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Mobile Agility and the Anytime, Anywhere Impact on IT Chad J. Kainz, Solutions Director, Blackboard Consulting Rise of Mobile In 1997, the inaugural editors of Personal & Ubiquitous Computing shared an idea that “the paradigm shift brought about by portable computing is simply another phase in the development of truly personal computing” 1 . Two years later, HansWerner Gellerson, guest editor of the same journal, laid the groundwork for what we know as “mobile” by describing portable technology and personal computing as being “seamlessly integrated with the user, tasks, and the environment” 2 . What the editors effectively described in a few unassuming words is the always on, always connected, and personally tailored environment in which we live and communicate today. Over a decade ago, few could imagine the rapid adoption of mobile technology. In 1998, the term “mobile” was largely limited to cellular phones, and “portable” encompassed an array of battery powered devices that enhanced productivity – such as portable digital assistants and laptops. These devices were connected to online resources via local area networks and dialup services. WiFi (ie. IEEE 802.11b) hadn’t been formally released 3 , so “mobile connectivity” meant at best, portable gear physically tethered to cellular handsets. Just over a decade later, approximately 1.2 billion people will possess tetherfree mobile devices powerful enough to deliver rich Web experiences 4 and the total number of Webenabled mobile phones will eclipse the estimated one billion personal computers on Earth 5 . And while fixed broadband adoption in the developing world tripled in 2009, mobile broadband penetration among the same parts of the globe expanded by an astonishing factor of ten 6 . The global volume of mobile cellular subscriptions were projected to grow to 5.3 billion 7 , a number – if taken at face value – indicates that over half of the people on the planet will be connected via a mobile device in 2011. Mobile, then, is the emergent and arguably dominant platform for connecting and communicating, regardless of where you are or who you may be. Like the Web, mobile is not a fad; it is a fundamental shift in communication brought about by a number factors that coalesced at the right time. The confluence of the Internet and wireless, the Web and electronic communication, and the miniaturization and commoditization of technology created the perfect ecosystem for mobile to move into our everyday lives. According to the United Nations, “American teenagers are using 3,146 [text] messages a month, which translates into more than 10 messages every hour of the month that they are not sleeping or in school” 8 . Always connected and always on has become a part of teen culture but like so many things, is texting simply a teen fad? The UN went on to say that “even the under 12 segment are sending 1,146 messages per month” 9 . The youngest generation has embraced mobile for communication and as such, it is no longer an upstart technology. To this generation, mobile is a norm like electricity, air travel, and the Internet. Mobile is something else.

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Rise  of  Mobile   Chad  J.  Kainz,  Solutions  Director,  Blackboard  Consulting        United  Nations  News  Service.  “UN  agency  reports  phenomenal  mobile  telephone  expansion  in  developing  world.”   UN  Daily   News,   June  32,  2010:  4-­‐5.   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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Mobile  Agility  and  the  Anytime,  Anywhere  Impact  on  IT  Chad  J.  Kainz,  Solutions  Director,  Blackboard  Consulting  

Rise  of  Mobile  In  1997,  the  inaugural  editors  of  Personal  &  Ubiquitous  Computing  shared  an  idea  that  “the  paradigm  shift  brought  about  by  portable  computing  is  simply  another  phase  in  the  development  of  truly  personal  computing”1.  Two  years  later,  Hans-­‐Werner  Gellerson,  guest  editor  of  the  same  journal,  laid  the  groundwork  for  what  we  know  as  “mobile”  by  describing  portable  technology  and  personal  computing  as  being  “seamlessly  integrated  with  the  user,  tasks,  and  the  environment”2.  What  the  editors  effectively  described  in  a  few  unassuming  words  is  the  always  on,  always  connected,  and  personally  tailored  environment  in  which  we  live  and  communicate  today.  

Over  a  decade  ago,  few  could  imagine  the  rapid  adoption  of  mobile  technology.  In  1998,  the  term  “mobile”  was  largely  limited  to  cellular  phones,  and  “portable”  encompassed  an  array  of  battery-­‐powered  devices  that  enhanced  productivity  –  such  as  portable  digital  assistants  and  laptops.  These  devices  were  connected  to  online  resources  via  local  area  networks  and  dial-­‐up  services.  WiFi  (ie.  IEEE  802.11b)  hadn’t  been  formally  released3,  so  “mobile  connectivity”  meant  at  best,  portable  gear  physically  tethered  to  cellular  handsets.  

Just  over  a  decade  later,  approximately  1.2  billion  people  will  possess  tether-­‐free  mobile  devices  powerful  enough  to  deliver  rich  Web  experiences4  and  the  total  number  of  Web-­‐enabled  mobile  phones  will  eclipse  the  estimated  one  billion  personal  computers  on  Earth5.  And  while  fixed  broadband  adoption  in  the  developing  world  tripled  in  2009,  mobile  broadband  penetration  among  the  same  parts  of  the  globe  expanded  by  an  astonishing  factor  of  ten6.  The  global  volume  of  mobile  cellular  subscriptions  were  projected  to  grow  to  5.3  billion7,  a  number  –  if  taken  at  face  value  –  indicates  that  over  half  of  the  people  on  the  planet  will  be  connected  via  a  mobile  device  in  2011.  Mobile,  then,  is  the  emergent  and  arguably  dominant  platform  for  connecting  and  communicating,  regardless  of  where  you  are  or  who  you  may  be.  

Like  the  Web,  mobile  is  not  a  fad;  it  is  a  fundamental  shift  in  communication  brought  about  by  a  number  factors  that  coalesced  at  the  right  time.  The  confluence  of  the  Internet  and  wireless,  the  Web  and  electronic  communication,  and  the  miniaturization  and  commoditization  of  technology  created  the  perfect  ecosystem  for  mobile  to  move  into  our  everyday  lives.  

According  to  the  United  Nations,  “American  teenagers  are  using  3,146  [text]  messages  a  month,  which  translates  into  more  than  10  messages  every  hour  of  the  month  that  they  are  not  sleeping  or  in  school”8.  Always  connected  and  always  on  has  become  a  part  of  teen  culture  but  like  so  many  things,  is  texting  simply  a  teen  fad?  The  UN  went  on  to  say  that  “even  the  under  12  segment  are  sending  1,146  messages  per  month”9.  The  youngest  generation  has  embraced  mobile  for  communication  and  as  such,  it  is  no  longer  an  upstart  technology.  To  this  generation,  mobile  is  a  norm  like  electricity,  air  travel,  and  the  Internet.  

Mobile  is  something  else.  

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Charting  a  Course  In  the  long  term,  indications  are  that  mobile  isn’t  a  bolt-­‐on;  it  is  where  things  are  headed10  and  nowhere  is  this  more  prevalent  than  in  retail.  The  shift  to  mobile  is  obvious  –  to  reach  today’s  connected  consumers,  one  minimally  needs  to  be  on  the  Web.  But  to  be  truly  effective,  mobile  has  to  factor  into  the  overall  relationship  strategy.  Education  isn’t  the  same  as  retail,  but  what  can  it  learn  from  the  intensely  competitive  world  of  the  consumer  marketplace?  

A  Web  presence  is  much  like  a  sign  on  a  roadway;  if  it  catches  your  attention  you  may  be  convinced  to  pull  over  and  investigate.  If  not,  you  may  take  note  of  the  business  and  pass  by  because  you  don’t  need  that  particular  service  at  that  particular  time.  A  mobile-­‐enabled  website  extends  this  experience  by  presenting  Web  content  in  a  form  appropriate  for  on-­‐the-­‐go  consumers.  A  mobile  website  is  analogous  to  a  second  sign  that  is  added  to  the  first  sign  on  the  roadway.  The  second  sign  attempts  to  attract  a  different  clientele  to  the  place  of  business,  but  in  the  end  it  is  still  a  sign  and  like  the  main  one,  can  be  ignored.  

With  the  number  of  mobile  devices  eclipsing  the  number  of  desktop  computers  on  the  planet,  a  Web  presence  tailored  to  mobile  users  should  factor  into  every  organization’s  communications  strategy.  However,  one’s  mobile  strategy  should  not  stop  with  the  Web  as  mobile  is  in  the  midst  of  a  transformation  from  a  discretionary  entertainment  vehicle  to  a  utility  and  lifestyle  platform  of  necessity  and  convenience11.  Organizations  that  are  recognizing  this  shift  are  realizing  the  potential  of  mobile  as  a  platform.    

Today,  many  retailers  are  rapidly  developing  stand-­‐alone  mobile  applications  (apps)  as  a  means  to  connect  with  consumers  on  a  day-­‐to-­‐day  basis.  A  downloaded  mobile  app  travels  wherever  she  and  her  mobile  device  go,  and  places  the  retail  brand  at  the  forefront  of  the  consumer’s  experience.  If  well  developed,  the  app  enables  the  provider  to  develop  a  personal  connection  with  the  consumer  as  it  is  precisely  available  at  the  moment  of  desire  or  need.  Or  to  put  it  another  way,  there  is  no  chance  of  ignoring  the  sign  on  the  roadway  when  the  business  itself  is  incorporated  into  the  dashboard  –  like  an  in-­‐car  GPS  navigation  system.  

Education  has  a  significant  advantage  over  retailers  as  learning  experiences  are  built  around  individual  relationships,  group  collaborations,  and  deep  connections  across  affinity  groups.  Students,  parents,  staff,  instructors,  alumni,  donors,  and  fans  all  have  myriad  reasons  for  staying  in  contact  with  a  college,  university,  school,  or  educational  program.  Whether  taking  a  class  or  keeping  abreast  of  the  latest  sports  scores,  the  community  that  circles  a  particular  educational  institution  creates  natural  opportunities  for  mobile  services.  Retailers,  on  the  other  hand,  often  struggle  with  building  these  relationships  as  the  reason  for  connecting  consumers  may  only  go  as  far  as  the  next  product  release.  

What  retail  demonstrates  is  that  mobile  is  more  than  a  collection  of  technologies;  it  is  a  contemporary  paradigm  for  connecting,  communicating,  and  getting  things  done  on  mass-­‐customized  and  yet  personal  relationship  level  that  extends  to  the  devices  themselves.  According  to  Robert  Mitchell  of  Computerworld,  a  theme  that  permeated  the  2010  Gartner  Symposium  was  that  “the  need  to  accommodate  the  consumer's  choice  of  end  point  mobile  computing  devices,  each  with  its  own  application  infrastructure  and  network,  is  increasingly  being  taken  as  a  given”12.  Case  in  point:  the  iTunes  App  Store  by  Apple.  Launched  in  July  2008  with  about  500  apps,  mobile  adoption  skyrocketed  from  zero  to  10  million  downloads  within  a  few  short  days13.  In  just  30  months  (January  2011),  400,000  iOS  apps  were  available  in  the  App  Store,  and  the  download  volume  surpassed  10  billion  apps14.  

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 Supported  by  just  one  platform’s  data,  Mitchell’s  observation  is  an  obvious  one:  consumers  are  adopting  mobile  apps  on  their  platforms  of  choice.  

If  properly  conceived  of  as  part  of  a  holistic  vision  that  looks  at  different  communities  and  maps  expectations  and  desires  against  services  and  capabilities,  a  strategic  approach  to  mobile  and  mobile  apps  can  help  provide  levels  of  interactivity  and  service  delivery  that  align  and  best  match  with  what  people  expect  of  a  mobile-­‐aware  and  engaged  organization15,  while  taking  advantage  of  infrastructure  investments  made  to  date.  Although  some  may  argue  that  a  mobile-­‐enabled  website  is  good  enough,  charting  a  successful  course  should  take  into  account  the  consumers’  platform  of  choice  and  the  choices  they  are  making  to  consume  information  and  interact  with  services.  Today  and  increasingly  tomorrow,  that  means  mobile  apps  that  are  rely  upon  Web  services  and  technologies16.  

Achieving  Mobile  Agility  In  many  ways,  mobile  is  much  like  the  Web.  It  is  a  number  of  different  technologies  that  work  together  in  harmony  to  exchange  information,  enable  creativity,  and  enhance  productivity.  Similarly,  mobile  moves  at  the  speed  of  the  Web.  Consumers  adopt  new  devices  each  day  and  expect  applications  and  services  to  be  available  when  they  need  them.  Development  cycles  of  12-­‐24  months  simply  don’t  apply  when  new  mobile  functionality  is  rolled  out  every  six  to  nine  months  by  platform  providers.  To  keep  pace,  organizations  should  develop  their  “mobile  agility.”  

Sports  cars  are  often  judged  by  two  things:  power  and  handling.  Success  in  any  race  depends  heavily  on  striking  a  balance  between  these  performance  factors.  As  such,  car  that  has  greater  power  won’t  necessarily  beat  one  that  is  agile  under  certain  conditions17.  So  by  way  of  analogy,  if  the  Web  is  a  straight-­‐line  drag  race,  mobile  is  a  road  race  on  a  twisting  mountainous  course.  One  won’t  survive  the  mobile  race  with  sheer  power  and  speed;  one  needs  to  be  both  quick  and  nimble  (or  run  the  risk  of  flying  off  the  track).  Here,  mobile  agility  refers  to  an  organization’s  ability  to  rapidly  and  appropriately  respond  to  changing  needs  of  mobile  users,  no  matter  whom  they  are  or  where  they  might  be.  

Agility  doesn’t  specifically  refer  to  how  fast  and  organization  can  get  a  mobile  solution  out  the  door.  Instead  it  equates  to  delivering  the  right  apps  and  services  at  the  right  time  in  the  most  responsive  manner.  A  rapidly  developed  app  that  doesn’t  resonate  with  its  intended  audience  is  effectively  a  non-­‐starter  and  in  the  worst  case,  generates  negative  user  feedback  and  disenchantment.  Alternatively,  a  well-­‐designed  app  that  is  released  too  late  runs  the  risk  of  being  usurped  by  other  services  or  apps  because  it  missed  the  window  of  opportunity.  

Although  it  seems  like  something  new,  mobile  builds  upon  the  technologies  and  services  many  organizations  already  have  in  place  and  as  such,  can  be  part  of  an  overall  enterprise  IT  strategy.  Gartner  predicts  that  we  will  soon  see  software  development  move  toward  a  mobile-­‐first  paradigm18.  The  evolution  of  enterprise  IT,  brought  about  by  applications  migrating  to  the  Web,  is  enabling  this  paradigm  shift.  Wireless,  single-­‐sign-­‐on,  access  management,  learning  management,  messaging  and  notification,  web  services,  content  management,  virtualization,  cloud  services  and  service-­‐oriented  architectures  are  all  components  that  contribute  to  the  success  of  present  applications  as  well  as  mobile.  What  existing  services  deliver  for  enterprise  applications  can  be  harnessed  for  mobile  should  and  naturally  fit  into  a  program  of  continuous  improvement  and  technology  evolution.  

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 Mobile  agility  is  not  merely  about  technology  and  execution.  It  is  about  recognizing  mobile’s  place  in  an  overall  strategy  and  becoming  more  nimble  in  designing,  developing,  and  deploying  services  that  are  appropriate  for  the  organization’s  core  users  as  well  as  its  untapped  communities.  

Conclusion  The  mobile  paradigm  is  one  that  has  evolved  over  decades  and  only  recently  have  the  pieces  fallen  into  place  to  bring  it  to  the  forefront  of  our  connected  global  society.  Educational  institutions  and  organizations  are  perfect  positioned  to  embrace  what  mobile  has  to  offer,  provided  that  they  embrace  mobile  as  a  platform  and  integrate  its  possibilities  into  strategic  planning.  

An  awareness  of  context-­‐driven  use  of  mobile  technology19,  recognition  that  users  desire  access  to  information  anytime  and  anywhere,  and  the  acceptance  of  mobile  as  the  personal  productivity  platform  of  choice20  are  characteristics  of  an  organization  on  a  path  toward  a  holistic  mobile  strategy.  The  a  hallmark  of  an  organization  that  possesses  a  high  degree  of  mobile  agility  will  be  its  ability  take  its  strategy  and  transform  it  into  action,  thus  delivering  the  right  services  at  the  right  times  on  the  mobile  platforms  users  expect.  

Colleges,  universities  and  schools  should  develop  holistic  approaches  to  mobile  and  grow  their  mobile  agility  to  best  connect  with  yesterday’s  prospective  students,  today’s  learners,  and  tomorrow’s  alumni.  

                                                                                                                     1  Frohlich,  David,  Peter  Thomas,  Mike  Hawley,  and  Kenkichi  Hirade.  “Inaurgural  issue  editorial:  Future  personal  computing.”  Personal  and  Ubiquious  Computing,  1997:  1-­‐5.  2  Gellersen,  Hans-­‐Werner.  “Guest  editorial:  Handheld  CSCW:  Personal  Technologies  for  Collaboration.”  Personal  and  Ubiquious  Computing,  1997:  1-­‐7.  3  Wikipedia.  IEEE  802.11.  November  12,  2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  4  Gartner.  Gartner  Identifies  the  Top  10  Strategic  Technologies  for  2011.  October  19,  2010.  http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1454221  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  5  Forrester  Research.  Worldwide  PC  Adoption  Forecast,  2007  to  2015.  June  11,  2007.  http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/worldwide_pc_adoption_forecast%2C_2007_to_2015/q/id/42496/t/2  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  6  United  Nations  News  Service.  “UN  agency  reports  phenomenal  mobile  telephone  expansion  in  developing  world.”  UN  Daily  News,  June  32,  2010:  4-­‐5.  7  International  Telecommunications  Union.  “The  World  in  2010:  ICT  Facts  and  Figures.”  Information  and  Communication  Technology  Statistics.  October  20,  2010.  http://www.itu.int/ITU-­‐D/ict/material/FactsFigures2010.pdf  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  8  Entner,  Roger.  Under-­‐aged  Texting:  Usage  and  Actual  Cost.  January  27,  2010.  http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/under-­‐aged-­‐texting-­‐usage-­‐and-­‐actual-­‐cost/  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  9  Entner,  Under-­‐aged  Texting:  Usage  and  Actual  Cost.  10  Gartner.  Gartner  Identifies  the  Top  10  Strategic  Technologies  for  2011.  11  Bar,  Aaron.  "Study:  Mobile  Internet  Necessity,  Not  Luxury."  Online  Media  Daily.  MediaPost  News.  February  19,  2009.  http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=100576  (accessed  December  7,  2010).  12  Mitchell,  Robert.  Gartner  Symposium:  Mobile  increasingly  driving  the  IT  bus.  October  19,  2010.  http://blogs.computerworld.com/17199/gartner_symposium_mobile_increasingly_driving_the_it_bus  (accessed  November  16,  2010).  

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     13  Wikipedia.  App  Store.  January  21,  2011.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store  (accessed  January  21,  2011).  14  Apple.  10  Billion  App  Countdown.  January  21,  2011.  http://www.apple.com/itunes/10-­‐billion-­‐app-­‐countdown/  (accessed  January  21,  2011).  15  Gartner.  Gartner  Identifies  the  Top  10  Strategic  Technologies  for  2011.  16  Constantinou,  Andreas.  Apps  is  the  new  Web:  sowing  the  seeds  for  Web  3.0.  November  23,  2010.  http://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2010/11/apps-­‐is-­‐the-­‐new-­‐web-­‐sowing-­‐the-­‐seeds-­‐for-­‐web-­‐3-­‐0/  (accessed  January  21,  2011).  17  Hammond,  Richard.  BBC  Top  Gear.  Series  1,  Episode  1.  Aired  October  20,  2002.  18  Mitchell,  Robert.  Gartner  Symposium:  Mobile  increasingly  driving  the  IT  bus.  19  Gartner.  Gartner  Identifies  the  Top  10  Strategic  Technologies  for  2011.  20  Mitchell,  Robert.  Gartner  Symposium:  Mobile  increasingly  driving  the  IT  bus.