Bismarck: Blood and IronNapoleon: Order, Security, Efficiency

French Captain convicted of treason because he was a Jew

Movement for a Jewish Homeland

Bellringer

What is Zionism?

Who was Alfred Dreyfus?

What was the slogan for Otto Von Bismarck? Napoleon?

It is the responsibility of the Europeans to civilize the “barbaric” natives of the colonies

Need natural resources and new markets

When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation.

Industrialized= stronger

Bellringer

What is Imperialism?

What are the economic reasons for imperialism?

What does the White Man’s burden mean?

Write it out:Explain why the British sold Opium to the Chinese and the impact of

that trade.

The New Imperialism

1800-1914

Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution had strengthened Western Powers and given them confidence. This led to aggressive expansion called The New Imperialism. 1870-1914 was the most active time of the Imperialistic activity.

Who are the Western Powers?

Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, America, Russia, France, etc

ImperialismDomination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region

ORA strong nation takes over a weak nation

What made these Western nations so much stronger than the others?

They had industrialized

Motives

Three main causes:-Economic

-Political/ Military

-Humanitarian

Economic1. Booming industry needed natural resources and raw

materials for manufactured goods. Materials such as Rubber, Petroleum, cotton and cocoa were needed in vast quantities.

2. The new factories could produce large quantities of goods. The Europeans needed new markets to sell their goods.

Political/MilitaryAs new markets opened around the world, steam ships were relied on to quickly transportgoods. However, the new steam powered ships needed safe ports to get more coal and supplies. Both merchant and military ships would access these safe harbors.

British naval bases 2011

Humanitarianism Some felt it was a duty to spread the blessings of Western Civilization such as medicine, law, and Christianity.

“Take up the White Man’s BurdenSend forth the best ye breed

Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;

To wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild

Your new-caught, sullen peoplesHalf-devil and half-child.”

-Rudyard Kipling

How do you think the natives felt about this perception as outlined in “The White Man’s Burden”?

Social DarwinismThe social view applied to Charles Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest. It states that the strongest nations will survive while others perish. To Social Darwinists, expansion was simply nature’s way of improving the human species, with Europeans being superior.

**These ideas have promoted Racism**

Why did Imperialism work?Two parts:1) Old civilizations were declining including the largest empires:

a) The Ottomans in the Middle Eastb) Mughals in Indiac) Qing in Chinad) West African nations

2) Western Civilizations had industrialized and hada) Strong economies with well organized governmentsb) Medical knowledge to survive tropical diseasesc) Superior gun power, such as the Maxim machine gun

Imperial ControlThere were 3 types of imperial control

1) Colonies

2) Protectorates

3) Spheres of influence

ColoniesColonies were run by governors sent by the host country to control the region directly

Colonies were costly and often required a large occupying force to ensure absolute control over the region.

Think of the US colonies owned by Britain in the 16th and 17th centuries. These colonies were often occupied by British troops to maintain order and Enforce taxes.

ProtectoratesLocal rulers are left in power but they had to accept the “advice” of the European Advisors on issues such as taxes, trade and foreign relations.

Protectorates are less costly because they only require a minimal military commitment, unless there is a crisis or revolt.

Spheres of InfluenceAn area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges. The goal is to prevent conflict with other western powers.

The Americans claimed a Sphere of Influence over all of Latin America with the Monroe Doctrine

What is Latin America?

-Anything South of the US (Mexico, Central and South America)

British Imperialism Some nations were VERY good at imperialism. Britain is an example. Their imperialistic achievements included areas around the world prompting the phrase:The Sun never sets on the British EmpireImperialism: when a STRONGER

nation takes over a weaker nation.

Remember, size doesn’t matter, its all about industrialization

The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for

European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve

the lives of the colonial peoples

Review

ReviewIn the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.

Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?1. Socialism2. Isolationism3. Imperialism4. monotheism

Throughout the 1800’s, an increased need for both raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods led various European nations to pursue policies of

1. Imperialism2. Socialism3. Isolationism4. communism

Review

Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the

1. Negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world

2. Advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America

3. Positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia

4. Challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

Review

African Imperialism

The Dark Land

Most of Africa was unknown to the Europeans in the 1800’s. They had just explored the outer edges through the ports where they traded goods for slaves.

Europeans prior to the 1800s could not survive the tropical disease rampant in Africa.

As European nations began to outlaw slavery, the slave trade died down. This prompted Europeans to begin exploring the interior lands of Africa.

Africa

Before Imperialism Africa was a very diverse land with hundreds of languages and cultures. Societies ranged from centralized government states, to village communities, to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.

However, Africa was full of natural resources and raw materials, making it an ideal target.

North AfricaFertile lands of the

Mediterranean region, and the Sahara desert. Various tribes controlled the region

South AfricaSouthern Tip including the

Cape of Good Hope.Controlled by the Zulus and

Boers

East AfricaEastern Coast and Red Sea allowed successful trading

empire based on selling African Slaves

West AfricaGrassy plains and forests. Predominately a Muslim area loosely ruled by the

Asante kingdom

Sierra Leone, 1787One of the first colonies in Africa was set up by the British. However, it was not meant as a imperial location for the British. Instead, it was a destination for freed slaves from Europe and the Americas.

What do you notice about its location?

It is on the coast. Set up prior to the 1800’s before European exploration.

Exploring AfricaExplorers began by following the majors African rivers: Nile, Congo, and Niger

Livingston and StanleyDr. David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years, writing about the people and cultures he saw. He promoted the end of slavery and hoped to see the interior of Africa opened to the world trade system.

In 1871, after many years of silence from Livingston, Henry Stanley went in search of the explorer. Upon finding him he greeted him with “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

African Scramble

Prior to the scramble there was limited European influence in Africa. This all changed in 1884

Berlin Conference 1884

The Europeans powers meet to discuss the division of Africa. No Africans were invited. At the conference they decide: - a European power cannot claim a part of Africa unless they have set up a government office.

This conference starts the rush for Africa. European nations send officials to begin exerting control and maintaining a presence in certain areas.

The ScrambleIn 20 years, most of Africa was under imperial control. The exceptions: Ethiopia and Liberia

The English and French controlled a majority of Africa

3:25-6:34

Africans fight back

Some African nations fought back, but were mostly unsuccessful. Only Ethiopia and Liberia successfully remained independent.

Ethiopia is an ancient Christian Kingdom. King Menelik II reformed the nation in the 1800s, building roads, bridges, and purchasing weapons from Europe. When Italy invaded in 1896 Ethiopia was ready and fought them off.

Zulu Resistance

As the British continued to push into South Africa they encountered the militaristic tribe of the Zulu.

The Zulu won some early victories but eventually fell to the British who had superior technology and more resources.

The Boer War 1899-1902The English acquired Cape Colony from the Dutch. The original Dutch settlers, the Boers, resented British rule and moved north of the colony. In the new settlements they found Gold.

The British and the Boers both laid claim to the gold, sparking a war between the two.

The British won and united the Boer republic and Cape Colony into the Union of South Africa with a new constitution. This new constitution set up Apartheid- a system of strict racial segregation.

Suez CanalAfter Muhammad Ali reformed Egypt and entered the World Trade market, French entrepreneur Cecil John Rhodes, built the Suez Canal. The canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It opened in 1869

The British soon extended its control over Egypt to control the canal.

What is the importance of the canal?

Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s?

1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries 2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African

people was disregarded 3. the continent was divided equally among the

colonial powers 4. African unity was encouraged

Review

After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing for raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world 4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of

the world

Review

The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for

European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve

the lives of the colonial peoples

Review

In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.

Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?

1. socialism 2. isolationism 3. imperialism 4. monotheism

Review

During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between Europe and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in

1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents

2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents

3. a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe

4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples

Review

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to

1. provide jobs for the colonists 2. obtain raw materials needed for

industrialization 3. impress the colonists with their technological

knowledge 4. help missionaries spread Christianity

Review

On your maps

Label the following:-South Africa-Suez Canal-Red Sea-Sahara-Mediterranean sea-Cape of Good Hope

Imperialism in India and China

Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation

Declining EmpiresMany empires were in decline in the early 1800s, the Muslim led empires were no exception:

1) Mughals of India2) Ottomans of the mid-East3) Safavids of Iran

Review= Ottoman EmpireThe Muslim religion soon gained many followers, who swept out of the middle east to create vast empires. One of the most successful was the Ottoman Empire, which was able to conquer the Byzantine Empire, and capitol city of Constantinople.

Ottoman’s DeclineThe Ottoman empire was controlled by power-hungry provincial rulers, which weakened the authority of the central government.

Ottoman Empire was composed of diverse ethnicities nationalism sparked revolts

The capital city was Istanbul, but many still called it Constantinople. This is the time period when the

name change took place, remember that

Byzantium= Constantinople=IstanbulDepending who is ruling, names change

*Present day Turkey*

Armenian (Christian) MassacreThe Ottoman empire allowed many minorities to live throughout the empire and practice their own faiths. But as Nationalism grows, tolerance weakened

These tensions triggered a massacre of the Armenians, a Christian group concentrated in the mountains of the Ottoman Empire .

The Turks accused the Armenians of plotting with Russians against the Ottoman Empire.

Over one million were killed between the 1890s and 1910s

As the power of the empire weakens, they are looking for someone to

blame. What do we call these people?

Scapegoats

GenocideThe Armenian massacre is an act of genocide, nearly 1 million perished.

Genocide has occurred in many regions, in many time periods, including today:•Rwanda•Darfur (Sudan)•Bosnia•Congo•Uganda

Genocide- deliberate attempt to

destroy a religious/ethnic group

British in IndiaThough the Mughals were in charge of India, the British began exerting control in the 1600s. (Protectorate)The British started the British East India company to oversee their trading empire in India.

The main goal of the British was to make money, but they also had a positive side effect:

-built roads to improve transportation-built railroads to move goods and people faster-founded schools to promote western thought

Why would the schools in India be promoting western thought?

They can promote western values to the children, who grow up believing it

Why India?

Remember the three motives for imperialism:-Economic (hungry)-Political (King Kong)-Humanitarian

Which motive does this image demonstrate?

British MissionariesMissionaries tried to convert Indians away from their religions (___________) and ( ______________). -Wanted to end slavery and the caste system-Outlawed the sati- a suicide by a widow upon herhusband’s death fire.

Missionaries spread Christianity and worked to ‘civilize’ the Indians.

Hinduism Buddhism

Officially outlawed 1829“Comprehending why a woman would choose to commit sati, however, requires the removal of our western lenses. The act of self-immolation of widows on their husband’s funeral pyre may be construed as a horrific act by the Westerner but in India cases of sati have been documented in their culture for hundreds of years (Oldenburg 1994: 165). ” More important, the symbolic significance of sati is intricately intertwined in the Hindu belief system.

Was it right for the British to outlaw Sati in 1829? Why or why not

RebellionMany areas of India resisted British Rule which required direct rule, with occupying forces of troops. (colonies)

The British built long tracks of railroads so they could quickly move troops to trouble areas, and move goods from the interior to the coast for shipment.

What do we call these railroads/ road systems?

Infrastructure

Sepoy RebellionSepoy= Indian soldiers for the British Army

In the 1950s the British took several unpopular steps:

- Sepoys could serve anywhere, domestically or abroad

- Widows can remarry

Sepoy RebellionThese measures don’t seem severe until you realize:

-High caste Hindus cannot travel overseas as a part of their belief system -Hinduism prohibits a woman to re-marry if her husband dies

The Indians see these changes as a way to force Christian and Western ideals onto the Hindus.

Final Insult- Sepoy RebellionIn 1857 the British East India Trading Company gave the Sepoy troops new guns with new ammunition. To load the gun, they had to bite off the tip of the cartridges. However, these cartridges were sealed with animal fat, either cow or pig. The problem?

Sacred to Hindus

Forbidden to Muslims

Rebellion 1857

Angry Sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi, where they called for support from fellow Indians, Muslims and Hindus;

“It is well known to all, that in this age the people of [India], both Hindus and Muslims, are being ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and treacherous English. It is therefore the duty of all the wealthy people of India… to stake their lives and property for the well being of the public.”

The Sepoys brutally murdered British men, women and children.

SuppressionThe British troops rallied and killed thousands of unarmed Indians.

a. Parliament abolished the East India Trading company and established direct rule.

b. More British troops occupied India

c. Taxes were raised to pay for occupation

FaminesThe British soon convinced the Indians to grow cash crops such as Cotton and Opium instead of food crops needed to feed the growing population. This led to a number of famines in the 1800s and 1900s.

Many Indians sank into poverty, with nearly 10 million perishing over the course of British rule.

**Warning: This next video is quite graphic**

The Indians were forced to grow cash crops like cotton and opium instead of food causing

starvation. What situation does this resemble?

Irish Potato Famine

The “Brightest Jewel”India was source of pride to British Imperialists. Rule under the British was a mixed

bag, with both positives and negatives

Positives Negatives-Law code-Communication systems-Improved transportation Roads and Railroads-World trade

-British reforms insulted culture-Indians treat as inferior to British-forced to grow cash crops which reduced the food supply-exploited Indian labor and resources

British World Imperialism

Review

Things to know about Imperialism:-motives-forms -white man’s burden-examples such as British India, Chinese spheres of influence, Africa, etc. -Events such as the Boer war, Opium war, Sepoy Rebellion, etc. 6:30-13:25 & 15:40- 17:15 & 20:56-

23:46

MercantilismThe imperial powers always wanted to sell more than buy, so they could make a profit. In other words they want to Export more than they import:

ChinaRemember China is Isolated because of its geography. -Himalayan Mountains-Gobi Desert-coastlines

The Ancient Chinese had used the Silk road and the voyages of Zheng He which exposed the Chinese to more culture.

The Chinese believed they were superior to the other cultures (ethnocentrism) and refused to trade any more

China was mostly isolated for Hundreds of years

China

In the 1700s China was ____________________ and had strict trading limits with foreigners. European merchants were only allowed in South China.

The Chinese sold silk, tea and porcelain for gold and silver. They did not want European made goods.

This led to a favorable balance of trade for the Chinese- they were exporting more than importing

It also led to a trade deficit for the Europeans who were importing more than exporting from China.

Trade Deficit- buying more than selling

OpiumThe British eventually discovered they could sell Indian grown Opium to the Chinese in exchange for tea and money, leading to huge profits.

Opium is made from the poppy plant, which grows abundantly in Europe. It is HIGHLY addictive.

The British had a strict ban on opium in England, but continued to export it to China. Right or wrong?

Opium Wars 1839-1842Eventually the Chinese used force, firing upon British Ships carrying Opium. However, the British had better weapons than the Chinese and soon defeated them.

In 1842 the Chinese were forced to sign the Nanjing treaty. The British gained:

-Money-Hong Kong-opened trading with the Chinese-Favored nation clause

Why did the British easily defeat the Chinese?

Industrialized

Chinese Spheres of InfluenceThe Western powers viewed this defeat as a sign that China was weak, and they began carving out spheres of influence

Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864

By the early 1800s China was riddled with corruption. Government officials abused their power, the rich avoided paying taxes, and the peasants were left to shoulder the economic burden.

The peasants revolted and were led by Hong Xiuquan, who encouraged morality, public ownership of land and an end to the Qing dynasty.

This became the most devastating revolt in history, and 20-30 million Chinese were killed.

Open Door Policy 1899The Americans did not join in the race for Spheres of Influence in China. Instead, they proposed an Open Door Policy. This policy would open trade in China to all.

-equal trading rights for all nations

-stop further expansion but did not help restore ChineseSovereignty

Sovereignty- people pick their government and

rulers

Boxer Rebellion 1900Fed up with the foreign invaders, many Chinese nationalists fought back. They began the Boxer Rebellion to force out the Foreign Devils.

The Boxers attacked communities where Westerners lived and any Chinese who had converted to Christianity. The foreign countries recognized this as a threat and quickly crushed the rebellion.

3:16

China EvolvesChina eventually was able to create a republic and overthrow foreign control. However, the republic was weak, and today the government is communist, maintaining strict control

ReviewWhich statement best expresses the motive for 19th-century European imperialism?

1. Living space was needed for the excess population of Western Europe

2. European leaders believed imperialism was an effective method of reducing the number of wars

3. European nations would benefit from some aspects of the conquered nation’s culture

4. Imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers

ReviewThe borders that were established for many African nations during the late 1800s were based primarily on

1. Natural geographic barriers2. Easy access to natural resources3. Territorial claims of colonial rulers4. Cultural differences between ethnic groups

ReviewIn 19th-century China, the Opium War resulted in

1. The control of Hong Kong being returned to China

2. The removal of all British naval forces from china

3. An increase in European spheres of influence in China

4. The rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people

Review“Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest) population and our civilization is four thousand years old…Today we are the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence…we are being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers.”

Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early 1900’s passage?

1. Opium war and boxer Rebellion2. Mau Mau uprising and adoption of apartheid3. Sepoy mutiny and the slat march4. Haitian Revolution and Cortes’ march on Mexico City

ReviewDuring the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to

1. Provide jobs for all children2. obtain raw materials needed for

industrialization3. Impress the colonists with their technological

knowledge4. Help missionaries spread Christianity

Opium BridesThough the Indian Nation has achieved independence from Great Britain, many are still forced to grow the cash crop of Opium. Drug smugglers force poor farm families to grow opium in exchange for the lives of their family members.