Blood

Blood

• Essential Life Supportive Fluid• Transported in Closed System

Throughout Body Through Blood Vessels

Physical Characteristics

• Viscous• pH 7.35 – 7.45• Temperature: 38 degrees C; 100.4

degrees F• 7% - 8% of total body weight• Males: 5 – 6 liters• Females: 4 – 5 liters

Functions of Blood

• Transportation– What is transported?

• Regulation– What does it help regulate?

• Protection– How does it protect?

Four Components

• Plasma

• Erythrocytes: (RBCs)

• Leukocytes (WBCs)

• Platelets

Plasma

• Liquid portion: 90-92% water with fibrous proteins (fibrin)

• Straw colored, sticky fluid

• Carries electrolytes, hormones, gases, and organic compounds

Erythrocytes

• Shape: biconcave disc• flexibility to change shape• Mature anucleate• Lifespan: 100 – 120 days• 97% is hemoglobin

• Transports O2

Leukocytes/WBCs

Surveillance, Fighters, Protectors

5 Types of WBCs• Neutrophils: granululocyte

(bacterial and some fungal infections)

• Lymphocyte: agranulocyte (T&B cells)

• Monocyte: agranulocyte• Eosinophil: granulocyte (allergic

reactions, parasitic infections)• Basophil: granulocyte

Platelets

• Thrombocytes

• Involved in blood clotting

• Lifespan: live only 10 days

• Aspirin inactivates the platelets

Red Blood Cell Disorders

• Iron-deficiency anemia– Insufficient Fe

– Affects ______

– Results in_____

– Patient is _____

– Most commontype of anemia

– Looks?

Red Blood Cell Disorders

• Aplastic anemia– Failure of ____ to

produce enough blood cells

• Pernicious anemia– Lack of intrinsic factor

– Inability to absorb vitamin _____

Sickle Cell Anemia

• History– Observed in 1910

– 1917 found sickled in blood smear

– 1949 discovered Hemoglobin S during electrophoresis

• Different amino acid

– Sickle Cell Trait

Sickle Cell Trait

Sickle Cell Trait

• Hemoglobin AS

• Heterozygous State

• ~ 8% of American Blacks

• Helps against malaria

• What causes a reaction?

Sickle Cell

• Hemoglobin SS

• Homozygous State

• No cure

• Clinical features: bone and joint abnormalities, enlarged heart, heart murmurs, retinal hemorrhage

Red Blood Cell Disorder

• Diamond Blackfan Anemia – Rare, 5-7 per million– bone marrow fails to

make RBC, severely anemic

– Associated with birth defects (most common head and face, arms and hands, heart, genitourinary

White Blood Cell Disorder• Leukemia

– White blood cell or bone marrow cancer

– Two main categories: • Acute

• Chronic

– Subcategorized• Myelogenous

• Lymphocytic

Cateogories

• Acute: immature WBC

• Chronic: mature, abnormal WBC

• Lymphocytic: affects bone marrow that makes WBC lymphocytes

• Myelogenous: bone marrow cells that make RBC, Platelets, WBC other than lymphocytes

White Blood Cell DisordersAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

• Most common type in young children

• Affects adults, usually over 65

• Bone cancer where immature blood cells are made

• Treatments: good chance for cure in children

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

• Most often affects adults over 55

• Sometimes younger adults, almost never children

• Bone marrow cancer, progresses slowly

• Treatments: help control disease

White Blood Cell Disorders

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

• Most common in adults

• More common in men

• Affects myeloid cells: that make mature RCB, WBC, platelets

• Rapid forming

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

• Mainly in adults (rare for children)

• Progresses slowly

http://ww2.cancercenter.com/leukemia/types/

Platelet/Thrombocytes

• Thrombocytes: nuclear fragments borne from megakaryoblast

• Activated by clotting proteins in plasma make a plug to stop bleeding

Diseases

Thromobocytopenia

• Abnormally low platelet count

Clotting disorders

• Petechiae, brusing, deep vein thrombosis

• DVT- blood clot in deep vein. Usually in lower leg, thigh, or pelvis. – What happens if the clot

breaks off and gets to the lung?

Clotting Disorders

Other Blood Disorders• Hemochromatosis

– Absorbs too much Fe from food and vitamins

– Fe builds up=Fe overload

– Build up can build up over time and damage organs (liver, heart, pancreas)

– Causes: heart arrhythmias, cirrhosis

• Bleeding & Clotting Disorders– Important problem for

women because disorders to reproductive issues

– Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)

– Bleeding & clotting complications of pregnancy

– Recurrent fetal loss

Hemophilia• Inherited bleeding disorder

• Blood does not clot

• Clotting factors are low or none

• Problems???

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

• In fetus is Rh+ and mother was Rh-

• Must have previous Rh+ pregnancy– Antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the

RBC– Results in decreased RBC for fetus = death or

jaundice

• Mother has to receive Rhogam injection after every Rh+ pregnancy

Jaundice

Mononucleosis

• Mono

• Kissing Disease

• Noncancerous leukocyte disorder from virus called Epstein-Barr virus

• Lymphocytes

• Signs and Symptoms?

• Resolves itself in 4-6 weeks.

Mononucleosis

Mono: aboveLeukemia: belowDifference is the Auer rods in lymphocyte