LAB TIME/DATE

Blood Analysis:Computer Simulation

NAME _

Hematocrit DeterminationThe following questions refer to Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination.

1. List the following values from Chart 1:

Hematocrit value for healthy male living at sea level in Boston = _4_8 _

Hematocrit value for healthy female living at sea level in Boston = _4_4 _

2. Were the values listed in question 1 within normal range? _Y<_e_s _

3. Describe the difference between the male and the female hematocrit for an individual living in Boston. Since males typically

have a greater number of RBC than females, they have a higher hematocrit.

4. List the following values from Chart 1:

Hematocrit value for healthy male living in Denver = _5_5 _

Hematocrit value for healthy female living in Denver = _5_3 _

5. How did these values differ from the values for Boston? Both male andfemale had a higher hematocrit than the male andfemale

in Boston.

6. Describe the effect of living at high elevations on a person's hematocrit. Air at the higher elevation contains a lower percentage

of oxygen, so a person living there needs more RBC to carry sufficient 02'

7. Describe how the kidneys respond to a decrease in oxygen and what effect this has on hematocrit. The kidneys of a person

living at high elevation are stimulated to produce erythropoietin, which stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC.

8. List the following values from Chart 1:

Hematocrit value for male with aplastic anemia = _3_2 _

% WBC for male with aplastic anemia = _l_l)!_o _

9. Were the values listed in question 8 within the normal range? Why or why not?

Values 1-4 were normal; all were from healthy individuals. Value 5 was very low because it's from a person with aplastic anemia

(failure of bone marrow to make enough RBC). Value 6 was below normal because it's from a person with iron deficiency anemiar>; (body can't produce enough hemoglobin).

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10. List the following value from Chart 1:

Hematocrit for female with iron-deficiency anemia = _3_2 _

11. Was the value in question 10 normal or not? Explain. A hematocrit of 32 is below normal. Iron deficiency causes lower

production of hemoglobin and a lower hematocrit.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation RateThe following questions refer to Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.

12. Describe the effect that sickle cell anemia has on the sedimentation rate. There was a lower than normal sedimentation rate.

13. Why do you think that it has this effect? Hint: Sickle cell anemia alters the shape of red blood cells. The sickle shape of the

REC does not allow them to settle.

14. Record the sedimentation rate for a menstruating female. _1_5 _

15. How did this value compare to the healthy individual? Why? This is an elevated sedimentation rate indicating that she has anemia.

16. What was the sedimentation rate for the iron-deficient individual? 40-----------------------17. What effect does iron deficiency have on ESR? Iron deficiency causes an elevated sedimentation rate.

18. Record the following values from Chart 2:

ESR for person suffering from a myocardial infarction = _4_0 _

ESR for person suffering from angina pectoris = _5 _

19. Compare the values in question 18 and explain how they might be used to monitor heart conditions. Elevated ESR can

indicate myocardial infarction. Normal ESR indicates angina pectoris. ESR can help distinguish between causes of chest pain.

20. List some other conditions that ESR is used to monitor. Certain cancers, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,

iron deficiency anemia, and sickle cell anemia

HemoglobinThe following questions refer to Activity 3: Hemoglobin (Hb) Determination.

21. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) obtained for the healthy male and female subjects. A normal ratio

of packed cell volume to grams of hemoglobin is approximately 3:1.

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22. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) for the female with iron-deficiency anemia. _5_._·1 _

23. Is the female with iron-deficiency anemia deficient in hemoglobin? _Yi_e_s _

24. Is the male with polycythemia deficient in hemoglobin? _N_o _

25. Is the female Olympic athlete deficient in hemoglobin? _N_o _

26. List conditions in which Hb would decrease. Hemoglobin values decrease in patients with anemia, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis of

the liver, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and severe hemorrhaging.

27. List conditions in which Hb would increase. Hemoglobin values increase in patients with polycythemia, congestive heart failure,

chronic obstructuve pulmonory disease (COPD), and those living at high altitude.

Blood TypingThe following questions refer to Activity 4: Blood Typing.

28. Which blood sample contained the rarest blood type? _S_a_m....:p_l_e_3 _

29. Which blood sample contained the universal donor? _S_a_m.:..p_le_4 _

30. Which blood sample contained the universal recipient? _S_a_m-'p'-l_e_5 _

31. Which blood sample did not coagulate with any of the antibodies tested? _S_a_m..:.,p_le_4 _

Why? Type 0- blood does not have any antigens on the RBC with which antibodies can agglutinate.

32. What antibodies would be found in the plasma of blood sample I? _A_n_t_i-B _

33. When transfusing an individual with blood that is compatible but not the same type, it is important to separate packed cells

from the plasma and administer only the packed cells. Why do you think this is done? When only packed cells are transfused,very few antibodies are included in the transfusion so the chance of the transfused antibodies agglutinating the recipient's RBC isvery slight.

34. List which blood samples in this experiment represent people who could donate blood to a person with type B+. B+, 0-, 0+

Blood CholesterolThe following questions refer to Activity 5: Total Cholesterol Determination.

35. Which patient(s) had desirable cholesterol levels? -=-P.::.at~ie::..:.n::..:ts:....:1::....::.an..:..:d.::.3=__ _

36. Which patient(s) had an elevated cholesterol level? ...:P..:..:a~tl~·e.::.nt.::.s..:..:2..:..:a::..:n.::.d..:..:4 _

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37. Describe the risks for the patient identified in question 36. Patient 2 is at risk of cardiovascular disease; patient 4 is at slight

risk of cardiovascular disease.

38. Which advice would you give patient 4? Why? Patient 4 should lower dietary intake of cholesterol (red and organ meats, eggs,

cheese) and increase aerobic exercise.

39. Describe some reasons why a patient might have abnormally low blood cholesterol.

Low blood cholesterol can be caused by hyperthyroidism, liver disease, inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestine,

and malnutrition.

392 Review Sheet 29B