BloodBlood

What is HomeostasisWhat is Homeostasis

It is the internal environment (and It is the internal environment (and therefore survival itself)therefore survival itself)

Maintaining homeostasis is Maintaining homeostasis is dependent on continual dependent on continual transportation of materials to and transportation of materials to and from body cells.from body cells.

Blood is a complex solution and is Blood is a complex solution and is vital to your ability to survive.vital to your ability to survive.

Composition and Function of Composition and Function of BloodBlood

Composed of plasma (55%) and Composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)formed elements (45%)

Used for transport of materials Used for transport of materials through the bodythrough the body

Used to regulate body heat Used to regulate body heat (homeostasis)(homeostasis)

How much blood do you How much blood do you have?have?

Amount of blood varies based onAmount of blood varies based on– Age Age – Body type Body type – GenderGender

1 unit of blood = 0.5 liters1 unit of blood = 0.5 liters

PlasmaPlasma

Liquid part of the blood – it is a Liquid part of the blood – it is a solutionsolution

Remember……..Remember……..

Solution = Solvent + SoluteSolution = Solvent + Solute

Composed of water (90%) and Composed of water (90%) and mostly proteins (10%)mostly proteins (10%)

Solutes found in PlasmaSolutes found in Plasma

Roughly 6% to 8% of the solutes Roughly 6% to 8% of the solutes found in plasma are made of protein.found in plasma are made of protein.

Examples:Examples:– AlbuminsAlbumins– Globulins Globulins – FibrogenFibrogen

Formed Elements of the Formed Elements of the BloodBlood

Formed elements are all the Formed elements are all the chemicals (usually proteins) and cells chemicals (usually proteins) and cells found in the blood. The formed found in the blood. The formed elements are:elements are:– Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)– Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)– Platelets (Cell fragments)Platelets (Cell fragments)

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Also called Red Blood cellsAlso called Red Blood cells Have no nucleusHave no nucleus Thin plasma membraneThin plasma membrane Do not have ribosomes and mitochondria Do not have ribosomes and mitochondria

as well as other organellesas well as other organelles Shaped as a biconcave diskShaped as a biconcave disk 7.5 mm in diameter 7.5 mm in diameter Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) Most numerous formed elementMost numerous formed element

Function of ErythrocytesFunction of Erythrocytes

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxideTransport oxygen and carbon dioxide Ability to transport oxygen and Ability to transport oxygen and

carbon dioxide is based on the carbon dioxide is based on the amount of hemoglobinamount of hemoglobin

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Hb is made of 4 globin protein chains Hb is made of 4 globin protein chains – two alpha and two beta. (Fig 17-5, – two alpha and two beta. (Fig 17-5, p. 533)p. 533)

4 oxygen molecules carried by each 4 oxygen molecules carried by each Hb moleculeHb molecule

Normal Hb values:Normal Hb values:– Males: 14 g to 16 g/100 ml bloodMales: 14 g to 16 g/100 ml blood– Females: 12 g to 14 g/100 ml bloodFemales: 12 g to 14 g/100 ml blood– Anemia—less than 10 g/100 ml bloodAnemia—less than 10 g/100 ml blood

Erythropoiesis – The Formation Erythropoiesis – The Formation of Erythrocytesof Erythrocytes

Begins in the red bone marrow as Begins in the red bone marrow as hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast) go hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast) go through several stages of development to through several stages of development to become erythrocytesbecome erythrocytes

Process takes about 4 days to complete.Process takes about 4 days to complete. Stimulus for increased RBC formation is low Stimulus for increased RBC formation is low

oxygen levels in the kidney oxygen levels in the kidney Stimulus for RBC formation is erythropoietin, Stimulus for RBC formation is erythropoietin,

produced continually by liverproduced continually by liver Erythropoietin stimulates the Erythropoietin stimulates the

hemocytoblasts to produce more RBCshemocytoblasts to produce more RBCs

Destruction of ErythrocytesDestruction of Erythrocytes

RBCs last about 105 to 120 daysRBCs last about 105 to 120 days Macrophage cells in the liver and Macrophage cells in the liver and

spleen phagocytose the old, spleen phagocytose the old, abnormal or damaged cells.abnormal or damaged cells.

Hemoglobin is broken down releasing Hemoglobin is broken down releasing the iron, amino acids and bilirubin.the iron, amino acids and bilirubin.

Most components are recycledMost components are recycled

Formed Element – Formed Element – Leukocytes (WBC)Leukocytes (WBC)

Two major groups: Granulocytes and Two major groups: Granulocytes and AgranulocytesAgranulocytes

Granulocytes have granules in Granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm and lobed nuclei (p. 538)cytoplasm and lobed nuclei (p. 538)

Agranulocytes do not have granules Agranulocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm (p. 536)in their cytoplasm (p. 536)

Types of Granulocytes - Types of Granulocytes - NeutrophilsNeutrophils

Neutrophils: 65%–75% Neutrophils: 65%–75% of total WBCs (Fig. 17-of total WBCs (Fig. 17-9)9)

Highly mobile and very Highly mobile and very active phagocytic cellsactive phagocytic cells

Cytoplasmic granules Cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes.contain lysosomes.

Increase in numbers Increase in numbers during acute infectionsduring acute infections

Types of Granulocytes - Types of Granulocytes - EosinophilsEosinophils

Eosinophils: 2%–5% of Eosinophils: 2%–5% of circulating WBCs (Fig. circulating WBCs (Fig. 17-10)17-10)

Numerous in lining of Numerous in lining of respiratory and respiratory and digestive tractdigestive tract

Capable of ingesting Capable of ingesting inflammatory inflammatory chemicals and proteinschemicals and proteins

Increase in numbers Increase in numbers during allergic during allergic reactions and parasitic reactions and parasitic worm infectionsworm infections

Types of Granulocytes - Types of Granulocytes - BasophilsBasophils

Basophils: 0.5%–1% Basophils: 0.5%–1% of total WBCs (Fig. of total WBCs (Fig. 17-11)17-11)

MotileMotile Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic

granules contain granules contain histamine and histamine and heparin.heparin.

Increase in numbers Increase in numbers during allergic during allergic reactions and reactions and periods of periods of inflammationinflammation

Types of Agranulocytes - Types of Agranulocytes - LymphocyteLymphocyte

Lymphocytes: 20%–Lymphocytes: 20%–25% of total WBCs (Fig. 25% of total WBCs (Fig. 17-12)17-12)

Two types of Two types of Lymphocytes are Lymphocytes are important in the important in the immune responseimmune response– Thymic lymphocytes (T Thymic lymphocytes (T

lymphocytes, or T cells)lymphocytes, or T cells)– Bursal lymphocytes (B Bursal lymphocytes (B

lymphocytes, or B cells)lymphocytes, or B cells)

Types of Agranulocytes - Types of Agranulocytes - MonocyteMonocyte

Monocytes: 3%–8% of total WBCs Monocytes: 3%–8% of total WBCs (Fig. 17-13)(Fig. 17-13)– Become macrophages in the tissuesBecome macrophages in the tissues

Formation of LeukocytesFormation of Leukocytes

Both Granular and Agranular Leukocytes Both Granular and Agranular Leukocytes mature from undifferentiated Hemopoietic mature from undifferentiated Hemopoietic adult stem cells (hemocytoblasts) adult stem cells (hemocytoblasts)

The hemocytoblasts that development The hemocytoblasts that development neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and some lymphocytes and monocytes are some lymphocytes and monocytes are found in red marrow found in red marrow

Other heomocytoblasts found in Lymphoid Other heomocytoblasts found in Lymphoid tissue develop into lymphocytes and tissue develop into lymphocytes and monocytes.monocytes.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)Thrombocytes (Platelets)

In circulating blood, platelets are small, In circulating blood, platelets are small, pale bodies that appear as irregular pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks.spindles or oval disks.

Plasma membrane-bound particles of Plasma membrane-bound particles of cytoplasm containing clotting factorscytoplasm containing clotting factors

2 to 4 mm in diameter2 to 4 mm in diameter Three important propertiesThree important properties

– Agglutination – Agglutination – ““clumpingclumping””– Adhesiveness – Adhesiveness – ““stickingsticking””– Aggregation – Aggregation – ““togethertogether””

Thrombocytes (Platelets) Thrombocytes (Platelets) FunctionFunction

Important role in hemostasis and Important role in hemostasis and blood coagulationblood coagulation

Two major functions are:Two major functions are:– Hemostasis = stoppage of blood flow. Hemostasis = stoppage of blood flow.

Platelet plug formed by platelets Platelet plug formed by platelets sticking together sticking together (sticky platelets)(sticky platelets)

– Coagulation = formation ofCoagulation = formation offibrin clotfibrin clot

Formation of ThrombocytesFormation of Thrombocytes

Formed in Red Bone Marrow, lungs Formed in Red Bone Marrow, lungs and spleen.and spleen.

Hemopoietic adult stem cells Hemopoietic adult stem cells (hemocytoblasts) form (hemocytoblasts) form megakaryoblasts, which form megakaryoblasts, which form megakaryocytes, from these form megakaryocytes, from these form membrane-bound cytoplasmic membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments (platelets).fragments (platelets).

Average survival about 7 daysAverage survival about 7 days

Blood Type AntigensBlood Type Antigens

How does Blood Clot?How does Blood Clot?

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