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Bisphenol A in Central Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and
Wastewater Effluent2009 BAppSc Capstone Presentation
Tricia Coates
Lakeland College
Introduction
What is Bisphenol A?Health Hazards
RegulationsEnvironmental Fate and Effects
ObjectiveMaterials & Methods
Location & FacilitiesSamplingAnalysisResults
DiscussionConclusionReferences
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Background
What is Bisphenol A (BPA)?
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Anthropogenic chemical made up of two phenolic rings and joined by a bridging group.
Produced during the reaction of phenol with acetone
Solid at ambient temperatures – usually a white powder or flake
Primarily used as the building block for polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins.
Valued for its ability to increase durability, clarity and impact and heat resistance
What is Bisphenol A (BPA)
Dental Sealants Eyeglasses Compact Discs Photographic Film
Food containers,infant bottles andReusable water bottles
Medical Devices Polycarbonate for water pipes
Epoxy-phenolic resins in surface coating of drinking water storage tanks
Common uses for Bisphenol A
Health Hazards
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Exposure is predominantly oral.
BPA molecules are bound by "ester bonds” to form polycarbonate plastic.
The bond is disrupted by heat and acidic or basic conditions that release BPA into food or beverages in contact with the plastics.
Ester Bond
Health Hazards
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Many studies have concluded that BPA
mimics Estrogen in the Human Body
Studies have linked BPA with numerous health problems ….
Liver Disease
Diabetes
Heart DiseaseProstate Cancer
Breast Cancer
Obesity
Attention Deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Lowered Sperm Counts
Early Puberty
This is called an
Endocrine Disrupter
Hormone
Endocrine Disruptor
Health Hazards
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
BPA does not behave like a typical toxin.
Other toxins have clear impacts:
Asbestos = CancerLead Poisoning = Reduced Mental Ability
BUT BPA is different because it acts as an endocrine disruptor
It changes the way our body's hormones function
by mimicking our own natural hormone Estrogen
Estrogen can alter the behavior of more than 200 genes which control the growth and repair of nearly every organ and tissue in the body making tracking the toxicity of BPA difficult
The toxicity of BPA is a contentious issue among regulators and scientists.
Critics argue that the research isn't conclusive
That humans process BPA differently thanmice in studies…thus we won't necessarily experience the same healtheffects
While many others are convinced that BPA is a cause for concern in humans, as well as mice
Its Agreed thatChildren are Most at Risk
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Physiologically more susceptible:
Children’s exposures begin at conception as BPA crosses the woman’s placenta
Can affect the embryo or fetus during critical periods of development
Brains and other organ systems are constantly developing
Face greater exposure per pound of body weight
Animals studies found that exposure to BPA disrupts fetal development.
Regulations
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Ensures immediate action by the government to determine risks and to limit human and environmental exposures
1st StepBanning the sale of baby bottles and infant food packaging containing BPA in 2009
Makes Canada the first country to take action against BPA
Spending 1.7 million overthe next three years on further studies as to potential adverse health effects
In the fall of 2008 Environment Canada and Health Canada Declared BPA a “toxic chemical”
Environmental Fate and Effects
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Water is contaminated with BPA by:
industrial effluents;
wastewater discharges; and
leachate from landfills
Under aerobic conditions BPA will undergo biodegradation.
In prime conditions surface water degradation half-life is 2.5 - 4 days
In anaerobic conditions - BPA can form sinks where no biodegradation is occurring – a concern for aquifers near landfills
Environmental Fate and Effects
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Bisphenol A does not significantly accumulate in aquatic organisms and is not classified as bioaccumulative by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
LC50 Values - defined as the concentration at which half of the organisms survive
Range from 1000 to 20,000 ug/L for freshwater and saltwater algae, invertebrates and fish
This is considered slightly to moderately toxic by the EPA
Staples et al 1998 Measured values in surface waters of 0.001 to 1.0 ug/L
Indicates that aquatic ecosystems are unlikely to be adversely impacted by BPA
Objective
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Currently there are no guidelines or regulations on acceptable levels of BPA in drinking water or discharge effluent
This report describes a preliminary study to determine concentrations of BPA in surface water, groundwater and municipal wastewater effluent in Central Alberta
As new legislation to regulate the amount of BPA in water is created, current background levels must be identified
Data collected will act as a baseline for future analysis and may identify if there is cause for concern or if more testing needs to be done
Materials and Methods
Eight Sampling Locations:
SangudoGunnMarlboro
WhitecourtDrayton ValleyDevonLloydminster
Marlboro
Drayton ValleyDevon
Sangudo
Gunn
LloydminsterEdson
Whitecourt
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Locations and Facilities
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant Location
Surface Water Groundwater Effluent
Whitecourt
Sangudo Gunn Marlboro Edson Drayton Valley Devon Lloydminster
Marlboro
Drayton ValleyDevon
Sangudo
Gunn
LloydminsterEdson
Whitecourt
McLeod River North Saskatchewan River
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
At each facility three samples were collected:
500 ml PolyethyleneRoutine Analysis
100 ml AmberTotal Organic Carbon
with preservative
1 liter AmberBisphenol A
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Shipped in an iced cooler within 24 hours of collection
Bisphenol A
Routine & TOC
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Water Treatment Plants:
Raw water was sampled – before any treatment.
Wastewater Treatment Plants:
Treated effluent was sampled – after treatment but before discharge.
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Labels were made and samples chronicled in the sampling log
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
The 500 ml bottle was rinsed three times with raw water/effluent before being filled.
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
The Amber bottles were not rinsed.They were filled until zero headspace.
Sampling
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
Samples collected were placed in a cooler with ice and shipped within 24 hours to the laboratory.
Analysis
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
BPA was analyzed by ARC using LC/MS/MS in tandem mass spectrometry with a detection limit of 0.001 ug/L (1 ppb).
LC = liquid chromatographyMS = mass spectrometry
Combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry
Analysis
Bisphenol A in Alberta Surface Water, Groundwater and Effluent
LC/MS/MS in tandem mass spectrometry
LCLC/MS
LC separates components Mass spectrum of eluting component
Simple Schematic of a Mass Spectrometer Interfaced to a LC
Simple Schematic of a Two Mass Spectrometer Tandem MS/MS
Location Facility Sample Type Original Source / Discharge Point
Analysis BPA Results
Surface Water
Whitecourt Whitecourt Water Treatment
Raw Surface Water McLeod River BPA ND
Drayton Valley
Drayton Valley Water Treatment
Raw Surface Water N. Sask. River BPA ND
Devon Devon Water Treatment Raw Surface Water N. Sask. River BPA ND
Lloydminster Lloydminster Water Treatment
Raw Surface Water N. Sask. River BPA ND
Groundwater
Sangudo Sangudo Water Treatment
Raw Groundwater Aquifer BPA ND
Gunn Gunn Water Treatment Raw Groundwater Aquifer BPA ND
Marlboro Marlboro Water Treatment
Raw Groundwater Aquifer BPA ND
Municipal Effluent
Edson Edson Waste Water Treatment
Treated Effluent McLeod River BPA ND
Drayton Valley
Drayton Valley Waste Water Treatment
Treated Effluent N. Sask. River BPA ND
Devon Devon Waste Water Treatment
Treated Effluent N. Sask. River BPA ND
Results
Discussion
In the aquatic environment, BPA was rapidly degrading and was undetectable.
Three possibilities…
There was no BPA being discharged or leached into the aquatic environment
The concentration of BPA in the samples was lower than the detection limit of 0.001 ug/L
Possibility 1There was no BPA being discharged or leached into the aquatic environment
Highly unlikely
Numerous ways BPA can enter the environment
Releases occur during production, processing, use and disposal of products containing BPA
WastewatersWashing residues Leachate from landfills
Previous studies have identified BPA in Western Canada
Possibility 2The concentration of BPA in the samples was lower than the detection limit (0.001 ug/L)
Very Possible
Other studies had detection limits as low as 0.00001 ug/L
Chen et al. 2006 detected BPA in Calgary drinking water at concentrations as low as 0.00045 ug/L
This would be undetectable at the detection limit used in this study
Possibility 3In the aquatic environment, BPA was rapidly degrading and was undetectable.
Possible
BPA degrading bacteria are widely abundant in aquatic environments
Biodegradation is the dominant process for removal of BPA
Rapid biodegradation occurs within two to four days (aerobic conditions)
Furun et al. (1990)
Reduction in BPA of 92-99% in industrial wastewater treatment plants When discharged into surface water approximately 95% of the original
BPA was degraded.
Conclusion
BPA was not detected in surface water, groundwater or municipal effluent
Most probable explanations:
Detection limit was set too high
BPA rapidly biodegraded; and/or
Determine baseline levels of BPA in various water sources in Central Alberta, determine where there was cause for concern or if more testing was needed.
Additional testing is recommended in the future.
Incorporate lower detection levels and analysis for BPA metabolites which will indicate if BPA is being biodegraded.
References
Alexander, H.C., D.C. Dill, L.W. Smith, P.D. Guiney, and P. Dorn. 1988. Bisphenol A: Acute Aquatic Toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.7(1): 19-26.Chen M, K Ohman, C Metcalfe, M.G. Ikonomou, P.L. Amatya, and J Wilson. 2006. Pharmaceuticals and
endocrine disruptors in wastewater treatment effluents and in the water supply system of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 41(4): 351-364.Dorn PB, C Chou, and JJ Gentempo. 1987. Degradation of bisphenol A in natural waters. Chemosphere. 16: 1501 – 1507.Environment Canada. 2008. Screening Assessment for The Challenge Phenol, 4,4 -(1-methylethylidene)bis- (Bisphenol A) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 80-05-7. Available at
http://www.ec.gc.ca/substances/ese/eng/challenge/batch2/batch2_80-05-7.cfm [cited 5 October 2008].
Fernandez M.P., P.M. Campbell, M.G. Ikonomo, and R.H. Devlin. 2007a. Assessment of environmental estrogens and the intersex/sex reversal capacity for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in primary and final municipal wastewater effluents. Environment International. 33: 391-396.Fernandez MP, M.G. Ikonomou, and I. Buchanan. 2007b. An assessment of estrogenic organic contaminants in Canadian wastewaters. Science of the Total Environment. 373: 250-269.Furun, L, L Boquing, S Zhyong, L Zheng, Y Yayan, and X Yurong. 1990. Treatment of wastewater containing bisphenol A. Water Treatment. 5: 105-124.Health Canada. 2008. Government of Canada Protects Families With Bisphenol A Regulations [online]. Available from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/_2008/2008_167-eng.php [cited 7 November 2008].Jeannot, Roger, Hassan Sabik, Emmanuel Sauvard, Thierry Dagnac, Katja Dohrendorf. 2002. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid
chromatography with mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatogrphy A. 974: 143-159.Lang, I.A, T.S. Galloway, and A Scarlett. 2008. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. Jounal of the American Medical Association. 300(11): 1303-1310.Nelson J, F Bishay, A Van Roodselaar, M Ikonomou, and F.C.P. Law. 2007. The use of in vitro bioassays to quantify endocrine disrupting chemicals in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Science of the Total Environment. 374: 80-90.Sosiak A, and T Hebben. 2005. A preliminary survey of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in treated municipal wastewaters and receiving rivers of Alberta, Alberta Environment. Publication Number T/773.Staples C.A., P.B. Dorn, G.M. Klecka, S.T. O'Block, and L.R. Harris. 1998. A review of the environmental
fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere. 36(10): 2149-2173.The Society of the Plastics Industry. 1997. Bisphenol A: A Safety and Handling Guide. Publication Number
AE-154.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008. Draft NTP Brief on Bisphenol A [Online]. Available
from http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/bisphenol/BPADraftBriefVF_04_14_08.pdf [cited 10 October 2008].
THANK YOUTO
FOR MY PRACTICUM OPPORTUNITY
And specifically to the Compliance Team Spruce Grove:
TOM TRIMBLEALLAN UNDERSCHULTZ
BRUCE LANGENICOLE PYSH
FAYE HUTCHINGSBLAIR REILLY
JAMES POKORSKIJIM STEELE