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Biotechnology education at Purdue University and beyond
Peter Goldsbrough
Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University
January 2006
Outline
Survey of major ag biotech products Adoption of biotech products Products that have failed Obstacles to the deployment of ag
biotech products Some examples of biotechnology
educational programs
Timeline
1973 First recombinant DNA molecules
1978 First plant genes cloned
1983 Transgenic plants produced
1994 Flavr Savr tomato marketed
1996 Roundup Ready soybeans planted commercially
1998 First UK supermarket bans GM foods
2002 Approval to grow Bt cotton in India
What are the products of agricultural biotechnology? Herbicide resistance
– soybeans, cotton, canola, corn Insect resistance
– cotton, corn Virus resistance
– papaya, squash Others (most not yet commercialized)
– nutritional content, shelf life, flower color, pharma crops ….
Impact of Roundup Ready beans
Improved weed control Reduced cost of weed control
– for all growers– impact on other herbicide
manufacturers Increased use of no-till planting
– reduced soil erosion
Why do growers love Roundup Ready soybeans?
Reduced production costs Greater flexibility for weed control Increased yield?
Bt cotton
Produces a Cry toxin protein from Bacillus thuringiensis
Used to control a number of insect pests– cotton bollworm, budworm
Introduced in 1996, now planted on 76% of US cotton acreage
Global adoption of Bt cotton
Bt cotton has been planted in many countries, 21% of global acreage– US, India, China, Australia, South Africa
Contributed to a dramatic reduction in insecticide use (more than 50% in some areas)
Limited food safety concerns Bollgard II recently introduced
– expresses two different Cry proteins
Virus resistance
Papaya ringspot virus decimated the papaya industry in Hawaii in the 1990s
Dennis Gonsalves et al. developed transgenic papaya expressing PRSV coat protein, resistant to the virus
Virus resistance
Transgenic papaya grown in Hawaii for several years
Restored the papaya industry
Increased exports of non-transgenic papaya
Adoption of GM crops
Steady increase in global plantings of GM crops
High market penetration in the US
GM crops on the rise?
GM crops are planted on only 5% of the world's farmland– account for >50% of
only one crop, soybeans
Lots of opportunity for growth!
Some GM product “failures”
Flavr Savr tomato Bt potato High methionine soybean Roundup Ready wheat Weevil resistant pea
What are the obstacles to the greater use of GM crops? Scientific discovery Cost of development Economic benefits Intellectual property constraints Regulatory issues Consumer acceptance
What role for biotechnology education?
Agricultural biotechnology education at Purdue Purdue students
– HORT 350 Biotechnology in Agriculture High school teachers
– Summer class on biotechnology School-age children
– Apple genomics The general public
HORT 350 Biotechnology in Agriculture Semester course for junior and senior
undergraduate students The science of biotechnology and
transgenic organisms Applications of biotechnology, primarily
in agriculture Regulations and controversies
surrounding ag biotechnology
Biotechnology education for teachers HORT 350 converted to a distance
education course for teachers Taught by Dr. Kathryn Orvis Encourages incorporation of genetics
and biotechnology into the school curriculum
Teachers develop and share lesson plans on biotechnology
Biotechnology education for children Apple genomics research program
supported by the National Science Foundation
At Purdue, we are developing web-based educational material to explain the science of genomics
Targeted at school-age children Uses apple as the model
Apple genomics education
Use animations to explain topics DNA cloning DNA sequencing Gene expression Microarrays
From Lego blocks to nucleotides
Lego building blocks are used to represent nucleotides in DNA
Connectors on blocks represent the hydoxyl and phosphate groups
These join together to make a stack of blocks
or a DNA molecule
DNA sequencing with Lego blocks Connectors on Lego
blocks represent chemical groups
Different colors of blocks represent bases
Blocks without connectors represent dideoxy nucleotides used for sequencing
DNA sequencing with Legos
See the animation, “Modeling DNA Sequencing with Lego Blocks under Apple Molecular Biology – Cloning, on this website.
Other animations
Two additional animations, showing biotechnology processes are on this webpage, under the For Educators” section:
The gene gun Agrobacterium