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Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
2
Martine Laurijssens DVM
specialistic advisor, auditor
Coordinator project compartmentalisation AI
Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA)
(thanks to the approved compartment: “pictures” and
Wageningen University of agriculture Research center: independant
investigation “Risk of poultry compartments for transmission of High
Pathogenic Avian Influenza”)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Def compartmentalisation:
a procedure to establish subpopulations of distinct
health status based on management and
biosecurity factors (OIE)
Compartmentalisation means defining certain
subpopulations of farms which on the basis of their
management and husbandry practices are
considered to realize a high biosecurity (WUR)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Definition biosecurity
a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases, (quarantined pests, invasive alien species, living modified organisms.)
Goal compartmentalisation (OIE)
Serving to guarantee the health status of an animal health subpopulation
To avoid interruptions to trade in animals and animal products
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Biosecurity management should be common for all establishments involved. But: every establishment has its own specific situation (skills, characteristics farmer, activities, holding situated near agriculture grounds, waterways, birds, free range farms in environment etc.)
Biosecurity measures: not only theory but also applicable.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Motivation
Make it as simple/easy as
possible but be consequent.
Explain why (awareness)
Discipline/routine
Good coöperation
and confidence enterprise-
CA!
6
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Money
Pressure of production
Pressure of market (crisis)
No interruption to trade
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Knowledge
Know your enemy! This is AI virus (HACCP)
• Lack of - (scientists,
entrepreneur, farmer,
CA)
• Change of personnel
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Avian Influenza virus Orthomyxo
Survival: • Organic materials ( feces,
nasal discharge) ln manure up to 7 days 7, 35 days 4 C.
• Temperature (Thermolabile 56° C,30m)
Ph (acid)
Salinity
Replication: mainly in respiratory, intestinal, reproductive tissues
Transmission? Direct: Fecal-oral, Indirect: aerosol, fomites
Antiviral disinfectans (see later)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
LPAI: resp tracts : coughing sneezing, lachrymation, decreased egg prod, misshapen thin, pale eggs, depression, decreased feed and water intake
HPAI: First sign: high mortality
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Compartment level Biosecurity plan (see dir. (EC) 616/2009)
Activities (breeding, rearing, broilers, layer hens, eggs, hatchery etc.)
Transport of eggs or live chickens (vehicles)
Number of holdings within compartment, locations + environment, type of ventilation (high pressure?). Staff
Inputs, outputs. Routings (storage,vehicles,services, deliveries, removals, traceability)
Interactions, external contacts (eg suppliers, import)
Early warning (I. clin signs, 2 succ days 5% food/water, eggprod. II. older 10 days mort. 0.5 % or mort 3 % a week), tests (serologyELISA,PT-PCR), vaccinations, sampling, education (pers)
Cleaning and disinfection plan (also vehicles), pest control, wild bird control
HACCP!
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Part of the chain
No transport of live chickens
All in all out, 3-4 weeks cleaning period
1 km zone no poultry
Indicator biosecurity: mycoplasma synoviae
HPAI<10 km zone: holding excluded
Pullets 15 weeks: 30 samples <8 weeks before transport
parent stock farms (AI neg)
transport eggs (own transport, monday)
layer chicken hatchery (separate hatch)
transport one day old chicken
rearing farms (contract) all in all out, 3-4
period of cleaning
transport pullets (AI neg, own,monday)
laying farms (1 km, all in all out, 3-4
period of cleaning) compartment transport eggs (own, dedicated, 1-1)
incubation centre (excl.dedicated)
delivery
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
13
Compartment level
Localisation on national level
Number of holdings Distance:
between holdings
from densely populated poultry areas
from water
from wildlife resting (migratory routes )
from border
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
3 km zone
Poultry farms (free range!)
Poultry slaughterhouse
Market
Zoo
Petting Zoo etc.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
1 km zone
See previous slide
Poultry farms (free range!)
Poultry slaughterhouse
Market
Zoo
Petting Zoo etc.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Visit every holding
17
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Crops
Pastures
Waterways
Birds
Roads
Other holdings etc.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
First contact
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
First contact
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
First contact
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Questions
Personel (temporaly?)
Rules?
Family (poultry farms?)
Contacts? services, supplies, removals, rendering
How many chickens?
Other actvities? Animals, crops
etc
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Routings
outside
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Clean routings
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Going inside
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
72 hours rule!
registration
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Hygiene unit (shower)
Routing
Clothes
Soap/shampoo
Towels
Shoes/boots
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Registration
visitors (72 hours rule
early warning
traceability
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Hygiene
Health status
Ventilation
Feed
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Collecting eggs
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Disinfection unit eggs
Fumigation
With?
o Formaldehyde and
permangate
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Disinfection unit
eggs
Disinfect
containers before
return
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Removal of
Carcases,
Dirty/cracked eggs
or dead in shell
eggs
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Removal of
Carcases,
Dirty/cracked eggs or
dead in shell eggs
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Removal of
samples (blood, feed
etc)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Farm level
Make a tour outside
State of building
Routing
Manure storage
Hygiene
Birds/trees/crops etc.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Means of disinfection
Antiviral
Suitable for the intended
use
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Walls, floors, ceilings, equipment, package materials means of transport! OIE:
Quaternary ammoniumsalts (4%)
Potassium peroxomonosulphate + sulphamic acid + sodiumalkylbenzene (ready to use product) (or stables empty 30 days)
Walls and floors
CalciumHydroxide: 3 %
Floors
Creosolic acid 2.2 %
Synthetic phenols 2%
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Fumigation
Formalin and permangate
Hands
Alcohol 70 %
Feed, lucerne, grit, bedding materials
>56 ° C (133 ° F), 30 min or 60 minutes (no consensus) if possible? (quarantine)
In activators
heating to 56 gr C (133 gr F) for a minmum of 60 minutes
ionizing radiation
low pH (pH 2)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Risks (examples)
Human failure (communication,
disciplin)
Incubation period First sign: inf 7 days
First dead: inf 14 days
Knowledge: spread, causes of outbreaks
Uncontrollable factors (water)birds, wind (Netherlands!) (HACCP?)
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
HACCP
If the prerequisits are
not sufficient to protect
against AI:
specific measures are
needed eg extra
testing.
Biosecurity measures
for compartments with respect to avian influenza:
practical aspects
Dir. EC 852/2004
Identify the hazard (AI) in every step
Identify the critical control points (prerequisits not sufficient)
establishing critical limits at critical control points (zero)
effective monitoring procedures (eg tests)
corrective actions when CCP not under control (eg no entrance)
verify that the measures are effective (internal audit)
documents and records!