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Birds in the Arnold Arboretum

In the first published account of the birdlife of the ArnoldArboretum, in 1895, C. E. Faxon made the following observa-tion : "Although the suburbs of Boston are peculiarly well fittedfor the abode of a great variety of birds, the continual encroach-ment of urban conditions will eventually make such a place asthe Arnold Arboretum a precious spot for the city bird-loverwho is obliged to look near at hand for the enjoyment of hisfavorites."

Mr. Faxon’s prediction has been largely correct. In spite ofits increasingly urbanized surroundings and large number ofvisitors, the Arnold Arboretum has remained a viable bird sanc-

tuary from the time of its founding. However, truly naturalhabitats are rare in the Arboretum now, and as a consequencethe resident birds are those which prefer an open or disturbedhabitat, or those which can tolerate or even prosper under thepresence of man. Still, the Arboretum provides a wide rangeof semi-natural habitats, as well as a varied and abundant foodsupply, a combination which attracts large numbers of migrants.Although the fauna is hardly an exceptional one, birds of variousspecies are relatively numerous throughout the year, and someof the summer residents are among our most attractive anddesirable songsters.

During the wintertime, the regularly maintained feeder at

the side of the Administration Building is visited by severalspecies of birds, much to the delight of those of us who workhere. Blue Jays, Black-capped Chickadees, Slate-colored Jun-coes, and White-crowned Sparrows may be seen in fair numbersnearly every day, and Downy Woodpeckers, Cardinals and

Ring-necked Pheasants are not uncommon. The ubiquitous"city birds" (Pigeons, Starlings, and English Sparrows) are con-spicuous throughout the Arboretum, as are Crows and Blue

Jays. Increasing numbers of Robins and Mockingbirds spendthe winter here, especially in the more sheltered areas, andMallards and Black Ducks are frequently seen on the ponds andbrooks. If one is willing to wade through the frequently heavy

Cedar Waxwings in crabapple tree. Drawing by P. Bruns

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snowdrifts, Hemlock Hill is one of the best places in the Arbo-retum in which to observe winter birdlife. Although it has beenculled from time to time, and plantings have been made in afew areas, the forest here approaches a primeval condition.Hemlock Hill is an isolated, sheltered haven for birds whichprefer coniferous forests, and on most days it is alive with

constantly moving flocks of Chickadees and their attandant

Nuthatches, both the White-breasted and Red-breasted species.The colorful Cedar Waxwings are among the more delightful

winter visitors in the Arboretum. They pass through irregularlyduring the year, but at this season when the resident bird

population is a relatively dull one, their arrival is a welcomeevent for the bird-watcher and casual visitor alike. Waxwingsare particularly attracted to the fruits of the crab apples, hollies,and junipers, and a flock alighting on a fruit-laden tree, accom-panied by a constant high-pitched, wheezy twittering, is unlikelyto pass unnoticed.

Because of the influx of a large number of migrants, mostlyof species that do not take up residence, springtime is the mostexciting time for observing birdlife in the Arboretum. Althougha few species, notably the Fox Sparrow, arrive in February, newbirds are not conspicuous until mid-March. By then, the maleRed-Wings are noisily choosing nesting sites in the meadow inanticipation of the arrival of their mates a few weeks later. Atabout the same time, the first metallic twangs of the PurpleGrackles, larger and somewhat less desirable relatives of theRed-Wings, may be heard.

During April, the bird population does not change appreciably,although winter visitants such as the Slate-colored Juncoes headnorth and Phoebes and Brown Thrashers arrive. By early May,however, the migrants start coming through in large numbers.Warblers of several species are conspicuous because of theirbright colors and songs remarkably loud for such small birds.During May of 1971, Palm Warblers were common in the shrub-by areas, and Hemlock Hill was virtually alive with flocks ofBlackburnians, Black-throated Greens, Black and Whites, CapeMays, and Parulas. Myrtle Warblers were common throughout,but they seemed to prefer the Conifer Collection.

At about the same time, the resident birds settle in for thesummer. The Mimic Thrushes (not to be confused with thetrue Thrushes) are well represented among the Arboretum’ssummer bird fauna, all three eastern North American speciesbeing present. All are large and conspicuous with the abilityto mimic the calls of other bird species. The best mimic, the

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Mockingbird, is the least common of the three. It is primarilya bird of southeastern United States where it is in many placesone of the most common of the avian species. In the springof 1971 a nest was found in the Arboretum for the first time. A

pair of Mockingbirds raised at least two young in a smallAmerican Holly tree near the Bonsai House, and several sur-prised visitors to the Bonsai House were dive-bombed by theirate birds.

The repertoire of these large gray, black, and white birds isincredible. One evening in southern Pennsylvania I heard a

Mockingbird mimic with remarkable accuracy the songs of 23different species of birds at one sitting. The phrases of the songare repeated numerous times, and a single concert may proceedwithout prolonged interruption for nearly an hour. Unfortu-

nately these birds sometimes choose to sing at times when theyare not exactly appreciated. Trying to sleep with a Mockingbirdsounding off right outside one’s bedroom window at 3 : 00 A.M.can be a most frustrating experience.The Brown Thrasher is much more common than the Mock-

ingbird, but as a mimic it is far inferior. The song has as

pleasing a quality as that of its more talented relative, but isof shorter duration and the phrases are repeated only once ortwice. Looking like a large and ungainly, long-beaked, long-tailed, yellow-eyed Wood Thrush, with which it is frequentlyconfused, the Brown Thrasher is one of the Arboretum’s mostconspicuous summer birds. The Catbird, the third of the MimicThrushes, is about as common as the Brown Thrasher, butbecause of its smaller size, drab coloration, and secretive habits,it is less conspicuous. Its mewing call, usually made from alow, concealed perch, is the source of its common name. Incontrast to its relatives, the mimicking abilities of the catbirdare poorly developed, and the mimicked phrases are seldom

repeated.Of the several warblers that are summer residents in the

Arboretum, only the Yellow Warbler is common and conspicu-ous. The male is our only predominantly yellow bird. As thesewarblers prefer open shrubby areas, the Arboretum is a perfectplace for them. During the spring of 1971, several pairs tookup residence in the shrub collection and the lilacs, and the loud,clear "sweet-sweet-mary-mary-sweet" of the males was to beheard throughout the day in these areas.

Four members of the Blackbird Family are common summerresidents in the Arnold Arboretum - the Red-Wing and thePurple Grackle, mentioned earlier, the Cowbird, and the Balti-

Yellow Warblers are the most common of the three species of Warblerswhich presently nest in the Arnold Arboretum.Photo: Henry G. Daniels. Courtesy Massachusetts Audubon Society

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more Oriole. The male of the last is one of our most brightlycolored birds and is easily seen, even though the species showsa distinct preference for the taller shade trees. The rattlingchatter, made in flight, and the clear, flute-like whistles of theOrioles are familiar sounds here in the early summer. Althoughnot as elaborate as those of some of its tropical relatives, thehanging basket-like nest of the Baltimore Oriole is still one ofthe most remarkable to be built by any of our native birds.

Equally remarkable, but in a much different way, are thenesting habits of the Cowbird. This rather unattractive bird isa parasite, much like the completely unrelated Old WorldCuckoos. Rather than raising its own young as a respectablebird would do, the Cowbird lays its eggs in the nests of otherspecies, and then forgets about them. Particularly if they areof a smaller species, the offspring of the "foster parents" sufferat the expense of the young Cowbirds, frequently unable to

compete for food and ultimately being forced out of the nest.Three species of Flycatchers have nested in the Arboretum

during the past several years. The Robin-sized Crested Fly-catcher is rare and not easily seen. The call and the habits ofthe Eastern Phoebe are more distinctive than its plumage. Thesedrab-colored birds give the general impression of being nervousand high-strung, constantly wagging their tails while at rest

and making frequent short, darting flights in pursuit of insects.The somewhat plaintive call sounds very much like the bird’scommon name. The Eastern Kingbird is the most conspicuousof the Arboretum’s Flycatchers. Although its plumage is notbrightly colored, the bird’s white belly and terminal tail bandare strikingly contrasted with the dark upper parts. Like the

Phoebe, and most other Flycatchers for that matter, the King-bird makes short, darting flights from an exposed perch inpursuit of insects. However, its normal manner of flight, withstiff, jerky wingbeats, is distinctive, as is its habit of hoveringawkwardly in grassy areas, presumably to gain a vantage pointfor its insect-catching forays in the absence of a suitable perch.The Scarlet Tanager is the only representative of a large,

primarily tropical family to be found among the New Englandbird fauna. Tanagers as a group are colorful birds, and ournative species is no exception. Although they are among themost common birds in Eastern deciduous forests, Scarlet Tan-agers are somewhat secretive and not often seen.The Yellow-shafted Flicker is the largest of the several Wood-

peckers in the Arnold Arboretum, and the one most frequentlyseen in the summertime. It is also the only native Woodpecker

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which commonly descends to the ground, where it hops aboutsomewhat clumsily in search of ants. In flight the Flicker isunmistakable. The white rump patch is very conspicuous, andit is our only large bird with a "roller-coaster" flight.

Sparrows and finches are well represented among the summerbirds in the Arboretum, and two are of particular note. The

Indigo Bunting, a bird of fence rows and other sparsely woodedareas, finds numerous ideal habitats here. Although the maleis a brilliant blue color when seen by reflected sunlight, insilhouette or among foliage he appears merely as a nondescriptdark bird, and therefore not particularly conspicuous. The loudand varied song of these small birds, however, is one of themost frequently heard on summer days in the Arboretum.The Rufous-sided Towhee or Chewink, a larger, long-tailed

member of the Finch Family, is also common in the Arboretum.These black, white, and rusty-red birds prefer dense brush andare most often seen (or heard) scratching around among fallenleaves. The call, the familiar, slurred "chewink" and the song,"drink-your-tea" or "tow-hee" are the sources of both of the bird’scommon names.

As the summer wears on, the birds become less and less

conspicuous. With the moult of their breeding plumage, theybecome more secretive and the songs practically cease. TheGrackles and the Red-Wings have already gone south by theend of summer, and the waves of mostly dull-colored migrantssignal the beginning of autumn.

Changing Bird Populations in the Arnold ArboretumObservations on the birdlife of the Arnold Arboretum have

been recorded since the early days of the institution’s existence.The first published account, by Mr. C. E. Faxon in 1895 (Gardenand Forest 8: 292, 293. 1895), listed 50 species of birds asbreeding residents on the grounds at Jamaica Plain. Records

since then have shown marked changes in the composition ofthe resident bird fauna. From 1939 to the present, the Chil-dren’s Museum (Jamaica Plain) Bird Club, under the leader-ship of Miss Miriam Dickey, presently of the MassachusettsAudubon Society, have made regular bi-monthly walks in theArboretum. For the period 1968-1970, this group recorded atotal of 36 species seen on a nest or with young, and 6 addi-tional species whose behavior and numbers indicated that theyalso nested here. My own observations in 1971 have added

I 355two species to the list of breeding residents. Thus the numberof species nesting in the Arnold Arboretum has decreasd dur-ing the last 75 years, and the change has not only been a quanti-tative one. As certain species ceased to nest in the Arboretum,others moved in to take their place, but the influx of new specieshas not kept pace with the departure of the others. A compari-son of the breeding residents in 1895 with those in the period1968-1971 is made in Table 1.

During the last decade, the decline of several bird species hasreceived considerable attention throughout the United States.The reasons for this decline are for the most part numerous and

complex, but among them the toxic effects of pesticides havereceived the most study and publicity. The most effective pes-ticides, and those that have been most extensively used for along period of time are a class known as chlorinated hydrocar-bons - DDT, Dieldrin, Chlordane, etc. These compounds de-compose slowly, and when they are concentrated in the bodytissue (mostly fatty tissue) of birds calcium metabolism is

impaired. Since the chlorinated hydrocarbons are not solublein water, they cannot be concentrated in plant tissues. Seed-

eating birds, therefore, are not affected, but insectivorous andcarnivorous species have suffered greatly.

Of the birds that have ceased to nest in the Arnold Arboretum

during the last 75 years, most are of the insectivorous species.The Warblers in particular have declined. In 1895 nine speciesnested here while only three do so at present. Flycatchers andThrushes have also been disappearing. These groups are on

the decline in many areas, particularly urbanized ones. Pesti-

cides have certainly been responsible to some degree. However,insectivorous birds rarely show the type of reproductive failureattributed to pesticides that has been so well documented inthe decline of Hawks and their relatives. Therefore other fac-tors are involved. Urban conditions and civilization in generalpose insurmountable problems to many bird species. Nestingsites are destroyed and the habitat generally becomes unfavor-able. Predators - cats, dogs, squirrels, and man - becomemore numerous, and introduced bird species compete for foodand territory.The decline of certain of the birds which formerly nested in

the Arboretum has been well documented and is well under-stood. Bam Swallows, Bobolinks, and Vesper Sparrows have de-creased with the agriculture on which they are dependent.Bluebirds suffered heavy mortality during unusually severe

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Southern winters in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Suitable nestingsites, especially with the heavy competition by English Sparrowsand Starlings, have become increasingly rare, further hasten-ing their decline. Bobwhites have suffered from over-shootingand severe winters. It is thought that native Bobwhites arenow extinct in Massachusetts, and that the birds which are

occasionally seen have been stocked.Although land use in the Arnold Arboretum has changed

markedly since 1895, practices here do not appear to have

significantly affected the composition of the resident bird fauna.There are still relatively undisturbed habitats available, andspraying with chlorinated hydrocarbons has been discontinued.The reasons for the change must largely be looked for in theArboretum’s increasingly urbanized surroundings, as well as inchanging natural and man-influenced conditions throughout theEastern United States.

The appearance of new species of nesting birds in the Arbore-tum since 1895 has been a mixed blessing. The several speciesof alien birds - Ring-necked Pheasants, Pigeons, Starlings, andEnglish Sparrows - are a conspicuous element among thenewcomers. The last three are omnivorous, aggressive, and re-markably prolific and thus able to outcompete many nativespecies for food and nesting sites. The phenomenal increase inthe distribution and numbers of these aliens since their intro-duction has been in part responsible for the decline of severalof our most attractive native birds. A recent book, entitled "TheAlien Animals," by George Laycock (The Natural History Press),documents the introduction of these and other imported speciesand their effect on the native fauna. Much of the following in-formation has been taken from this fascinating book.

Although efforts had been made as early as 1730, the Ring-necked Pheasant, a native of China, was successfully intro-

duced into the United States in 1882. Judge Owen N. Denny,then the American consul in Shanghai, shipped a number ofthese birds to Oregon in that year, and most of the Pheasantsin this country are derived from that stock. Though Pheasantsregularly breed in the Northeast, the young birds suffer in

particularly damp springs, and many nests are destroyed dur-ing the hay-cutting season. Therefore regular stocking is re-

quired to keep up that population.The English "Sparrow," a native of the Old World, is related

to the Weaver Birds of tropical Africa and Asia rather than tothe true Sparrows. This noisy, gregarious bird has been car-ried by man to most of the temperate areas of the world. Eng-

A pair of Mockingbirds nested in the Arboretum for the first time on recordduring the summer of 1971. This nest was their second of the season.Photos: Top: Richard Weaver

Middle and bottom: P. Bruns

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lish Sparrows were introduced into a number of cities in theUnited States and Canada during the 1850’s and 1860’s, pri-marily by bird lovers who thought that they would be a wel-come addition to the fauna. By 1890 they had multipliedenormously, becoming serious pests in many areas, and effortswere already underway to eliminate them. The Sparrows’ ag-gressive tendencies were apparent from the beginning. In hismonumental series on the life histories of North American birds,the noted ornithologist Arthur Cleveland Bent wrote the fol-

lowing :

Many years ago, when I was a small boy, probably in thelate 1860’s or early 1870’s my uncle, who lived next doorto us in Taunton, Massachusetts, was the first to intro-duce English Sparrows into that immediate vicinity. Hebuilt a large flying cage in his garden that was roofedover, covered with netting on four sides, and well suppliedwith perches and nesting boxes. Here the sparrows were sowell fed and cared for that they soon began to breed. It

was not long before the cage became overcrowded, and heordered the coachman to put up numerous nesting boxesall over the place and to liberate the sparrows. They soonfilled all the new boxes, and also drove away the purplemartins, tree swallows, and house wrens from all the oldboxes.

The Starling has not been as widely introduced throughoutthe world as the English Sparrow, but in the United States ithas been equally successful. Starlings had been released inthis country numerous times during the nineteenth century,but the first successful introduction is thought to have takenplace in 1890. In that year, Mr. Eugene Scheifflin, a drug manu-facturer, released a number of these birds near Central Parkin New York City. They nested the same year they were re-leased, and the first known native-born Starlings in the UnitedStates were raised under the eaves of the American Museum ofNatural History. By 1925 Starlings were the most commonbirds in New York City, and they had extended their rangethroughout the nation east of the Mississippi River.

Mr. Scheifflin’s interest in Starlings can be traced to his hob-bies - the study of birds and the study of Shakespeare. Inwhat must be a unique instance in the history of Americanornithology, he decided to combine his hobbies by introducinginto the United States every bird mentioned by Shakespeare.

Brown Thrashers are among the most common and conspicuous summerbirds in the Arboretum.Photo: Allan D. Cruickshank. Courtesy Massachusetts Audubon Society

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The Starling qualified since it was mentioned once in Henry IV.The ancestry of the pigeon goes back to the Rock Dove of

temperate Europe and Asia. These birds have been domesti-cated for nearly 5000 years and during that time a large num-ber of unusual forms have appeared. Feral pigeons soon revertto their historic form and coloration, but they seldom desertthe haunts of man. Although they have long been a nuisancein cities around the world, pigeons were and still are valued byman for their homing instincts and show qualities. Theyprobably arrived in the United States with the first settlers, andare undoubtedly here to stay.

These alien birds have been so common and conspicuousthroughout most of our lifetimes that it is hard to imagine whatit was like without them. Other species among the newcomersare native to the United States but only recently have extendedtheir ranges northward into New England. The Cardinal was al-most unknown in Massachusetts 20 years ago, but it is now

a fairly common permanent resident. The Mockingbird fallsinto the same category, the first nest in the Arboretum havingbeen recorded this past spring.

With the decline of several of the insectivorous bird species,omnivorous species, which are as a group relatively immune topesticides, have appeared to take their place. Pigeons, EnglishSparrows, and Starlings are the most conspicuous examples ofthese, but Purple Grackles and Mourning Doves, both nativespecies, are also now nesting in the Arboretum.

Hawks, Owls, and other carnivores have suffered from theeffects of pesticides more than any other groups of birds. Hawksin particular are on the decline throughout the United States.Thus it is surprising that Miss Dickey found Red-tailed Hawksand Sparrow Hawks, as well as Great Horned Owls, to be prob-able nesters in the Arboretum. An abundant food supply, inthe form of English Sparrows, Chipmunks, and Gray Squirrels,is likely the attraction. If birds so sensitive to the effects ofcivilization as these do actually nest here, the decline in ourresident birds may be nearing an end.

RICHARD E. WEAVER

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TABLE 1

Breeding residents in the Arnold Arboretum

* Not actually seen on nest or with young, but behavior indicat-ing a nest in the vicinity.

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TABLE 2

Birds, both resident and transient, seen in theArnold Arboretum by the Children’s Museum Bird Club

during the period 1939-1968*Double-crested CormorantGreat Blue HeronLittle Green HeronBlack-crowned Night Heron*American Bittern*Canada GooseMallardBlack DuckWood Duck*Common Merganser*Goshawk

Sharp-shinned HawkCooper’s HawkRed-tailed HawkRed-shouldered Hawk

*Broad-winged Hawk*Rough-Iegged Hawk*Osprey*Duck Hawk

*Pigeon HawkSparrow Hawk*Ruffed Grouse*Bob-white

Ring-necked Pheasant*Semipalmated Plover* Killdeer*American Woodcock

Spotted SandpiperSolitary Sandpiper

*Lesser Yellow-legs*Semipalmated SandpiperGreat Black-backed Gull

Herring GullRing-billed GullRock Dove

Mourning Dove*Yellow-billed Cuckoo*Black-billed Cuckoo

*Barn OwlScreech Owl

*Great Horned Owl

*Snowy Owl*Barred Owl

* Whip-poor-willNighthawkChimney SwiftRuby-throated Hummingbird

* Infrequent or no longer seen

*Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson)Ardea herodias (Linnaeus)Butorides virescens (Linnaeus)Nycticorax nycticorax (Gmelin)*Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)*Branta canadensis (Linnaeus)Anas platyrhynchos (Linnaeus)Anas rupripes BrewsterAix sponsa (Linnaeus)*Mergus merganser Cassin*Accipitergentilis (Wilson)Accipiter striatus (Wilson)Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin)Buteo lineatus (Gmelin)*Buteo platypterus (Vieillot)*Buteo lagopus (Gmelin)*Pandion haliaoytus (Gmelin)*Falco peregrinus Bonaparte*Falco columbarius (Linnaeus)Falco sparverius (Linnaeus)*Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus)*Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus)Phasianus colchicus (Gmelin)*Charadrius hiaticula Bonaparte*Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus*Philohela minor (Gmelin)Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)Tringa solitaria Wilson*Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)*Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus)Larus marinus LinnaeusLarus argentatus CousesLarus delawarensis OrdColumba livia livia (Gmelin)Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus)*Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus)*Coccyzus erythrophthalmus

(Wilson)*Tyto alba (Bonaparte)Otus asio (Gmelin)*Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)*Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus)*Stix varia varia Barton

*Caprimulgus vociferus WilsonChordeiles minor (Forster)Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus)Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus)

In the wintertime, Black-capped Chickadees are frequent visitors to thebird feeder beside the Administration Building. Photo: Frank H. Wood.

Courtesy Massachusetts Audubon Society

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Belted KingfisherYellow-shafted Flicker

*Pileated WoodpeckerYellow-bellied SapsuckerHairy WoodpeckerDowny Woodpecker

*Arctic Three-toed WoodpeckerEastern KingbirdNorthern Crested FlycatcherEastern Phoebe

Wood Pewee

Tree Swallow*Bank Swallow

Rough-winged Swallow

Barn SwallowBlue JayCommon Crow

~ Fish Crow

Black-capped ChickadeeWhite-breasted NuthatchRed-breasted NuthatchBrown CreeperHouse Wren

MockingbirdCatbirdBrown ThrasherRobinWood Thrush

Hermit ThrushSwainson’s Thrush

Grey-cheeked ThrushEastern BluebirdGolden-crowned KingletRuby-crowned KingletCedar Waxwing*Northern Shrike

Starling*White-eyed VireoSolitary VireoRed-eyed Vireo*Philadelphia VireoWarbling VireoBlack and White Warbler

*Golden-winged Warbler*Brewster’s Warbler

Nashville Warbler

Orange-crowned WarblerParula WarblerYellow Warbler

Magnolia WarblerCape May WarblerBlack-throated Blue Warbler

Myrtle WarblerBlack-throated Green WarblerBlackburnian Warbler

Megaceryle alcyon (Linnaeus)Colaptes auratus Bangs*Hylatomus pileatus (Bangs)Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus)Dendrocopus villosus (Linnaeus)Dendrocopus pubescens

(Swainson)*Picoides arcticus (Swainson)Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)Myiarchus crinitus (Bangs)Sayornis phoebe (Latham)Contopus virens (Linnaeus)Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)

*Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)Stelgidopteryx ruficollis

(Audubon)Hirundo rustica Boddaert

Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus)Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm

~‘Corvus ossifragus WilsonParus atricapillus (Linnaeus)Sitta carolinensis (Latham)Sitta canadensis LinnaeusCerthia familiaris BonaparteTroglodytes aedonMimus polyglottos (Linnaeus)Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus)Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus)Turdus migratorius LinnaeusHylocichla mustelina (Gmelin)Hylocichla guttato Bangs & Penard

Hylocichla ustulata (Tschudi)Hylocichla minima (Baird)Sialia sialis (Linnaeus)Regulus satrapa LichtensteinRegulus calendula (Linnaeus)Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot*Lanius excubitor VieillotSturnus vulgaris Linnaeus*Vireo griseus (Gmelin)Vireo solitarius (Wilson)Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus)*Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin)Vireo gilvus (Vieillot)Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)*Vermxvora chrysoptera (Linnaeus)*Vermivora leuchobronchialis

(Brewster)Vermivora ruficapilla (Wilson)Vermivora celata (Say)Parula americana (Wilson)Dendroica petechia (Gmelin)Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin)Dendroica caerulescens (Gmelin)Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus)Dendroica virens (Gmelin)Dendroica fusca (Miiller)

365~°Yellow-throated WarblerChestnut-sided Warbler

Bay-breasted WarblerBlackpoll WarblerPine WarblerPrairie WarblerPalm WarblerOven-bird*Norther Water-thrush*Louisiana Water-thrushYellowthroat*Yellow-breasted Chat*Hooded WarblerCanada Warbler*Wilson WarblerAmerican RedstartHouse Sparrow*BobolinkEastern Meadowlark

Red-Wing*Orchard OrioleBaltimore Oriole

Rusty BlackbirdCommon GrackleBrown-headed Cowbird*Western TanagerScarlet TanagerEastern Cardinal

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Indigo Bunting*Evening Grosbeak

Purple Finch*Pine Grosbeak*Common RedpollPine SiskinAmerican Goldfinch*Red Crossbill

*White-winged CrossbillRufous-breasted Towhee

Savannah Sparrow

Vesper Sparrow*Lark SparrowSlate-colored JuncoTree SparrowChipping SparrowField SparrowWhite-crowned SparrowWhite-throated SparrowFox Sparrow*Swamp SparrowSong Sparrow*Snow Bunting

*Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus)Dendroica pennsylvanica

(Linnaeus)Dendroica castanea (Wilson)Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster)Dendroica pinus (Wilson)Dendroica discolor (Vieillot)Dendroica palmarumSeiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus)*Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmelin)*Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot)Geothlypis trichas (Swainson)

*Icteria virens (Linnaeus)*Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert)Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus)*Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson)Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)*Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)Sturnella magna (Linnaeus)Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus)

*Icterus spurius (Linnaeus)Icterus galbula (Linnaeus)Euphagus carolinus (Muller)Quiscalus quisculaMolothrus ater ater (Boddaert)"Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)Piranga erythromelas VieillotRichmondena cardinalis

(Linnaeus)Pheucticus ludovicianus

(Linnaeus)Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus)*Hesperiphona vespertina (W.

Cooper)Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)

*Pinicola enucleator (Muller)*Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus)Spinus pinus (Wilson)Spinus tristis (Linnaeus)

*Loxia curvirostra Brehm~Loxia leucoptera GmelinPipilo erythrophthalmus

(Linnaeus)Passerculus sandwichensis

(Wilson)Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin)*Chondestes grammacus (Say)Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus)Spizella arborea (Wilson)Spizella passerina (Bechstein)Spizella pusilla (Wilson)Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster)Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)Passerells iliaca iliaca (Merrem)*Melospiza georgiana (Latham)Melospiza melodia (Wilson)*Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus)