Blood Transfusion

Done by : Mrs .Eman Rizk

Definition ( Blood Transfusion )

Is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another.

A person who receives blood is called the Recipient A person who gives blood is called the Donner

What is a Blood?

Blood is composed of fluid and different kinds of blood cells:

Plasma: is the fluid portion of blood White Blood Cells: protect against disease and

infection. It range 4.5 – 11 k/ul Platelets help form blood clots when bleeding

occurs. It range 150 – 450 k/ul Red Blood Cells transport oxygen from the lungs to

the other cells of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs. It range 4 – 5.5 k/ul

Blood Types

Every person has one of the following blood types: A, B, AB, or O.

Also, every persons blood is either Rh- positive or Rh-negative. So, if you have type A blood, its either A positive or A negative.

If you have Rh-positive blood, you can get Rh- positive or Rh-negative blood.

But if you have Rh- negative blood, you should get only Rh-negative blood. Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there is no time to test a persons Rh type.

Type O blood is safe for almost everyone. Called universal donor can donate to any type of blood .

People with type AB blood are called universal recipients. This means they can get any type of blood.

Indications for a blood transfusion

1. Blood loss due to trauma 2. Heart or other major surgery 3. Organ transplants 4. Bleeding disorders (hemophilia) 5. Anemia (sickle cell) 6. Leukemia 7. Disorders that destroy blood cells or bone marrow 8. RH incompatibility in newborn babies

Types of Blood Transfusion

Blood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as individual parts. The type of blood transfusion you need depends on your situation:

Red Blood Cell Transfusions Red blood cells are the most commonly transfused part of the blood. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to your bodys organs and tissues. They also help your body get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products. You may need a transfusion of red blood cells if you lost blood due to an injury or surgery.

Platelets and Clotting Factor Transfusions Platelets and clotting factors help stop bleeding, including internal bleeding that you cant see. Some illnesses may cause your body to not make enough platelets or other clotting factors. You may need regular transfusions of these parts of your blood to stay healthy.

Before a Blood Transfusion

The nurse should being sure of: - The doctor order and signature. - The serial number of blood unit. - The blood type of ordered unit and pt’s blood type. - Date of having blood unit not exceed one month. - The consent paper - Typing and cross matching test

During a Blood Transfusion

The nurse should : Assessment of vital signs prior to transfusion. Tow nurses verify correct and unit of blood are

correctly matched. Direct observation of client during first 15

minutes of infusion. Check vital signs according to protocol.

After a Blood Transfusion

After a blood transfusion, vital signs are checked (such as temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate).

The patient maybe have some bruising or soreness for a few days at the site where the IV was inserted .

need blood tests that show how patient body is reacting to the transfusion if doctor order .

Documentation Return empty unit to blood bank .

If blood transfusion reaction occur the nurse should: Stop transfusion immediately. Continue IV infusion with normal saline. Notify physician of client’s signs and symptoms. Provide care for client as indicated. Complete reaction from according to institution

protocol. Obtain urine specimen from client and send for

free hemoglobin.

Blood transfusion reactions

Risks of Blood Transfusion : Most blood transfusions go very smoothly.

However, mild problems and, very rarely, serious problems can occur. Such as:

Allergic Reaction Viruses and Infectious Diseases Fever Iron Overload

Lung Injury Acute Immune Hemolytic Reaction Delayed Hemolytic Reaction Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Thank you