Biosecurity risk of native fungi

Peter JohnstonLandcare Research, Auckland

New Zealand

Dictyosporium toruloides Exotic

Diplocarpon mespili Exotic

Discostroma corticola Exotic

Elsinoe pyri Exotic

Eutypa lata Exotic

Gibberella intricans Exotic

Gloeodes pomigena Exotic

Leptothyrium pomi Exotic

Lophium mytilinum Exotic

Marasmius oreades Exotic

Monilinia fructicola Exotic

Nectria cinnabarina Exotic

Neofabraea alba Exotic

Neonectria ditissma Exotic

Otthia spiraeae Exotic

Phoma glomerata Exotic

Phoma macrostoma ExoticPhoma macrostoma var. macrostoma Exotic

Phytophthora cactorum Exotic

Phytophthora syringae Exotic

Pleospora herbarum Exotic

Pleurophoma cava Exotic

Podosphaera leucotricha Exotic

Rosellinia necatrix Exotic

Trametes velutina Exotic

Trametes versicolor Exotic

Truncatella angustata Exotic

Tyromyces fissilis Exotic

Venturia asperata Exotic

Venturia inaequalis Exotic

apples in NZ

black spotVenturia inaequalis

Dictyosporium toruloides Exotic

Diplocarpon mespili Exotic

Discostroma corticola Exotic

Elsinoe pyri Exotic

Eutypa lata Exotic

Gibberella intricans Exotic

Gloeodes pomigena Exotic

Leptothyrium pomi Exotic

Lophium mytilinum Exotic

Marasmius oreades Exotic

Monilinia fructicola Exotic

Nectria cinnabarina Exotic

Neofabraea alba Exotic

Neonectria ditissma Exotic

Otthia spiraeae Exotic

Phoma glomerata Exotic

Phoma macrostoma ExoticPhoma macrostoma var. macrostoma Exotic

Phytophthora cactorum Exotic

Phytophthora syringae Exotic

Pleospora herbarum Exotic

Pleurophoma cava Exotic

Podosphaera leucotricha Exotic

Rosellinia necatrix Exotic

Trametes velutina Exotic

Trametes versicolor Exotic

Truncatella angustata Exotic

Tyromyces fissilis Exotic

Venturia asperata Exotic

Venturia inaequalis Exotic

Trametes zonata Indigenous EndemicArcyria oerstedii Indigenous Non endemicAuriculariopsis ampla Indigenous Non endemicCalosphaeria Indigenous Non endemicDendryphiella vinosa Indigenous Non endemicDiderma asteroides Indigenous Non endemicGibberella baccata Indigenous Non endemicGlonium parvulum Indigenous Non endemicLeucostoma persoonii Indigenous Non endemicNectria pseudotrichia Indigenous Non endemicPeniophora lycii Indigenous Non endemicPerichaena chrysosperma Indigenous Non endemicPerichaena depressa Indigenous Non endemicPolyporus arcularius Indigenous Non endemic

apples in NZ

Indigenous/exotic fungi

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Nothofagus

Weinm

annia

Beilschm

iedi a

Agathis

Pinus

Quercus

Salix

Malus

Acacia

EucalyptusExoticIndigenous

Indigenous/exotic fungi

Interesting – but why does this matter?

Provides completely new evolutionary opportunities for some native fungi of New

Zealand to evolve in new directions

drivers of fungal evolution

• highly mobile, hence reduced opportunity for geographic isolation to create barriers to gene flow

• many fungal species host-specialised• perhaps it is biological isolation rather than

geographic isolation that is the major driver of fungal evolution?

Torrendiella evolution

Torrendiella evolution

recent examples

• Cryptosporiopsis actinidiae– first described as a kiwifruit fruit rot– later found to be common and widespread in

native forests

recent examples

Trouillas et al., Mycologia 102: 319-336, 2010

recent examples

• Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato

• Ceratocystis

South African clade

North American clade

southern Asia clade

South American clade

Van Wyk et al. Fungal Diversity 34: 175-185, 2009

C. fimbriata

• Ceratocystis

South African clade

North American clade

southern Asia clade

South American clade

Van Wyk et al. Fungal Diversity 34: 175-185, 2009

C. fimbriata

• North American clade

• host specialised populations

Johnson et al. Mycologia 97: 1067-1092, 2005

C. fimbriata

• Ceratocystis

South African clade

North American clade

southern Asia clade

South American clade

host switches to EucalyptusC. fimbriata

Van Wyk et al. Fungal Diversity 34: 175-185, 2009

recent examples

• Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato– host switches of South American populations

to Eucalyptus• Puccinia psidii

– host switch to Eucalyptus within South America

• Chrysoporthe spp. – host switches to Eucalyptus of several

species in tropical and subtropical regions

so ....• biological specialisation is a driver of fungal

evolution– host specialised clades (Torrendiella; Ceratocystis; etc.)

• native fungi common on newly introduced plants– these plants provide the native fungi with novel

evolutionary opportunities• development of new diseases (e.g. Myrtle rust on

Eucalyptus)• in the longer term the evolution of new species (e.g.

Torrendiella switch from Eucalyptus to Coriaria)

sentinel plants• native plants established overseas to

discover which exotic fungal species may be a risk if these fungi were to be introduced to the source country in the future

• risks?– providing conditions to encourage evolution of

new diseases– e.g. Eucalypus-associated diseases

• Ceratocytis• Puccinia• Chrysoporthe, etc