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Blood and Lymphatic System
BY : Grace Moreno and Kelsey Bunch
Blood
The Function: to transport respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances
Formed Elements
Components that make up the blood
Erythrocytes(red blood cell): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood
Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens
Formed Elements
The Blood Groups
the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens
A: 41% of the population
B: 10% of the population
AB: 4% of the population
O: 45% of the population
Rh Factor
Determines whether the Blood is positive or negative
85% of the population has the RH factor which makes them positive
15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood
circulation medium of blood cells, provides nutrients
removes metabolic waste products
Lymphatic System
Is a vessel system connected to the circulatory system
Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream
Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream
Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response
Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream
Lymph
Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid
95% waterMade up protein
and plasma
How does this System Work With Other Systems ?
Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System
Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body
Accessory Organs
Spleen: soft, dark red, oval body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood
Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells
Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T-Cells
Immune System
Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes
Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body
Immune Response
Reaction of the body to foreign substances
Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity
Humoral Immunity
Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies
Major defense against bacterial infections
Antigen
Substance such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induces the formation of antibodies
Antibody
Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen
Also referred to as an immunoglobulin
Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes
Neutralize or destroy antigens
Cellular immunity or Cell-mediated immunity
Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells)
Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells
Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria
Four Phases of Immune Response
1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy)
2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells
3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis)
4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal
T and B cells
T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance
T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells
B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)
Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Final stage of HIV disease
Low T-Cell count
Symptoms can include headache, chronic cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc.
Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age
Treatment with antiviral therapy
Allergic Rhinitis
Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes
Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen
Commonly known as hay fever
Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that a person is reacting to
Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation
Treatment includes allergy shots
Allergic Rhinitis
Anaphylaxis
Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body
Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to
During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances
Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock
Can occur in response to any allergen
Requires immediate treatment
Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens
Anemia
Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells
Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen
Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches etc.
One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes hemorrhaging
Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood
Treatment according to the type of anemia can include supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.
Anemia
o Healthy blood Cells
o Iron deficient anemia blood cells
Leukemia
Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells
Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow
CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people
ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large numbers of white blood cells
ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and specialize
ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult leukemia
What Leukemia Looks Like in the Bloodstream
Bibliography
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