmEkdifwJh taetxm;yg? a&wyftaeeJ@ ypfr,fcwfr,fqkd&iftcsdefra&G; ypfEkdifygw,f?

r}umvk dufygbl;? &efvk H ;atmifoabFmu Akdvfrª;pk d;v_dif usaemfhqDukda&mufvmw,f? 0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm aqG;aEG;w,f? olu ‘q&m0if;xdefb,fvkdvJ’ wJ@?

usaemfu ‘Akdvfrª;pkd;v_dif usaemhfwkd@ukd ulnDyg? &duQmawG vkdcsifw,f? &rvm;’ qkdawmh‘,lyg/ &ygw,f’wJ@?quf+yD; olu ‘cifAsm;wkd@ oydwfEkdifyg@rvm;’ayg@? usaemfu Ekdifygw,f/ usaemfwkd@ukd Akdvfrª;axmufcHprf;yg? Akdvfrª;wkd@vk H jcK Ha&;ud ktmrcHygw,f’vk d @ ajymvkdufawmh E_wfquf+yD; Ak dvfrª;pk d;v_difjyefoGm;w,f? usaemfvnf; yifyef;vGef;wmeJ@ em;aepOf tvkyform;&Jabmfwpfa,muf vmowif;ykd@w,f?

‘Ak dvfrª;&JnGef@ vmaESmih f,Sufaew,f? tvkyform;awG oydwfrarSmuf&bl;vkd@ ajymaew,f’?

Ak dvfrª;&JnGef@uk d oGm; tac:ck di f;ayr,f@ vkdufrvmyg? olu !$ef@}um;a&;rª;/ olŒ ±Hk;cef;ukd usaemfvkdufoGm;+yD;‘Adkvfrª;cifAsm; usaemfwkd@eJ@ vkdufcJhapcsifw,f’vkd@ajymawmh yxr jiif;aeao;w,f? usaemfu ‘cifAsm;&JŒ vkHjcKHa&;tE W&m,f&Sdw,faem/ vkdufcJ@yg’qkdawmhrSvkdufvmygw,f? ‘armif&if }unfhvnf;vkyfay;yg’vkd@vnf; ajymw,f?

‘'gawG xm;vkdufprf;yg’ qkd+yD; ac:xkwfvmcJ@w,f? usaemfwkd@ ESpfa,mufwGJxGufvmwmjrifawmh tvkyform;awGu vufckyfwD;}uKd}uygw,f? ‘'kdŒta&;'kd@ta&;/ oydwf oydwfarSmuf arSmuf’‘ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; 'kd@ta&;’aºuG;a}umfoHawG xGufay:vmygw,f?

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usaemfwkd@ puf±H krSmyJ vufurf;pmapmifawG±kdufw,f? awmif;qkdcsufawGaºuG;a}umfoHawGygw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;/ qefvkHavmufpGm &&Sda&;/vkyfief;cGif tE W&m,fuif;a&;/ vpmwdk; jr ‡i f ha&; ponfhtjyif qk d& S,fvpfacwfajymif;awmfvSefa&; atmif&rnfqkdwmvnf; xnfh±kdufw,f? usaemfwkd@tvkyform;awGu qkd&S,fvpfpepfukdqef@usifwmrS r[kwfbJ? rqv vkyfcsif

ovkdvkyfaewmu wpfykdif;yJ? *ufpwifem(Gestener) eJ@ ±kduf+yD;;a0iw,f?

aemufrdef;cvkwf&Sd&m w,fvDzkef;±Hk;rSm usaemfoGm;xkdifw,f? puf±Hk toD;oD;ukd qufoG,f}unfhw,f? usaemfwkd@puf±Hkab;rSmwif&SdwJh okH;xyfom;puf±HkrSmvnf; pwkdufyG J0ifae+yD;? olwkd @uukd,fpm;vS,f v$wfvmw,f? b,fvkdvkyf&rvJayg@? usaemfu ‘oydwfuawmhqufarSmuf&r,f? usaemfwkd@uawm@tnhHrcHbl;? awmif;qkdcsufawG &wJ@txdwkdufoGm;r,f’ ajymwmukd vufcHoGm;w,f?aemuf trSwf 1-2 opfpufawGuukd,fpm;vS,fawG a&mufvmw,f? aqG;aEG;}uw,f? b0wltvkyform; tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;}uw,f? usaemfwkd@uvnf;qufom;ukd,fpm;vS,fv$wf aqG;aEG;wmawG&Sdw,f? qufv$wfzkd@jyifaepOf puf±Hkaygif;pkHu tvkyform;awG a&mufvmjyefw,f? olwkd@ cHpm;csufawG &ifzGifh}uw,f? orkdif;csnfr#if/ *kefeDpuf±Hku tvkyform;awG a&mufvm+yD; a[majym}u/&ifz Gi f h }uwk di f ; ‘' k d @ta&; ' k d @ta&;’axmufcHoHawGeJ@ vufckyfoH wajzmif;ajzmif; wD;}uw,f? naeykdif;avmufAdkvfrª;pkd;v_difeJ@xyfawG@awmh‘Akdvfrª;cifAsm;usaemfwkd@ukdulnDygOD;’qkdawmh‘bmrsm;vJ/ulnDwmayg@’vkd@ajymw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefuusaemfwkd@XmerSm a&wyfu vmwnfay;xm;wJ@ v#yfppfXme&Sdw,f? wcsKd@ v#yfppfynmawGujrifhawmh a&wyfu oifxm;wJ@ vlawGrS vkyfvkd@&wm&Sdw,f? a&wyfu PO awG tm;vkH;udkvnf; ta&;}uD;wJhXmeawGukd tvkyform;awGeJ@ wGJ+yD; apmifha&Smufay;zkd@ arwWm&yfcHxm;w,f?

naebufrSm tvkyform; &JabmfwcsKd@ukd tif;pdefbuf xyfv$wfw,f? 6em&Davmuf&Sdr,fxifw,f? olwdk@ jyefvm+yD; ordkif;bmwma&SŒ orkdif;aps;rSmtvkyform; t&yfom;awG ypfowfcH&wJ@ ta}umif;ajymjy}uw,f? 'geJ@ usaemfu‘&Jabmf tvkyform;taygif;wkd@ wkd@&J@awmif;qkdcsufawGuawmh wjznf;jznf;eJ@

17

cufvm+yD; 'gayr,fh wkd@[m 'l;raxmufbl;?tnHhrcHbl;? qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f?tck orkdif;bmwma&SŒrSm wkd@tvkyform;&JabmfawG towfcH&w,f? ypfowfwmjzpfw,f? 'ga}umifh aemufqkH; wkd@[m'l;raxmufbJeJ@ taocH wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f? wkd @awmif;qk dcsufawG r&rcsif;awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f? wkd@ pkpk pnf;pnf;eJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifr,f? &Jabmfwkd@ukd usaemfuwday;w,f? usaemfb,fawmhrSopPmrazmufbl;? &Jabmfwdk@eJ@twl usaemf&Sdr,f’vkd@ rdef@cGef;wdkay;cJhw,f?

aemufawmh w,fvDzkef;eJh*kefeD puf±HkukdvSrf;qufw,f? aumifpDtwGif;a&;rª;uzkef;vufcHw,f? usaemfu orkdif;csnfr#ifpuf±Hka&S@rSm tvkyform;awG ypfowfcH&wJhta}umif; owif;ay;+yD; ‘usaemfuawmh rav#mhbl;/ 'l;raxmufbl;? qkH;cef;wkdifatmif wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f/ r&rcsif;wk dufy G J0ifoGm;r,f? vk dtyfwm&S d&ifta}umif;}um;r,f? cifAsm;wkd@ bufuvnf; ta}umif;}um;yg?’ vkd@ ajymw,f? olwdk @puf±H kuvnf; 'Doabmtwkdif;&Sda}umif; jyefajymw,f?tJ'Dtcsdef *kefeDpuf±HkrSm A[kdaumfrwDtopf a&G;cs,fyGJpae+yD? tJ'DnaerSm rkd;awG&Gmcsvmw,f?tajctaeu ta&;}uD;vmcsdefrkd@ 0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm tdyfapmifhae}uwJ@ trsKd;orD;awGukdusaemfuajymw,f? ‘cifAsm;wkd@ usaemfeJ@vkdufcJhyg? 'Dwdkif;aevkd@rjzpfbl;/ vkyfp&m&SdwmawG vkyf}u&r,f? tajctae odyfraumif;bl;’qkdawmh usaemfh aemufvkdufvm}uw,f?

qufoG,fa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; a&wyfu t&m&SdawGeJ@ usaemfwkd@ tvkyform;awG wGJukdifxm;}uw,f? vkHðcHa&;vnf;tvm;wlyJ? w,fvDzkef;±Hk;ukd usaemfwkd@oGm;}uw,f? uufqufeJ@ usaemfhtoHukdoGif;+yD; pyDumeJ@ ‘jynfolukdyef}um;csuf’xkwfv$if hvk dufw,f? puf}uD;u odyfaumif;awmh puf±HkawG tm;vkH;qD wòydifwnf; &muf&SdoGm;ygawmhw,f? ‘rdbjynfoltaygif;wk d @cifAsm; tpk d;&[m

orkdif;bmwma&SŒrSm ±kd;om;pGm qENjyaewJ@tvkyform;awGukd ypfowfcJ hygw,f? tJ'Dawmh rdbjynfoltaygif;wkd@usaemfwkd@eJ@ vufwGJyg? ppftpkd;&u tcktjypfrJhwJh usaemfwkd@ tvkyform;awGudkypfowfaeyg+yD? usaemfwdk@ukd umuG,fapmif ha&Smufyg’ vkd @ yef}um;ygw,f?'DtoHukd toHcsJŒpufuae tjrJzGifhay;xm;ygw,f?

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'Dawmh usaemfwGufvkdufrd+yD ‘ighawmhqGJawmhr,f’

olwdk@ac:wJhae&m vkdufoGm;+yDqkdwmeJ@ zrf;+yD;av? 'Dvkdqkd&if tvkyform;awGukd !$ef}um;vkd@r&awmhbl;? v_yf&Sm;r_òyduGJ oGm;awmhr,f/ rjzpfbl;?

‘usaemf rvmEkdifbl;? awG@csif&ifAkdvfrª;odef;xGef; usaemfh qDvmygap’vkd@a jymvk dufw,f? O D ; jr[ef jye fxGufoGm;w,f? c%aeawmh wacguf jyefvm}uw,f? ausmf}uD;cifu ‘ukd0if;xdef olwdk@wu,f ypfawmhr,f’wJ@? ‘ypf&if vnf;ypfyapuGm’vkd@ wkHŒjyefvkdufw,f? pOf;pm;&wmawGuawmh trsm;}uD;a&wHcg;}uD;ysufpD;oGm;&if aygufuGJoGm;vkd@&S d&if tm;vkH;txdemr,f? puf±H kawGysufpD;r,f? puf±HkxJ 0ifypf&ifvnf; ao}ua}u}u txdem}ur,f? puf±H k& JŒvkHòcHa&;/ tvkyform;awG&JŒ vkHòcHa&;pOf;pm;vm&w,f? aemufxyf qkH;&_H;r_}uD;wck&Sdao;w,f? ckvkd awmif;qkdvm}u+yD;rSawmif;qkdcsuf bmrSr&bJeJ@ usaemfwkd@oydwf}uD; ysufpD;oGm;rSm +yD;qkH;oGm;rSmyJ?

'ga}umifhusaemfcsufcsif;yJ qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f? rk dufu±kdzkef; aumufukdifvkduf+yD; ‘&Jabmftvkyform; taygif;wkd@puf±Hk&J@ vkHòcHa&;ukdwkd@ tm;vkH; wm0ef,l&r,f? aemufa&wHcg;/ oabFmawG&J@vk H òc Hr _e J @ puf±H kawGtm;vk H;& JŒvk H òc Hr _ /wkd@tm;vkH;&JŒ vkHòcHr_udkwkd@ wm0ef,l&r,f?'Dpuf±Hk[m wkd@&JŒpuf±Hkjzpfw,f? wkd@[mwdk@awmif;qkdcsufawG r&rcsif; qufvufwdkufyGJ0if oGm;r,f? wkd@tnHhrcHbl;? 'l;raxmufbl;? &wJ @txd wk dufy G J0i foGm;r,f?

(Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD armfuGef;wdkufrSaus;Zl;ðyonf)

a&SŒv qufzwfyg Õ

18

usaeŒmfwkdŒ jrefrmEkdifiH aq;0g;puf±kHonftif;pdefjrdKŒe,f taeŒmuf}uKdŒukef;&Sd}uKdŒukef;blwmESifh uyfvsufwnf&Sdonf?puf±H k.ta&SŒbufukduf(500) ausmfavmufwGif &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHukdpwifaygufzGm; zefwD;vkdufaom &efukefpufr_wuUokdvf (RIT) wnf&Sd+yD;/ puf±Hk.ajrmufbufukduf (200) avmufwGiftif ;p de fr D ;&xm;pufacgi f ; jyi fpuf± k Hwnf&Sdonf?

1974ck/ZGefv (6) &ufaeŒ oydwfrarSmufcif ZGef 1 &ufESifh ZGef 2 &ufaeŒwGif puf±HktoD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;onfpuf±Hkt&m&Sdrsm;. rr#waom tkyfcsKyfa&;/0efxrf;rsm;tay: zdES dyfcsKyfcs,fr_/&mxl;ESif h tcGif hta&;ydwfqkdŒr_rsm;ESif hywfouf+yD; rauseyfr_rsm;onf wtkHaEG;aEG; jzpfae}uonf? XmetoD;oD;&Sdukd,fpm; vS,frsm;onf wdwfwqdwfajymqdknd‡E_dif;+yD; qENjy oydwfarSmuf}u &efqk H ; jzwfcsufcs }uonf? usaem fwd k ŒjrefrmEkdifiHaq;0g;puf±Hkenf;wl tif;pdefrD;&xm;puf±kH oydwfarSmuf awmif;qdk&efjyifqifae}uonf? ZGefv (6) &ufaeŒwGif wpfòydifwnf; qENjy}u&ef puf±Hk

ESpf±Hkonf wdwfqdwfpGm qufoG,fxm;=uonf?

1974ckESpf/ ZGefv (4) &ufaeŒwGif4if;puf±HkESpf±HkrSacgif;aqmif tvkyform;wcsKdŒukd zrf;qD;I axmifxJxnfhvkdufonf? 4if;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf txuft&m&SdESifh tqifrajyolrsm;/ rqvygwDukdqefŒusifolrsm;/ qENjy&ef pnf;&kH;acgif;aqmifonf[k txifcH&olrsm;jzpfonf?

rD;&xm;pufacgif;jyif puf±HkrS tvkyform;rsm;onf qENjy&ef owfrSwfxm;aom ZGef (6) &ufaeŒ tpm; ZGef (5) &ufaeŒ naerSp+yD; puf±HktjyifokdŒ rxGuf}uawmhbJ zrf;qD;xm;aom tvkyform;rsm;ukd jyefv$wfay;a&;ESif h 4if;wkdŒESif houfqdkifaom awmif;qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qkd+yD; pwifI oydwfarSmuf}uonf?

usaemfwdk@ bDyDtdkif puf±HkwGifvnf;1974 ZGefv (6) &ufaeŒwGif usaemfwdkŒaq;0g;puf±HkrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ykHrSeftvky fpcs de fxuf apmp D ;p Gma&mufvm}u+yD; nd‡E_dif;xm;onfhtwdkif; oydwfarSmuf&ef jyifqif}uonf? puf±HkrSO}o&SnfqGJ+yD; tcsufay;vkdufonfESifh wpfòydifeufXmetoD;oD;&S d 0efxrf; tm;vkH;onf‘oydwf oydwf arSmuf arSmuf’ [laom

aºuG;a}umfoHrsm; aºuG;a}umf+yD; puf±HkyifrwHcg;aygufwGif pk±Hk;}u&efjzpfonf?

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jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;rSwfwdkifwckjzpfaom74 - 75 tvkyf orm; taxGaxGoydwf jzpfayonf?

wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeaomrSwfwkdifwpfck

wkdufyGJ0iftvkyform;a[mif;wpfOD;

19

3? ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;4? aeŒpm;vkyfom;rsm; tjrJwrf; 0efxrf;tjzpfcefŒa&;5? tvkyform;rsm;tm; qefqDESifh rD;zkdacsmifokH;ypPnf;rsm; tcrJhay;a0a&;6? tvkyform;rsm; zGJhpnf;ykHt& tcGifhta&;&m tm;vkH; cefŒtyfa&;7? oufomacsmifcsda&; csufcsif;ay;8? tE W&m,fa}u; csufcsif;ay;9? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;ygwD tvkdr&Sd/ppftm%m&SifusqkH;ygap ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?

Ñ(rD;&xm; pufacgif;jyifpuf±H krSzrf;qD;xm;aomtvkyform;tm;vkH;ukd7/6/74 aeŒ nae 6em&DwGif jyefv$wfay;vkdufonf?)

7/6/74 aeŒeHeuf 11em&D 45rdepfavmufwGif puf±Hkrª;Akdvfrª;}uD;odrf;armif'kpuf±Hkrª;/tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;ESifh Xme refae*smrsm;onf usaemfwdkŒ tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vma&mufawGŒqkH+yD;‘ tvkyform;wpf&yfvkH;. awmif;qkdcsufESifh ywfouf+yD; olwkdhtaejzifh tvkyform;0ef}uD;ukd wifjyr,f/ cifAsm;wkdŒtvkyform;xktm;vkH; oydwfvSef+yD;tdrfjyef}uyg? aemufaeŒawGrSmvnf;+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJŒ ud k,fus&m XmetoD;oD;awGrSm tvkyfcGif jyef0if=uygvdk@/arwWm&y fc Hy gw,fvd k @ a jymygw,f?tJ'DtcsdefrSm usaemfwkdŒ tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;u x+yD; ‘'Dawmif;qkdcsufawG[m ukd,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ qkH;jzwfcsufjzpfw,f/ vG,fvG,feJŒqkH;jzwfcsufukd tajzay;vkdhr&bl;/tvkyform;xkwpf&yfvkH;ukd ar;jref;+yD;awmhrStajzay;EkdifrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 8/6/74 aeŒeHeuf 9 em&DrSmtajzay;ygr,f’ vkdŒ jyefajymvkdufonf?

xkd@aemuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onftvkyform;xkwpf&yfvkH;tm; txuft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ukdjyefajymjyonf? usaemfwkd@twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;awmif;qkdcsuf wpfckrSm oydwfvSef+yD;aemuf tvkyform;rsm;ukd rzrf;

qD;ygbl; [laom tmrcHuwdpum;yifjzpfonf? xkdha}umifh tvkyform; ukd,fpm;vk,frsm;ESif hwuG tvkyform;xkwpf&yfvkH;. qENt& 4if;wkdŒukd cH0efuwdvufrSwfxkd;ck dif;&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvkdffuf}uonf?

8/6/74 aeŒeHeuf (6) em&DwdwdwGifpuf±HkrSL;rsm;ESifh tvkyform; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; 'kwd,t}udrf awGŒqkH}uaomtcg udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u oydwfvSef+yD;ygu tvkyform;awGukd rzrf;qD;ygbl;qkdwmukd tmrcH vufrSwfa&;xkd;ay;&efawmif; qkdonf?

puf±Hkr_;rsm;u usaemfwkdŒ awmif;qkdcsufawG tm;vkH;&atmif aqmif&Gufay;rnf usaemfwkdŒukdvnf; rzrf;qD;zkdŒ tmrcHygw,f uwdvnf; ay;ygw,fqk d +y D ;tvkyform;rsm;. a&SŒrSmyif tmrcH uwdvufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;vufokdŒ ay;tyfcJhonf?

9/6/74 nae (4) em& DwdwdtcsdefwGif usaemfwkdh tvkyform; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;xk tm;vkH;oabmqENt& oydwfvSefvkduf}uygonf? 9/6/74 aeŒwGif tvkyform;tm;vkH;onf atcsrf;pGmjzifh tvkyfcGifokdŒjyefqif;}uygonf?

4if;wkdŒonf olwkdŒuwdtwkdif; zrf;qD;jcif;rjyKaomfvnf; usaemfwd k Œ.awmif;qkdcsufawGukd tvkyform;xktm;vHk;u ay;vdrfhEdk; ay;vdrfhEdk;eJŒ apmifhar#m fvm&m &ufrSv/ vrSESpfod kŒomajymif;vJvmcJhaomfvnf; bmwpfckrS &vmjcif;/ ay;vmjcif; r&Sdacs? vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfudk odvmaomtcg XmetoD;oD;rSm &Sd=uaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;xktm;vHk;wdkŒonf rausreyfESifh rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf+yD; ESpfywfvnfaeŒjzpfaom 6/ 6/ 75 aeŒ eHeuf 9 em&D 30rdepf wGif oydwfarSmuf qENjy}uygawmhonf?

usaemfwk d h aq;0g;puf±H k tjyiftif;pde f rD;&xm;pufacgif; jyifpuf±H k /orkdif;ESifh csnfr#iftxnfpuf±Hk/ *kHeDpuf±Hk/

qifrvkdufoabmFusif;puf±Hk/ ukef;vrf;o,f,lykdŒaqmifa&;vkyfief;ESif h tjcm;puf±H ki,f ajrmufjrm;pGmonfvnf;oydwfarSmuf}u+yD; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;awmif;qdk}uonf?

usaemfwkdŒ aq;0g;puf±HktwGif;rSqENjyawmif;qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qkdaeŒpOf*/6/75naeŒ4;30wGif vufeuf tjynfhtpk H jzif h jrefrmpum;em;rvnfaomwkdif;&if;om;ppfom; (70) cefŒu puf±Hkukd0kdif;xm;+yD; ppfom;tcsKdŒonf yifrwHcg;aygufukdausmfwuf0ifa&mufvm}uumusaemfwkdŒ tvkyform;tm;vkH;ukd aoewfESifhcsdef+yD; 0kdif;xm;vkdufygonf? xkd haemufAkdvfrª;wpfa,muf a&mufvm+yD; ‘cifAsm;wkdŒtm;vkH; puf±HktjyifukdxGuf+yD; ukd,fhtdrfukd,f at;at;aq;aq; jyef}uyg?puf±Hkukd usaemfwkdŒ odrf;vkduf+yD? usaemfwkdŒ trdefŒay;wmukd rvkdufem&if ypf&ygvdrfhr,f? cifAsm;wkdŒukd rdepf 30 tcsdef ay;r,f? puf±HkxJrSm wpfa,mufrS rypfcsifbl;’ vkdŒ ajym+yD; rsufaxmifheD}uD;eJŒ }unfhaeygonf?

ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhtvkyform;rsm;onf rausreyfjzifh tH}udwf+yD; vufoD;ukd uspfuspfygatmifqkyf&if; a'goawGukdrsKdodyfum puf±HktwGif;rS toD;oD; xGufcGmay;&awmhonf?

‚if; 8/6/75 aeŒ nrSmyif usaemfwdkŒjrefrmEkdifiHaq;0g;puf±HkrS Xmeukd,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmif trsKd;orD; okH;a,muftygt0if vl (33) a,mufukd nwGif;csif;vdkufvHzrf;qD;+yD; emrnfqkd;jzifh ausmf}um;aom tif;pdeftusOf;axmifokdŒ ykdŒvkdufygonf?

12/7/75 aeŒwGif ppfckH±Hk;zGifh+yD; 10 ESpf/13 ESpf/ 16 ESpf toD;oD; jypf'%f csrSwfvk dufygonf? tjcm;puf±H ktoD;oD;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; usaemfwkdŒESifhtwl tif;pdeftusOf;axmif óud;wkdufokdŒykdŒaqmifvkdufygawmhonf?

wdkufyJG0iftvkyform;a[mif;wOD;bDbDtdkif (1974 - 75)

20

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a&muf awmif;&rf;aewJh zdeyfrygwJh olawmif;pm;wpfa,muf&JŒrSefacgufoHudk owdrðytm;ygbl;? ol[m touf 36 ESpf&SdwJhtdENd,EdkifiHom; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifwpfOD;jzpfygw,f? bHkabòrd@&JŒvrf;qHkwpfckrSm rD;eDrdaepOf '±dkifbmab;a&SŒcef;rSm rsufpdrSwf+yD;pdwf tem;,laewmyg? tJ'DtcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyJ ol&JŒvufudkifqJvf zkef;rSm owif;wpfck wDwDwDwDeJ@ 0ifvmygw,f? owif;udkzwf vdkuf+yD; atmifEdkifwJh tðyH;eJ@ xdkifcHkay: rSDvdkuf&if; um;ay:rSm&SdwJh tjcm;olawGudk tm;wufoa&m ajymjyvdkufyHku?

+Adwdo# touftmrcH ukrrrrr%D}uD;jzpfwJh aem0pf,leD,H (Norwish

Union) u ,lauEdkifiHwpf0Srf;rSm &SdwJh ol@&J@ 0efxrf; 900 ausmfudktvkyfu tem;ay;vdkufjcif;?

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rpPwm qrfrm &Sefum'wfpf qdkwmu 'DtvkyfawGta=umif;udk u|rf;usifwJholwOD;jzpfygw,f? aem0pf,leD,H tjyifaemufxyf tvm;wl vkyfief; 3000 avmuf[m tdENd,EdkifiHrSmEdkifiH&yfjcm; &if;ESD;ðr‡yfESHr_awG vkyfawmhr,fqdkwmudk trSwfaw;xm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tdENd,tajcpdkuf urBmvHk;qdkif&m'Avlteftufpf 0efaqmifr_tzGJ@ (WNS Global Service) twGufowif;aumif ;wpfc kvd k @ qd k&r Smyg? 'Avl teftufp fqdkwmuvnf; wpfqifhcHuefx±dkufvkyfief;awG vkyfaewJhukr`%Dwpfckjzpf+yD; oluawmh 'Dukr`%D&JŒ wu,fh obm&ifh'kwd,OuUX jzpfygw,f?

2004 ckESpfrSm ol@&JŒ 'Avlteftupff qdkwm aemf0pf&JŒ rdcifukr%DD}uD;jzpfwJh tmADAm (Aviva) eJ@ wpfqifhcHuefx±dkuf vkyfief;vkyfaqmifzdk@ uefx±dkufpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkxm;wJhh tdENd, tajcpdkufukr`%DoHk;ckxJu wckjzpfygw,f?

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awmufeJ@ tvkyf±_yfaeygw,f? ol@rdbawG acwfvufxufu'DvdkacwfrDwJh enf;ynm&yfawG oif=um;cGifh r&cJhygbl;? aemuf+yD;csrf;omºuG,f0r_qdkwm tE W&m,fawGeJ@ &ifqdkif&Edkifw,fqdkwJh ol@r dbawGaexd ki fc J hwJ h w±kwfjynfqd kwmud kawmif arhxm;&awmhr,fh yHkpH jzpfaeygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh &Sef[dkif;qdkwmw±kwf trsKd;om;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiH&yfjcm;enf;ynm tdkifwDukr`%D}uD;awGtwGuf wu,fhtajcpdkuf&m ae&mwpfckjzpfaewJh twGufygwJh?

tdkifwD t&nftaoG;awGjynfhaewJh ol@vdk tar&duefrefae*smawGuawmh ol@vuf&Sd0ifaiGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfr,fqdk&ifawmhol@vuf&Sdvpmxuf q,fq &&SdEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh tar&duudkoGm;zdk@tcGifhtvrf;ay;cJhr,f qdk&ifawmifrS ol@taeeJ@ roGm;Edkifygbl;wJh? w±kwffjynfrSmyJ aexdkifoGm;r,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ‘usaemftem*wfudk cef@rSef;xm;+yD;om;yg? tcGifhtvrf;awG[m 'Da'orSmtrsm;}uD; a&mufvmtHk;rSmAs?’ ycHk;ESpfzufwGefŒ&if; [efygygeJ@olu qufajymwmjzpfygw,f?

trSefwu,fawmh &Sef[dkif;qdkwm 'Dae@umvrSm w±kwftrsKd;om;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiH&yfjcm; ukr`%Drsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpfjr‡KyfESHzdk@ ae&mwpfck jzpfaeygw,f?

toHwdwfawmfvSefa&; (odk@r[kwf) atmhzf&_d;&if; urf;vGef EdkifiH&yfjcm; tvkyfv$Jajymif; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_

urBmwpf0Srf;vHk;rSm toHwdwfawmfvSefa&;wpfckjzpfaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DawmfvSefa&;[m tpDtpOfwus jzpfay:aewmawmh r[kwfygbl;? aemuf+yD; 'g[m Ed kifiHa&;eJ@vnf;ywfoufqufEG,f aewmvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fh 'DawmfvSefajymif;vJr_}uD;[m wjznf;jznf; nifnifomomeJ@ a&SŒwdk;vmwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? ckefjyefausmfv$m; jzpfwmvnf;ygw,fvdk@,lq=uwJhol wcsKd@vnf; &Sdygw,f? usaemfwdk@ 'Dvdkjzpfaewmudkwm;csiftHk;awmh 'g[m wm;vdk@r&ovdk &yfwef@oGm;rSmvnf;r[kwfygbl;? tckajymwJh awmfvSefa&;qdkwmuawmh urf;vGefEdkifiH&yfjcm; tvkyfv$Jajymif; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ qdkwmygyJ? 'Dvdkatmhzf±_d;&if; (Offshoring) urf;vGef EdkifiHjcm; tvkyfv$Jajymif;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_&JŒ jzpfpOfawGqdkwm uvnf; topftqef;wpfckr[kwfygbl;wJh? w±kwf/ ruUpDudk pwJh wdkif;jynfawGrSm ukefypPnf;

oH'dkif;az

toHwdwfawmfvSefa&; odk@r[kwfvmwmhr,fh atmh±_d;&if; v_dif;opf

21

xkwfvkyfjcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;awGudk a&$Œajymif; tajcðycJh=uwmESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhyg+yD? 'gayr,fh tck aemufjzpfvmwJhjzpfpOfuawmh aumfvHjzL tvkyfawGudkyg Ed kifiH&yfjcm;rSmt&nftwGuf trsm;tjym; ajymif;a&$Œvkyfud ki fvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkrsKd; aumfvHjzLtvkyfawG t&Sdeft[kefeJ@ t&nftwGufrsm;rsm; ajymif;a&$ŒwmrsKd;udk twdwfumvrSmwkef;urjrifawG@cJh=u&ygbl;?

'g[m ajymif;vJr_&JŒ a&SŒajy;vdk@qdk&rSmyg? aemufvmr,fhq,fpkESpf wpfckrSmawmh tckvdk toHwdwf awmfvSefa&;(odk@r[kwf) atmhzf±_d;&if; urf;vGefEdkifiH&yfjcm; tvkyfv$Jajymif;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_[m tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myEdkifiHom; aumfvmjzLtvkyform; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk tvkyfvufrJh b0awGtjzpftjyif;txef xdk;ESuf±dkufcwfygawmhr,f? olwdk@twGuf tvkyfcGifawG yg;vsm;vmygawmhr,f? avmhpftif*sDvdpfrS vef'efòrd@awmf}uD;xd/ abmhpfwGefrS bmvif=um;/ wdkvJ'dkrS wdkusdK/atmfpwifrS trfpwm'rf pojzifh tv,fvwfwef; vlwef;pm;awG=um;rSm wGif;euf}uD;wck òydqif;ovdk jzpfvmEdkifygw,f?

tifw,fvf (Intel) EdkifiHwum ukr`%D}uD;&JŒ tvkyftr_aqmif t&m&SdcsKyfwOD;jzpfwJh u&dwf bm&ufu ajymwmuawmh urBmhtvkyftiftm;pk}uD; &ifqdkifae&wJh 'Dajymif;vJr_&JŒ±dkufcwfcsuftay: vltrsm;pk}uD;uawmh auseyfvSwmawmhr[kwfygbl;? aemufq,fESpfausmfqdk&ifawmh tifrwefta&;}uD;wJhpkzGJ@r_awG òydqif;wmudk awG@jrif&ygvdrfhr,f? oltawG@tóuHay:uae&&SdcJhwJh oifcef;pmrSwpfqifh óudwifjyifqifxm;zdk@ owday;wmjzpfygw,f? ol@&JŒtifw,fvf ukr`%D}uD;udk,fwdkif EdkifiH&yfjcm; wdkif;jynfawGrSm tvkyform;opfaygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm iSm;&rf;xm;+yD;vkyfaqmifae&wmyg?

ukr`%D }uD;onfjzpfap/ i,fonfjzpfap tòydiftqdkifwGufcsuf=u&if; olwdk@&JŒ txl;ðyxm;wJh tvkyfawGudkawmifrStm&S a'oudk tvkt,uf ajymif;a&$Œae=u&ygw,f? vuf&Sdvkyftm;cawGxuf wpf0ufuae ig;yHkav;yHkxd jzwfcsEdkifzdk@twGuf jzpfygw,f? ,cifwkef;u puf±HkawG wpfck+yD;wpfck vkyfaqmifcJh=uovdkrsKd; jzpfaeygw,f? tckawmh bHkabòrd@}uD;rSmwpfqifhcHuefx±dkuf vkyfief;awGudkay;+yD; usaemfwdk@tvkyf awGudkjr‡KyfESHvkyfaqmifae=uygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@ aqmh0Jy±dk*rfrm awGudke,l;a&mufrSm aemufxyf riSm;=uvnf;qdkwm em;vnfzdk@tawmf cJ,Of;ygw,fvkd h armf*efpwefav (Morgan Stanley)upD;yGm;a&; okawoD wpfOD;jzpfwJh pwDzef ±dkŒcsf ajymwm jzpfygw,f?

21 &mpk atmhzf±_d;&if;eJ@ tm&Satmhzf±_d;&if; urf;vGef EdkifiH&yfjcm; tvkyfv$Jajymif; &if;ESD;

jr‡KyfESHjcif;qdkwm jynfwGif;vkyftm;twGuf EdkifiH&yfjcm; vkyftm;eJ@tpm;xdk;jcif;ygyJ? tar&duefawGtoHk;jyK=uwJh wl;z&D;vdk@ac:wJhukr`%D&JŒ 0efaqmifr_ w,fvDzkef;udk vSnfhvdkufr,fqdk&if tJh'D

zkef;oH[m tdENd,edkifiHrSm vmjrnfaeygw,f? tvm;wllygbJ*smrefEdkifiHom;wOD;[m rdkufu±dkaqmh0wf ukr`%D}uD;qDudktD;ar;wpfapmifydk@vdkufr,f qdk&ifawmh ol@twGuf jyef=um;csuf[mw±kwfEdkifiH}uD;qDu vmaewmjzpfygw,f? tckvdk aumfvHjzLtvkyfawGajymif;vJvmyHkudk Oyrmay;wmyg?

pDvDuGefbJvD; (Silicon Valley)rSm wpfcsdefu a&;cJhwJhacwfrDwJh uGefjyLwmy±dk*rfawG[m tckawmh tdEN d,EdkifiHbef*vdkòrd@rSm a&;qGJaewmjzpfygw,f? ,cifu z&rfhzGwfuq&m0efawG zwfcJh=uwJh aq;bufqdkif&m tdwfpfa&;"mwfrSefppfaq;csufawGqdkwm 'Dae@rSmawmh e±l;a'vDu aq;bufqdkif&m0efxrf;awGu ycHk;ajymif; v$J,lae=uygw,f? tdENd,EdkifiHub%f0efxrf;awG[m udef;*%ef;awGudk wGufcsuf&if; &&SdwJhpm&if;Z,m;awGudk e,l;a,mufudk ydk@v$wfae=uygw,f? urBmausmf umwGef;±kyf&Sif/ AD'D,dkawGqdkwmuawmh [dkuf'&mbwfrSmzefwD;ae=uyg+yD? a[mvD;0k'frSm r[kwfawmhygbl;?

'g[m 'Dae@ajymae=uwJh urBmr_jzpfpOf}uD;&J@ aemufjzpfvmr,fhv_dif;opfvdk@qdk=uygw,f? tusKd;qufuawmh tm&Sa'orSm wpfae@wpfa':vm puf±Hktvkyform;awG[m wpfem&Dwpfa':vm aumfvHjzLtvkyform;awGtjzpf toGifajymif;vJoGm;ygawmhr,f? tar&duefawGtwGufuawmh ta&;ay:owday; acgif;avmif;oHawG qlnHaeovdk jzpfygw,f? Oa&myom;awGuawmh ydk+yD;awmhawmif qdk;0g;Edkifygw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?,cifwkef;uawmh olwdk@wawG[m olwdk@&J@ tvkyfcGifawGudkurBmhvlOD;a& trsm;qHk; EdkifiH}uD;awGeJ@ òydifqdkifzd k@ rsKd;qufaygif;rsm;pGm wHwdkif; cwfxm;ovdk aecJh=uygw,f? tqDòzd;òzd;0zdkifhzdkifheJ@ csrf;csrf;omom &SdcJh=uwJh taemufEdkifiHom;awGtzdk@uawmh pGef@ypfcHvdkuf&ovdkygyJvdk@ wifpm;ygw,f?

w±kwfeJ@ tdENd,EdkifiH}uD;awGuawmh urBmwpf0Srf;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtwGuf tòydiftqdkif wHcg;zGifh zdwfac: óudqdkae=uovdk acwfvGefqufoG,fa&; wuUEdkavmf*sD enf; ynmawGuvnf; wpfpxufwpfp ydkrd kus,fjyef@jzpfxGef;ae ygw,f?tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyJ tvkyform; oef;axmifaygif; rsm;pGmudkurBmh tvkyfcGif}uD;xJodk@qGJac:aygif;pyf ay;EdkifcJhyg+yD? aumfvHjzLtvkyfawGtwGuf t&nftcsif;jynfhrDwJh tm&Som; awG&JŒta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmwmeJ@twl pufr_xGef;um;+yD; jzpfwJhtaemufEdkifiHom; jynfolawGtwGufuawmh olwdk@&JŒ taemufpHvkyftm;cawGqdkwm a&&SnfrSm tvkyfrjzpfEdkif awmhbl;qdkwm±kwfw&uf rar#mfvifhbJ &ifqdkif&ovdk jzpfae ygw,f?

oH'dkif;az

(a&SŒv qufzwfyg)

22

tvkyform;oydwfwdkufyG J ppfppfjzpfw,f? vlxkwpf&yfvHk;eJ@ ausmif;om;xk&JŒaxmufcHr_ tjynfht0 &&Sdw,f?arvukefyd kif;up+yD; jrpfi,f rD;&xm;wGJjyifpuf±Hk tvkyform;rsm;&J@ oydwfupwifygw,f? yvdyfcsnfr#iftxnf puf±Hkuvnf; qufwdkufoydwfarSmufw,f?rEœav;eJ@ txufArmjynfw0Srf; puf±Hktvkyf±Hkwdkif;vdkvdk oydwfarSmuf=uw,f?ajrvwfa'owpf0Srf;vkH; oydwfrkefwdkif;wdkufcwfvmygw,f? rqv 0gZDpuf±HkrSmvJ wif;=uyfpGm udkifwG,fxm;wJh =um;u&uftcsdK@ oydwfarSmuf=uw,f?

'DvdkeJ@ tif;pdefrD;&xm;puf±Hkup+yD;tvkyform;oydwf[m &efukefudk a&mufvmygw,f? ZGefvqef;rSmawmh &efukefòr@dawmf wpf0Srf;&S d puf±Hktvkyf±H kwdkif;oydwf rarSmufwm r&SdoavmufygyJ?xdkpOfu puf±Hktvkyf±Hkwdkif;[m rqvodrf;xm;wJ h “jynfoly d ki f” csnf;y Jjzpfygw,f? yk*~vduydkifr&Sdyg? (pyg;puf/yJpuf/ *sHKpufuav;awGawmh &Sdygw,f?)

arSmfbD/ tif;wdkif/ axmuf}uHŒ/ 'nif;ukef;rS p+yD; tif;pdef óudŒukef;/ ordkif;/tkwfusif;/ urm&Gwf/ vSnf;wef;pwJh puf±Hktvkyf±HkawG/ tvkyform; &yfuGuf awGpka0;&m (e0wvufxufrSm tvkyf orm;&yfuGufawG zsuf+yD; a&$@ajymif; vdkufyg+yD?)ae&mawGr Sm jc dr f h jc dr f ho JoJygy J ?

‘aemufvdkufacG;’awG[m ygwD - aumifpDxJrSm ae&m,l=uw,f? taeacsmiftpm;acsmifvdk@wifru tm%mjy tcGifhta&;,l+yD; npfw,f? bHk;w,f/ jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeygw,f? (,ae@ }uHhzGH@vdkygyJ)

xdkpOfu ‘0g%dZ…yÉdyuQ jzefajza&;±H k;’ qdkwm &S dygw,f? tvkyform;-tvkyf&Sif yÉdyuQjzpf&if ajz&Sif;wJh±Hk;yg?tvkyform;0ef}uD; vufatmufrSmyg?'gayrJh tpdk;&puf±HkeJ@ tvkyform; tr_jzpf&if tpdk;& (puf±H k) yJ Ed kifygw,f?tpdk;&u tvkyf&Sif - tvkyform;uvkyftm;a&mif;pm;ol/ tcpm;yg? puf±Hkrefae*smudk,fwdkifu tvkyform; aumifpD OuUX jzpfaeawmh ±Hk;a&mufwJhtr_vnf;r&S doavmufyg? yk* ~vduvkyfief;&Si fuav;rsm;eJ@ tvkyform; tr_jzpf&ifawmh 0g%dZ…±Hk;u tvkyform;bufu&yfygw,f? ('gudk t&if;&SifeJ@ tvkyf orm;yÉdyuQ vdk@ yHk}uD;csJ@ygw,f?)

tvkyform;wa,muf tvkyf&zdk@qdkwm “tvkyftudkif&SmazGa&; tvkyform; rSwfyHkwif±Hk;” qdkwm òrd@e,fwdkif;rSm&S dygw,f? tvkyform;0ef}uD; vufatmufuygyJ? tJ'D±Hk;rSm rSwfyHkwifxm;+yD;apmif h&ygw,f? tuyft&yfaumif;rSvmbfxdk;EdkifrS tvkyfwck (udk,feJ@ xdkufwefwm rwefwmxm;) &ygw,f?

tvky fuawmh &+y D / ‘b,fvd k’tvkyfvJ´

ae@pm; v&Sif; tprf;cef@ tvkyfoifpwJh yHkpHrsm;eJ@ vkyf=u&ygw,f? t+rJwrf;tvky form; (permanent labour)

r[kwfyg/ vkyfief;jy (work charge) vdk@ac:ygw,f? b,f m%f}uD;&Sif xGifcJhw,fawmh rodygbl;/ (6) v tprf;cef@yg?ðzwfcsifwJh tcsdefðzwfvdk@ &ygw,f? ESpfwdk;&Sm;yg;p&dwf yifpifpwmawG cHpm;cGif h

Ad kvfwaxmif/ pufqef;/ oHvsif/ 'v/&efukef qdyfurf; pwJh *dkaxmifawG ukefavSmif±HkawG opfpufawG pka0;&m òr@de,fawGrSmvJ jcdrfhjcdrfhoJygyJ?

tvkyform;oydwf[m ol@ oabmolaqmif+yD; “tvdktavsmuf” jzpfay:vmwJh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJppfppf jzpfygw,f? ‘rqv zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkopf’ ay:vmwJh 1974 ZEM0g&D (1)up+yD; ‘ygwD-aumifpD’ qdkwmawG ay:vmygw,f? pm;oHk;ol or0g,rawGay:vmygw,f? rqvygwD jynfol @aumifpD ( ,cif ol}uD;tvkyf) tvkyform; aumifpD/ v,form;aumifpDqdkwmawG[m tvkyform;xktay: wdkuf±dkufzdESdyfwJh u&d,mrsm; jzpfvmw,f?

tvkyform;eJ@ 0efxrf;rSefor# ‚if;wdk@eJ@ uif;uGmcsifvdk@ r&yg? rqv ygwD0ifr[kwf&if tcGifhta&;r&/ tvkyform;wdkif; 0efxrf;wdkif; tvkyform; aumifpDr0ifvd k @r&/ (tvdktav#muf tvkyform;aumifpD 0if&w,f?) or0g,rxJrSm rdrdtpkpyf (owfrSwfcsuftwdkif;)xnfh&w,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGudk óud;udkifxm;wmu rqv ppftpdk;&yg? xdkpOfuAdkvfðywfawG tawmfrsm;ygw,f? ppfOD;xkyfc |wf +y D ; acgi f ;aygi f ;wJ h acwfyg?AdkvfðywfawG[m “txl;t&m&Sd” tjzpfXmetoD;oD; puf±Hktvkyf±HktoD;oD;udka&mufvmygw,f? t&yfom; 'g±dkufwmawGrefae*smawG ynm&SifawG[m wpwpab;a&mufukef+yD; AdkvfðywfawG[m 'g±dkufwmawG refae8smawG ‘taumif}uD;’awGjzpfvmygw,f?

‘ygwD-aumifpD’ qd kwmawG[mae&mwum wGifus,fygw,f/ vkyfief;cGifxJ &yfxJ&GmxJrSm ‘tvdkawmf&d’awG

1974 ar - ZGef tvkyform;oydwfaZmfoef@ (qifrvdkuf)

23

r&Sdbl;? cGifh&ufwcsdK@awmh &w,f? t+rJwrf; tvkyform;vdk wpfESpf (wpfveJ@ 10&uf) &uf 40 cHpm;cGifh r&bl;? rD;zGm;cGifhemrusef;cGif h pwmawGawmh a0;a&m/vkyfief;cGif xdcd kufepfem&if bmtcGif hta&;rS r&Sd/ tJ'Dvdk tvkyfrsKd; jzpfygw,f?

puf±Hkwdkif;rSm tJ'Dvdk tvkyform;rsKd;utrsm;pkyg? Oyrm - ordkif;*kefav#mfpuf±Hk (wpfae@ 3 qdkif;) tvkyform; 4000ausm favmuf & S dy gw,f? t+r Jwrf;r[kwfwJh tvkyform;u 3000 avmuf&Sdw,f? csnfpuf (wpfae@ 3 qdkif;) tvkyform; 3000 avmufrSm 2000 avmufut+rJwrf; r[kwfyg?

tvkyform;awG[m vkyftm;eJ@vkyfc r#wpGm r&bl;? tvkyfcGif rwnf+rJbl;? b0 tmrcHcsuf r&Sdbl;? vkyfief;cGifoufom acsmifcs dr _ r&S d ? tEœ&m,fruif;bl;? aexdkifr_ pm;0wfaer_b0usyfwnf;? ygwD-aumifpDawG ae&mwum vlwGifus,f vkyfaew,f? pwJh pwJhrauseyfr_awG pkyH kaeygw,f? xdkpOfutedrfhqHk;vkyfc wpf&uf 3 usyf 15 jym;?wv 82 usyf jzpfygw,f? (vpmxkwfcsdefygwD - aumifpDa=u;/ [dka=u; 'Da=u;jzwfvdkufao;w,f?) rqv ppftpdk;&rwdkifrD awmfvSefa&; aumifpD (62 ppfwyftm%modrf;+yD;zG J @) vufxufupcJhwJhyxr av;ESpf pDrHudef; (71 - 72 rS 74 -75) qdkwm ESpfESpfcGJeJ@ &yfoGm;+yD;/ 74 rqvtpdk;&up+yD; 'kwd, av;ESpfpDrHudef; (74- 75 r S 77 - 78) qd kwmud ktopfa&;qG Jygw,f? yxr av;ESp fp Dr Hude f ;[m wGufajcrud kufratmifjrifvdk@yg? 74 ZGefvrSm (6v)tprf;cef @awG tvkyf ðywfawmhr,f?tvky form;awG[m e*d kuwnf;utESdrfcH+yD; tvkyfvkyfae&ao;w,f ,ckaxmifcsD tvkyfðywfawmhr,f? ArmjynfwpfcGifvH k; tvkyform;oydwf}uD;&J @t"du “csdefudkufAHk;”u 'gygyJ? tvkyform; oydwfawG 0uf0ufuGJatmif wpfvHk;+yD; wpfvHk; aygufuGJvmygawmhw,f?

tvkyform;awG[m puf±Hktvkyf±HkawGudk odrf;vdkufw,f? 0if;wHcg;awGudkaomhcwf ydwfqdk@ xm;vdkuf=uw,f?puf±Hk±Hk;cef;awGxJrSm oydwf±Hk;zGifh=u w,f?puf±H kawGrSm uif;txyfxyf csw,f?puf±HkwHwdkif;awGay: wuf+yD; toHcsJŒpufeJ@oydwfaºuG;a=umfoHawG 24 em&D rjywfwdkifwnf=uygw,f? vlxkudk &Sif;jyw,f?rw&m;r _awG c Hpm;csufawGud k&ifz Gi f h =uw,f? txufu ajymcJ hwJ h‘csdefudkufAHk;’ &Sdaea=umif; tvkyform;rsm; tpu rod=uygbl;? cHpm;csufawG&ifzGifh&if;eJ@ wlnDwJh rauseyfcsufawGub0wl tvkyform;xk pnf;vHk;nD!GwfapcJhygw,f? olwdk@wawG[m vlpkvla0;eJ@±Hk;cef;xJ0if+yD; AsL±dku&uft&m&SdawGudkta&;qdk=uw,f? tajctwif jyif;jyif;xefxef ajymqdk+yD; vdkvm;csufawG r&wJhtcg ± H k ;ce f;awGud k odr f;vd kufw,f?t&m&S dawGud kzrf;+yD; tcef;wckxJrSmxdef;odrf;vdkufw,f? oydwfarSmuf =uyg+yD?olwd k @[m bmudkrS ra=umufawmh/aESmifóud;rSty qHk;±H _;p&mr&Sdqdkwmudkb0ay;todt& oabmayguf=uygw,f?puf±Hkwdkif;vdkvdk 'DyHkpHygyJ? tvkyform;awG&J@ emusnf;csufawG zGifhtefoH[mem;axmifwJh vlxky&dowf&ifxJ v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ cHpm;&ygw,f? wu,fhudka'gow}uD;eJ @ [efaqmifr_uif;rJ h +y D;uAsmrqefaomfvnf; vlxk&ifxJ pmemr_u±k%maum a'gorD;aum pkðyH0ifa&mufvmapygw,f? tvkyforawGuvnf;xrDwdkwdk0wf+yD; rdkufcGufudkif &ifzGifh=uw,f? ‘&Jabmf tvkyform;rsm; &Sifh’ qdkwJhb0emwJh ArmjynftrsdK;orD; tvkyform;xk&J@ wdkufyGJac:oH[m =uufoD;xp&m aumif;ygw,f?

ausmif;om;vli,fawGu tkyfvdkufoif;vdkuf puf±Hkjyifyuae axmufcHr_ jy=uw,f? vlxk}uD;u puf±Hkwdkif;rSm 0dkif;tHktm;ay;axmufcH=uw,f? xrif;xkyfawGaq;vdyfawG rkef@yJoa&pmawG ydk@=uw,f?xrif;xkyfawGxJrSmvJ tm;ay; axmufcHwJ h pmv$mawG a&;xnfhay;=uw,f?

awmifhxm; &Jabmfwdk@/ xrif;riwfap&bl;?

tvkyform;aumifpD æ æ tvdk r&Sd?rqv tpdk;& æ æ tvdk r&Sd?tvkyform; tcGifhta&; æ wdk@ta&;?vkyfc vpm wdk;jr‡ifha&; æ æ wdk@ta&;?tvkyfcGif wnf+rJa&; æ æ wdk@ta&;?ukefaps;E_ef; usqif;a&; æ æ wdk@ta&;?oydwf oydwf æ æ arSmuf arSmuf?rD;wkwf rD;wkwf æ æ ±_d@ ±_d@?ta&;awmfyHk æ æ atmif&rnf?

aºuG;a=umfoHawGu wnDwnf;vdkygyJ?&Sif;vif;wdusw,f? tydktvdk ryg&Sdyg?tvkyform;awG[m olwdk@r0ifrae& 0ifxm;&wJh tvkyform;aumifpDudk tvdkr&Sda=umif; aºuG;a=umfoH[m xdyfqHk;rSmae&m,lxm;ygw,f? ygwD - aumifpDupm;zm;awG aemufvdkufacG;awG =uufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufukefygw,f?aumifpDxJu tvkyform;csif; ta=umif;odwJhvl olwdk@,Hk=unftm;udk;wJh tvkyform;acgif;aqmifawG(olwdk@vnf;aumifpD0ifawGygyJ?) tvdktavsmuf oydwfacgif;aqmifawG jzpfvmw,f? puf±H kwpf±HkeJ@ wpf±Hk zkef;eJ@ (±Hk;zkef;) odk@r[kwfum;eJ@ (±Hk;um;) odk@r[kwf wenf;enf;eJ@qufoG,f=uw,f?

'DvdkeJ@ oydwf[m us,fjyef@}uD;xGm;vdk@ vmcJhyg+yD? tqifhjrifhoydwf aumfrwDawG/ puf±Hkcsif;eD;pyf&m aygif;pyf zGJ@pnf;=uw,f?

zrf;xm;wJh t&m&SdawGudk t=uyfudkif+yD; awmif;qdkcsufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;=uw,f? wcsdK@u xdk;ygw,f? puf±Hk!ïefrª;wdk@/ refae*smwdk@yg? olwdk@rSm bmtcGifhtm%m&SdyghrvJ? ay:vpDu ppftpdk;& qDuvmwmyg? aemufy d ki f ; tm;vH k ;ud ktvkyform;rsm;u jyefv$wfay;vdkufygw,f? aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfw,f r=um; rdyg?t&m&S di,frsm;uawmh pmemr_ jy=uygw,f? wcsKdŒwavrSty udk,fwdkifryg0ifyg? E_wfeJ@awmh axmufcH=uygw,f?

24

puf±Hk0efxrf; pma&;pmcsD trsm;ydkif;uoydwfwdkufyGJrSm yg0if=uygw,f? olwdk@ vnf;tvkyform;awGvd k z dE S dy faoG;pky fc H&wmygyJ?

&efukefòrd@ay:u tpdk;&±Hk;rsm;tm;vHk;ydwfukef=uygw,f? trdef@xkwf+yD; ydwfwmr[kwfyg? 0efxrf;awGyg oydwf ul;pufrSmpdk;vdk@ txufeJ@n‡d+yD; em;vnfr_eJ@y dwfuke f =uwmyg? ± H k ;apmi f h0e fxrf;avmufom usefygawmhw,f? ukef;vrf;o,f,l ydk@aqmifa&; c&D;onfwifum;rsm;0efwifum;rsm;/ &xm;/ oabFm/ pmwdkufydk@aqmifa&;pwJh 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;awGygoydwfarSmuf=uygw,f? &efukefwpfòr@d vHk;um;/ &xm;awG &yfqd kif;ukefygw,f?v#yfppf0efxrf;awG pmtkyfwdkuf (tpdk;&yHkESdyfpufawG) ygrusef oydwfarSmuf=u vdk@xkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ 0efaqmifr_ ,Eœ&m; wckvHk;&yfqd ki f;oGm;ygw,f? rqv ygwD -aumifpD±Hk;awG or0g,rawGvnf; ydwfxm;ygw,f? qd ki f ;bkwfawG ðzwf+y D;udk,fa&mif azsmufxm;ygw,f?

xHk;pHtwdkif; yk'fr 144/ nrxGuf&trdef@eJ@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ xkwfjyefygw,f? &efukeft0ifvrf;awGjzpfwJ haxmuf=uHh/ wdk;a=umifuav; *dwfawGydwf+yD; ppfwyfu apmif hxm;ygw,f?omauw wHwm; opf§a[mif; (2) ckpvHk; ydwfvdkufygw,f? wHwm;opf}uD;ud kvnf; r˜xm;vdkufygw,f? (t&Sifjzpfw,f)? xdkpOfu &efukef - oHvsifwHwm; r&Sdao;yg? v_difjrpftwGif; ppfa&,mOfawG uif;vSnfhygw,f? xdkpOfuxkwfjyefcJhwJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;[m 1977 -78 avmufusrS ±kyfodrf;ygw,f? (4) ESpfavmuf =umcJhygw,f?

'gayr,fh ae@a&mnyg oydwfawGupnfum;vsufygyJ? rqvtpdk;&u puf±Hkwpf±Hkcsif;pDeJ@ aphpyfn‡dE_dif;wmawG vkyfygw,f? ‘awmif;qdkcsufawG ajyvnfatmifvkyfay;r,f/ oydwfvSefyg tdrfjyefyg’ 'gyJxyfumxyfum vmygw,f? acsmhwcgajcmufwvSnfh zdtm;ay;ygw,f? tcsdef=umvmawmh oydwfawG yef;vm=uw,f?

puf±Hk}uD;awGudk ppfwyfu 0dkif;vdkufygw,f? rD;jzwfwm a&jzwfwm vkyfygw,f?tvkyform;awGqlawmh puf±HkawG azmufcGJypfrSm a=umufvdk@ a& - rD; jyefay;ygw,f? puf±Hkuav;awG wajz;ajz; oydwfvSef=u&w,f? jyif;xefwmu *kefav#mfpuf± H k / c snfr#i fpuf± H k / qifrvd kufoabFmusif;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfu 0ifypf+yD; puf±Hkudk odrf;vdkufygw,f? tvkyform;awG aoG;ajrusygw,f? ordkif;csnfpufrSm puf±Hka&S@ jynfvrf;ray: xdkif+yD;qENjyaewJh tvkyform;eJ@ vlxk }uD;udkppfwyfu ESpfzufn‡yf+yD; ypfcwf ygw,f?ab;r Sm&y f =unf haewJ h vltky fa&mtdrfawGxJu =unfhaewJh vlxka&m teD;&SdbwWmaps;xJ 0i fa jy;wJ h vlxkud ky gppfajrjyifvdk twif;vdkufypfvdk@ tavmif;csif;xyf usqH k;&ygw,f? qifrvd kufoabFmusif;rSm puf±Hk0u 0ifvmwJh ppfum;udk tvkyform;awGu v#yfppf"mwfv$wfxm;+yD; rD;owfydkufeJ@ yufxkwfvdk@vefusukefygw,f? jrpfbufu urf;wuf,mOfeJ@ puf±Hkudk ypfcwfodrf;ydkufvdk@aoG;acsmif;p D; usqH k;c J hygw,f? Ad kvfwaxmifopfpufrsm;eJ@ ajrmufOuUvmtvkyform;&yfuGufrsm;rSmyg ypfcwfr_rsm; jyif;xefygw,f? wjcm;ae&m tESH@tjym;rSmvJ tenf;tyg; &Sdygw,f?

1974 ar - ZGe f tvky form;oydwf[m aoG;acsmif;pD; ES drfeif;cH&ygw,f? 'Doydwf}uD;[m rxifrSwfwJh tcsdefrSm t&Sdefjyif;jyif;eJ@ xavmifvdkufwJhrD;}uD;yg? qdk&S,fvpf ‘rD;’ eJ@ upm;wJhppftpdk;& rD;avmifcH&wmyg? 1974 ZEM0g&D(1) rSmp+yD; topfyGJxkwfvmwJh ‘rqvzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk’ [m (6) v twGif;twkta,mif tyky ftod k ;omjzpfa=umif; yGifhuscJh&ygw,f?

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ygw,f? tvkyform; oufomacsmifcsda&;qdkwm vkyf+yD; tvkyform;awGudktpdk;&aps;eJ@ (xdkpOfu arSmifcdkaps;vnf;&Sd)qef-o=um;-aq;vdyf pwmawG a&mif;ay;ygw,f? tvkyform;rsm;udk t&pfusqyf pepfeJ@ aiGxkwfacs;ygw,f? (vpmxJu jyefjzwf,lygw,f)/ puf±Hkwdkif;rSm‘aiGpkaiGacs; or0g,rtoif;’qdkwmawGzG J @apygw,f? 'gawG[m tvkyform;oydwfa=umifh w'*F&vdkufwJh tcGifhta&;wcsdK@yg? aemufydkif; (yxrt}udrf) vpmE_ef; wdk;jr‡ifhay;wm vkyfygw,f? (wjynfvHk; orRwupvdk@ tedrfhqHk; vkyfom;txdyg) tedrfhqHk;vkyfc 82 usyf uae 100usyf jzpfvmygw,f? 'gayrJh e,fcsJ@ t*Fvdyfvufxufuwnf;u wdkuf,l& &SdcJ hwJh‘& Sm;yg;p&dwf’ qd kwmawmh aysmufoGm;yg+yD? t+rJwrf; 0efxrf; - tvkyform;rsm;vJ wdk;csJ@cef@xm;ay;ygw,f?'gayrJh wdkufyGJ0if tvkyform;trsm;pkuawmh axmifxJrSmeJ@ 0&rf;ajy;b0a&muf&ygw,f?

vpmwdk;wmeJ@ wqufwnf; aiGpuULazmif;yGum (0gZDpuf±H ku vd koavmuf ±dkufay;ygw,f) ukefaps;E_ef;awGvdkufwufygw,f? ESpftwef=umawmh(yxrt}udrf) aiGpuULawG w&m;r0ifawmha=umif; a=unmwm vkyfygawmhw,f? tajccH EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDt&yf&yf azmufjyefrSm;,Gif; aeor#awmhaq;+rD;wdkeJ@ b,fvdkukpm;aomfvnf;uk&mewd aq;r&Sdyg?

1974 ar - ZGe f tvky form;oydwf}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJh rqvwygwD ppftpdk;acwfrSm ppftpdk;&udkjyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ESufvdkufwJh jynfolw&yfvHk;udk rsufaphzGifhay;vdkufwJh ordkif;rSm arhaysmufypfvdk@ r&EdkifwJh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;w&yfyJ jzpfygw,f?

aZmfoef@(qifrvdkuf)

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25

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27

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28

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uJæ orD;uk dwpfckar;r,f/ orD;csKyfvk dufwJ h tusôwpfxnf&JŒ xkwfvkyfr_ ukefusp&dwfu b,favmuf/ orD;twGuf vkyfc b,favmuf/ b,ftusôwpfxnf&JŒ t&if; tESD;ub,favmuf/ onftusôuk dy J b,faps;eJ @ b,folawGu0,f&w,fqdkwmawG orD;av;od&JŒvm;? trSefwu,f udef;*%ef;awGukd orD;od&&if tifrwefrS &ifxkremjzpf&r,f?Oyrmtm;jzifh (Disney Corporation)&JŒ a[wD txnfcsKyfpuf±kHrSm tvkyforav; wa,muf[m wpfae@udk tar&duefa':vm (0.06) &ayr,fh oluav; wpfae@xkwfvkyfvkd@&wJhuav;tusô (1) xnfukd tar&duef a':vm (20) E_ef;eJ@

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29

a&mif;csckdif;cJhw,f? b,favmuf acgif;ykHjzwfovJqkdwm orD;wGuf=unfh 'Dukr`%D&JΠtr_aqmif t&m&SdcsKyf (Michael Eisner)

u wpfESpfukd a':vm (575) oef; vc,lxm;wmeJ@ E_dif;,SOf=unfh&if b,favmuf&ufpufzG,f&m aumif;wJh tjrwfxkwfr_vJqkdwm orD;jrifomygw,f?

urBmw0Srf;vkH;u tvkyform;xktay: urBmhv$rf;òcHjzef@usufr_rlukd tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; t}uD;tus,f ºuG,f0csrf;omaewmawGuawmh EkdifiHvGef aumfyk da&&Sif;}uD;awG (Trans

National Cooporation) awGygyJorD;? wDtefpDvkdf@ twkd;aumufac:=u&atmif? tJh'D wDtefpDawG[m urBmeJ@w0Srf;vkH;rSmjynfolvlxk&J@ ta&;ygwJh b0tpdwftydkif;awG jzpfvm+yD; olwkd@ryg&if b,ftcgrSr+yD; Zmwfukd cif;ae=uw,f? EkdifiHwumutpkd;&awGeJ@ aemufuG,fu óud;ukdifcs,fvS,f+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd ukyfaoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfzkd@ enf;aygif;pkHeJ@ óud;pm;ae =uw,f? 'Dta=umif; awGa&;xm;wJh a';ApfaumfwGef (David

Korton) &JŒ aumfykda&&Sif;}uD;rsm;u urBmukd tkyfcsKyfaomumv(When Coperations Rule The World) pmtkyfqkd&if (1995)ckESpf&J@ ta&mif;&qkH;pmtkyf (Best Seller) pm&if;0ifoGm;zl;w,f?,ae@qkd&if wDtefwDaygif; (40,000) avmuf[m wpfrBmvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@vkyfief;awG vnfywfae=uw,f? onfyrm%[mvGefcJhwJh tESpf(20) uaewGuf&if 471&mckdifE_ef; wkd;yGm;vmwmygyJ? tifrwefrS r,kHEkdifavmufatmif ºuG,f0csrf;om=uw,f?Oyrmqkd&if tar&dum;u emrnf}uD; vufvDukefwkduf (Wal–

Mart) qkd&if EkdifiHaygif; 16 &mckdifE_ef; "etiftm;xufykdºuG,f0w,f? General Nottor qkdwJh wDtefpDqkd&if zdvpfykdifwifaewJh EkdifiHjcm; aºuG;+rD&JŒav;qukd tom;av;qyfay;Ekdifw,f? 'Dtar&duef tajcpkduf aumfya&;&Sif;}uD;awG[mzdvpfykdifEkdifiHu ykdifwJh EkdifiHwumoD;oefh &efykHaiG&JŒ (16) qukdykdifqkdifw,fqkdwmod&if orD;yg;pyfuav; ta[mif;om;eJ@jzpfaerSm azaz jrifa,mifaew,f?

onfwDtefpDawGta=umif;uawmh ajymrqkH;aygif awmokH;axmifygyJ orD;a&? olwkd@u urBmh&if;ESD;jr‡Kyfr_&JŒ 75 &mckdifE_ef;csKyfudkifxm;w,f? (WTO) &JŒ cef@rSef;csuft&qkd&if (1996)urBmhukefoG,fr_ yrm%&JŒ 2 tcsKd; 3 [m onfwDtefpDrsm;twGif;om vSnfhvnfaew,fvkd@qkdw,f? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;t}uD;qkH; wpf&mteuf wpf0uf[m EdkifiHrsm;r[kwfbJwDtefwD jzpfae+yD; onftxJrSm wwd, urBmEkdifiHrsm;upD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifawG vkH;0rygbl;vkd@ qkdygw,f? (1993)pm&if;rsm;t& urBmht}uD;qkH;pD;yGm;a&; aumfya&;&Sif; (10) ck&JŒykdifqkdifr_ yrm%[m EkdifiHaygif; (100) ausmf&J@ pD;yGm;a&; tiftm;eJ@nDr#w,fvk d @ a&;xm;wm azazawG @&w,f? urBm hukvr*zG H @ òz d;a&;tpDtpOf&JŒ (1997) ckE Sp f vlom;zG H @ òz d;wkd;wufr_ tpD&ifcHpmu urBmhtcsrf;omqkH; xdyfoD; 20&mckdifE_ef;&JŒ 0ifaiGeJ@ tqif;&JqkH;vlrGJ 20&mckdifE_ef;&JŒ 0ifaiGuGm[r_[m (1960) ckESpfu 30 tcsKd; 1/ (1991) rSm 60 tcsKd; 1&Sd&muae (1994) ckESpfrSm 78 tcsKd; 1 &SdvmcJhw,fvkd@ qkdw,f?ykdqkd;wmu urBmhtcsrf;omqkH; oef;ºuG,folaX; (350) &JŒydkifqkdifr_u urBmhtqif;&JqkH;vlom; 45 &mckdifE_ef; vloef;aygif;wkd@&JŒ ykdifqdkifr_eJ@ nDr_w,fvkd@qkdwJh tcsufyg? ukd,fxufomwJh olukd rk'dwmyGm;zkd@ &Sifawmfbk&m;u oGefoifwm azazowdxm;Edkifayr,fh onfvlawGonfavmuf csrf;omwm[mtvkyform;vlwef;pm;&JŒ vkyftm;ac|;ES JpmawGukd tjrwfxkwfvkd@yJ jzpfw,fqkdwJh tawG;ukdawmh rawG;bJ raeEkdifbl;orD;?

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orD;zGm;zGm;u orD;twGuf t&ifwpfywfu Armaq;wcsKd@ ay;vkdufwm&r,f xifygw,f? armifav;tukdeJ@ nDrav;0g0g wkd@vnf; pm;óud;pm;=uygw,f? ynmawmf&ufeJ@ wuUokdvfqufrwufawmhbJ wpf&yfwpfaus;rSm rdom;pktwGuf tepfemcH ±kef;uefaewJh orD;av;ukd azaz arwWmrsm; ay;ykd@ygw,fuG,f? azazhorD;av; a&vkdat;jr+yD; yef;vkdarG;=uL Ekdifygap?

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30

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31

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aemufawmh &GmrSm tvkyfr&Sdawmhaom vli,fawG awmifay:oGm;=urwJh?a&$jzLwkd@u&ifjynfe,frSm xkdif;EkdifiHukd‘awmifay:’‘&Srf;jynf’[k ac:=uonf?tJonf vli,fa&pD;a=umif;xJrSm ‘atmifrkd;’vnf; arsmygoGm;onf? tarausmif;uyifpif,l+yD? tbv,frvkyfawmh? a&$jzLvnf;om;av; wpfa,mufarG;onf?wpfzufEkdifiHa&muf atmifrkd;u wpfae@wpfae@ =uyfwnf;vmwJh acwfukdrod?aiGykd@wpfcsuf rykd@wpfcsuf? a&$jzL pOf;pm;&+yD? om;aemifa&;eJ@rdbawG&JŒ usef;rma&;twGuf vufxJaiGykd b,fawmhrS r&Sd?ynmroifEkdifaom ynmOD;pm; ray;Ekdifaom &GmvlxkxHrSa&$jzLwkd@vkd usL&SifeJ@toufarG;olawG wjznf;jznf; tqifrajyjzpfvmonf? tareJ@tbukd ‘a&$jzLatmifrkd;aemuf vkdufoGm;csifw,f’ vkd@ajymawmh b,fwkef;urS 'DorD;ukd rcGJ

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a&$jzLtdrfuxGufvmonfh reufrSmom;uol@tzGm; (a&$jzL@tar) &ifcGifxJtdyfarmusjyD;usefcJ@wm? Ekd;&if‘arjzLom;Ekd;+yD’vkd@ atmfac:aeus? 'Dae@awmhol@‘arzGm;’uyJ oGm;csD&awmhrSmaygh? om;av;&JŒ tarcrsmawmh rsuf&nfawGawG?tJonfwkef;uawmh om;ukd tareJ@tbukd Zmwd&GmudkrcGJEkdifaom rsuf&nfawGygyJ? ukd,fhb0 ukd,fhcHpm;csuftwGuf awmhxnfhrawG;jzpfcJ h? txl;ojzif h uk d,f h*k%foduQmtwGufaygh? aumhu&dwfua'ge awmifajcrSm um;wef;apmifh&wmuk dyi f p dwfrnpf jzp fc J h ? vrf;c& D ;wpfav#muf p dr f ; jrjrv,fuGi f ;awG/nKdwkdwkd ±k d;jywfawG/ &mbmawmawGauG@aumuf awmifwef;awG/ euf±_dif;acsmufurf;yg;awG jzwfcJ hawmhvnf;jrifuGif;pdrf;awGxJom,m vGrf;armzG,fai;&if; tdrfukdomvGrf;aecJhwm? [kd;æt&ifwke f;uqk d&i f a&$ jzLu r&t&tcsdefvk+yD; ckvkd jrifuGif;vSvSawGqkdaemufcHvkyf+yD; "mwfyk HawGtrsm;}uD;

32

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twl a&$jzLvnf;omrefvlawG&JΠvrf; ukdyJav#mufcJh&+yD?

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(3)wu,fawmh xkdif;EkdifiHxJrSm tdwkd@

a&$jzLwkd@&JŒ Zmwfvrf;rsKd;[m odyf±kd;+yD;odyfoufomygao;w,f? olwd k @xufqkd;+yD; b0ukd ay;qyfvkduf&wJh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;awG ode f ;oef;cs D +y D ;&Sdae}uwmyg?

tJ'Dtjyif olwkd@xuf enf;enf; uHykdaumif;+yD; Oa&myEkdifiHawG taemufEkdifiHawGrSm tvkyform; (uíef) oGm;jzpf=u&wJh 'kuQonf trnfcHawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yg? ynmwwfu &Sdor#ynmav;eJ@olwkd@ a&mufoGm;=u&wJh EkdifiH&JŒ wkd;wufzGH@òzd;a&;awGrSm 0kdif;yHhykd;&wJhuíefjzpfr,f?ynmrwwfolu vkyftm;eJ@yHhykd;&wJh uíefjzpfr,f? tJonf wkdif;jynftwGufawmhtusKd;tjrwfawGcsnf;ygyJ? jrefrmawGrSmom ynmwwfawGavsmh/ vkyfom;tiftm;awG avsmh/ ,Ofaus;r_awG avsmh/om,mpnfyifjcif;awG avsmhvkd@? tJonftcg usrjzifh ‘ol@uíefrcHjyD’qkdwJh ±kyf&Sifum;&JŒ emrnfukdawmif r=um;csifavmufatmif &ifxJrSm emusifrdygw,f? usrwkd@tm%mykdifawGuvnf; tJonf ±kyf&Sifum;ukd r&Sufra=umufbJ vufckyf vuf0g; wD;+yD; tm;ay;=uygw,f? ol@uíefrcH+yDwJh? usruawmh tJonf rsufESmajymifajymifawGeJ@ &,farmaewJh owW0g}uD;awGudk pdwful;xJrSm um;pifwif&if; olwkd@&JŒ usqkH;cef;ukd omapmifhaerdwm tcsdefwkdif;ygyJ? tJonf tcsdefwkdif;rSmvnf;t"dXmef&Gwfovkd pum;wpfcGef;ukd tjrJqkdrdygw,f?‘wkd@acwfudkawmha&mufrnfrvGJyg’vkd@?

ar+idrf; ar+idrf; ar+idrf; ar+idrf; ar+idrf; ÒÒÒÒÒ

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EkdifiHwGif;rSm aer&vkd@a&$jzLwkd@ eJ@twlwljynfyudka&mufaewJhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;

ulnD tajz&Smajz&Sif;ay;=uyg?

33

ae&pfcJhrvm;/

(1)+yD;cJhwJh arv(1)&ufae@u usaemf uHaumif;w,f?jrefrmEkdifiHtvkyform;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (BLSO)

u OD;pD;usif;ywJh (115)ESpfajrmuf ara';ae@tcrf;tem;udkwufcGifh&vdkufw,f?

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wm;vdk@ r&awmhbl;?

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ZGefrd+if;

twlvdkufcJhrvm;

34

(3)1991 &JΠ*|efv 6 &ufae@rSmyg?usaemfwdk@ *|ef 6 txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfckudk

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rsufESmukd ab;wpfzufudk v$Jvkdufw,f?olvnf; usqHk;oGm;wJh/ tzrf;cHoGm;&wJh ol@vkyfazmf

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ay;yg’wJh?usaemfh&ifxJ wpfrsdK;}uD;yJ?udkvGifjrifh pOf;pOf;pm;pm; ajymvmwJh pum;awG[m

usaemfhtwGuf pOf;pm;p&mtcsufawGyg?'gayr,fh æ usaemftjynfhem;rvnfEkdifcJhbl;?uav; ESpfa,muf&,f ol@ZeD; reDeD&,fa=umifh 'Dvl

enf;enf;rsm; aoG;a=umifoGm;+yDvm;vdk@ oHo,0ifcJhrdwmtrSefyg?

35

(6)*|ef 6 &ufae@ naerSm usaemfwkd@ orkdif;0ef;ausmif;om;

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‘'g usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk apmfum;wmyJ’qdk+yD;yGJu xdrf;vdk@r&awmhbl;?

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tJ'Dae@xd usaemf[m tJ'DvdkyJ awG;awm,lqrdcJhwmyg?

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cGifhv$wfyg udkvGifjrifh&,f? usaemfawmfawmfvGJygw,f?

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EkdifiHa&; ,Hk=unfr_awGudk OD;csdK;apmfum;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufESifhppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh axmiftm%mydkifawG&JΠzdESdyfr_awG udkqef@usifwkdufcdkufcJhwJh axmifwGif;wkdufyGJawGrSmvnf; udkvGifjrifhwkd@ tvkyform;awG[m usaemfwkd@ausmif;om;awGeJ@ vufwGJv_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f?

rqv ppftpdk;&[m ausmif;om;wcsdK@udk jyifqifcsufeJ@1978 ckESpfrSm jyefv$wfay;cJhwmrsdK;vkyfcJhayr,fh tvkyform;awGudkawmh vHk;vHk;v$wfray;cJhbl;? olwdk@,E W&m;ukd wkduf±kdufxdckdufatmif vkyfolrsm;tjzpf t+idK;taw; tawmf}uD;ygw,f?

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36

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39

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40

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