SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

BIOREMIDIATION

Case Study

Sebuah perusahaan POM BENSIN terbesar di Las Vegas, USA

sedang menhadapi masalah serius. Tangki yang ditanam dalam

tanah sedalam 10 meter mengalami kebocoran.

Jika Anda sebagai Konsultan, diminta

untuk menyelesaikan masalah

perusahaan POM BENSIN, Las Vegas,

USA tersebut. Apa yang akan anda

lakukan ?

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What is BIOREMEDIATION

The technology used to speed up the natural processes

of waste degradation and recycling

Use of naturally occurring microorganism such as

bacteria, fungi, and yeast to degrade pollutants or

hazardous substances in soil, water and air into non-

toxic or less toxic substances in order to return the

environment to its original natural condition

RELATED TOPICS

BIOREMIDIATION

ENVIRONMENTS

POLLUTANS

PHYTOREMIDIATION

CELLS IMMOBILIZATION

BIOREMIDIATION

TECHNIQUE

ENZYMES SEPARATION

AND IDENTIFICATION

PLANTS (Phytoremediation)

ENZYME

INORGANICORGANIC

TRIPLE CORNERS PROSESS

POLLUTANS

ORGANISMENVIRONMENT

MICROORGANISMSOILWATERAIR Confining

Unit

Water table

Saline Water

Lateralintrusion of saline water

Ocean

Municipalwater well

Abandonedoil well

DeepAquifer

pond

Infiltration ofpesticides andfertilizers from

farmlands

Brine leakage from ruptured well casing

septic tank leakage

Fresh water

Accidental fuel spill

Municipal landfill

Leakage from hazardous waste site

Contaminated shallow

well

Leakingpetroleum

tank

ConfiningUnit

POLLUTANS

PENCEMAR

senyawa- senyawa yang secara

alami ditemukan di alam tetapi

jumlahnya (konsentrasinya) sangat

tinggi tidak alami

Contoh : Minyak mentah, fosfat,

Logam berat SENYAWA XENOBIOTIK

senyawa kimia hasil rekayasa

manusia yang sebelumnya tidak

pernah ditemukan di alam

Contoh : Pestisida, Herbisida,

Plastik, Serat Sintetis

POLLUTANTS

Bio-degradable

petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) •crude oil

compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) •some

pesticides (malathion) •some industrial solvents •coal

compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)

Partially degradable / Persistent

TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water •PCE

(perchlorethlene) dry cleaning solvent •PCB’s (have been

degraded in labs, but not in field work) •Arsenic,

Chromium, Selenium

Not degradable / Recalcitrant

Uranium •Mercury •DDT

TYPE & KIND ORGANISMS

Fungi

Plants (Phytoremediation)

Bacteria

Natural Community

Bioaugmentation

MICROORGANISM

1- Isolation of the microorganism

5- Determination of the biodegradation

efficiency

4- Optimization of the biodegradation

conditions

3- Identification of the microbial isolate

2- Purification of the obtained isolates

6- Identification of the biodegradation products.

7- Cell or enzyme immobilization.

8- Enzyme identification.

GMO APPLICATION FOR

BIOREMIDIATION

Deinococcus radiodurans

organisme paling radioresistant

dimodifikasi untuk dapat mencerna

toluene dan ionic mercury dari limbah

dg kandunga radioactive nuclear yang

tinggi

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR BIOREMEDIATION

Aerobic – where oxygen in some form is added to

the treatment environment

Anaerobic – where nitrate, iron, or other electron

acceptor is added to the treatment environment

Combinations - where a combination of the above is

used, often in pulses

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoremediation is use of plants (HYPERACCUMULATOR

PLANT) for accumulation, removal or conversion of pollutants.

TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN

PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR

(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO

TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN

TERURAI TDK BERBAHAYA

PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN

HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT

Can adsorb more than 10.000 ppm for Mn, Zn, Ni

> 1.000 ppm for Cu and Se

> 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb and Co

METAL CONTAMNANTS IN THE SOIL

are ABSORBED by the roots (UPTAKE)

move in to shoot (TRANSLOCATION)

are STORED in the shoot (ACCUMULATION)

Alyssum murale

Nicotina tabbacum

Thiaspi caerulescens

Berkheya sp

FITOREMIDIATION BENEFIT

LOW COST OPERATIONAL

DESCRESE CONTAMINANT POLLUTANS

NATURALLY

CONTAMINATED PLANT CAN USED AS FUEL

MYCOREMEDIATION

USE FUNGGI AS DECONTAMINATION AREAL

USED FUNGAL MYCELIA

EX: DIESEL OIL CONTAMINATED AREA

INOCULATE WITH OYSTER FUNGI. CAN

CHANGE PAH (polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon) CO2 + H2O

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What Biological Technologies Are Available?

In situ Bioremediation (ISB) or Enhanced

Bioremediation

Natural Bioremediation (Biostimulastion)

Biopiles

Bioreactors

Bioventing/ Biosparging

Engineered Treatment Cells

A) Soil bioremediation:

(1) In-situ (without excavation).

(2) Ex-situ (with excavation).

Bioremediation techniques

Source Zone Treatment vs.

Plume Treatment

TYPES TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGY– Natural attenuation

• Example: phytoremediation

(hyperaccumulators) store heavy metals

in vacuoles– Sebertia acuminata 20% dry weight is

nickel.

– Plants on side of freeways are taking up

lead from gas exhaust

– Bio-stimulation• Add nutrients (nitrate/sulfate) that cause

blooms of naturally occurring microbial

bioremediators.– Example: bacteria that metabolize

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or

polychlorinated biphenyls

Bioaugmentation

Definition: The addition of

microorganisms to the reaction chamber

whether in situ or above ground

Considerations before bioaugmenting:

Ability to survive

Ability to function

Assurances that they are nonpathogenic to

higher life forms

–Alter organisms to manufacture proteins for desired metabolism

»Yellow poplar tree given enzyme mercuric reductase thrives

in mercury soil, cadmium, TCE

»Bacteria gene breaks down TNT is linked to jellyfish gene

that glows. Bacteria spread on soil glows green near

explosives

»Chakrabarty first patented oil eater bacterium. Combined 4

plasmids in one bacterial cell gave it the ability to degrade

four components of crude oil.

TECHNOLOGY-OTHER OPTIONS

Bioventing

treating soil by drawing oxygen though it to stimulate microbe growth

Composting

contaminated soils mixed with a bulking agent and exposed to air

Landfarming

adaptation of traditional farming techniques (aerating, ploughing) to contaminated areas to increase microbes activity

IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)

BIOVENTING

Pemompaan udara dan

Nutrisi

AIR SPARGING

Pememompaan udara

untuk meningkatkan

aktifitas degradasi oleh

mikroba

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)

INJEKSI HIDROGEN

PEROXIDA

menggunakan sprinkler

atau pemipaan

SUMUR EKSTRAKSI

mengeluarkan air tanah

yang kemudian ditambah

nutrisi dan oksigen dan

dimasukkan kembalike

tanah melalui sumur

injeksi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

Tanah terkontaminasi diangkat ke dan diperlakukan di

permukaan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

SLURRY PHASE

menggunakan bioreaktor

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

COMPOSTING

Limbah dicampur dengan jerami atau bahan lain

untuk mempermudah masuknya air, udara dan nutrisi

Tiga tipe Pengomposan :

1. Dalam Vessel

2. Mechanically Agigated in-vessel

3. Tumpukan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

BIOPILE

Tanah yang tercemar tidak dipindahkan namun

diangkat ke permukaan, ditumpuk dan diberi perlakuan

penambahan air, udara dan nutrisi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

LAND FARMING

Tanah terkontaminasi dipindahkan dan disebar di

permukaan lapangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan

penambahan bakteri, air, udara dan nutrisi

1- High density poly ethylene (HDPE)

2- Sump pump to collect leachate

3- Layer of pea gravel

4- Layer of polluted soil to be treated

5- Chopped alfalfa hay to retain moisture

6- Wheels on sprinkler piping system

7- Piping frame, aluminum or PVC pipes with

frequent holes, sufficient to allow water,

nutrients and bacteria to treat the land farm

plot

8- Flexible leachate collection hose

9- Bypass valve that allows leachate to be

circulated directly to water distribution tank,

10- Recirculation hose

11- Alken-Murray Bioactivator 2000,

bioreactor unit

12- Fresh water supply hoses

13- Pumps for fresh water

14- Treated water hose

15- Water distribution tank

16- Pump for distribution tank

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (COMBINATION IN SITU & EX-SITU PROCESSING)

WATER AND GAS BIOREMIDIATION

Biofiltration is a process, in which,

microorganisms supported on inert

materials are used to degrade organic

pollutants for air, gas and water

bioremediation.

Types of biofilters:

1- Bioscrubbers.

2- Biotrickling filters.

3- Slow sand or carbon filters.

Bioscrubber filters

Slow sand or carbon filters

Slow sand or carbon filters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm layer) on the top few millimetres of the fine sand or carbon layer.

This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae (i.e. rotifers).

Metals bioremediation

mechanisms

Solubilization(Bioleaching)

Complexation(Bioaccomulation)

(Biosorption)

Metal immobilization

Precipitation

- H2S producing bacteria

- Siderophores.

- Metal reduction.

- Exopolysaccharide.

- Lipoproteins.

- Organic acids.

- Siderophores.

- Root exudates.

pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)

SEM images of selenium-siderophore

complex formed in P. stutzeri culture

filtrate.

Chemical structure of some siderophores

COMPARISON OF BIOREMEDIATION AND OTHER

TECHNIQUES

Soil Gas Extraction: A process by which petroleum

vapors are removed from the soil using wells and

vacuum pumps. Volatile compounds are extracted from

the area between soil particles by applying negative

pressure to screened wells in the vadose zone.

Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: A process by which

soil is excavated and fed into a mobile unit designed to

heat the soil and drive off contaminates.

Excavation: A process which involves the digging up of

contaminated soils and hauling them away.

Treatment Options for Contaminated Soilsfrom Natusch, 1997.

Remediation Method

Excavation-landfill

Containment on-site

Landfarming/Bio

Co-burning

Stabilisation

Thermal desorption

Soil washing

Vapour extraction

Dechlorination

% Use in Australia

60-90

10-30

15-20

<5

5-10

<5

<5

<5

<1

Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes Compared With Other Remediation Technologies

(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and

(3) the cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .

Limitations to Bioremediation

Timescale

Residual Contaminants Levels

Inconsistency

Recalcitrant Pollutants eg DDT, PAHs

Bioavailability

Degrading microorganisms

Aqueous solubility

Toxicity

CHALLENGES OF

INNOVATION

Technology Quality / Success

Available Market

Investment Capital

Competent Management

Regulatory Acknowledgment

Right Timing

Good Public Perception

Good Information Dissemination

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

Case study 2:

THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

Kasus tumpahnya minyak dari Supertanker milik Exxon di lepas pantai Alaska pada 23 Maret 1989 telah menjadi perhatian pemerhati lingkungan. Sampai saat ini, tumpahnya minyak ke laut yang dilakukan oleh Kapal Exxon itu adalah yang terbesar: lebih dari 12 juta gallon minyak mentah. Hal ini dianggap sebagai salah satu bencana lingkungan paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Peristiwa Exxon Valdez adalah yang terbesar yang pernah di perairan AS. Daerah ini merupakan habitat salmon,berang-berang laut, anjing laut dan burung laut.Berbagai tuntutan telah dialamatkan ke Exxon, terutama oleh para pihak yang menggantungkan hidupnya dari laut Prince Willian Sound, Alaska. Exxon sendiri telah menghabiskan dana lebih dari $ 2,1 miliar untuk membersihkan lingkungan laut dari tumpahan minyak. Ia juga harus berhadapan dengan pemerintah Amerika dan Alaska yang mengejar Exxon terlibat dalam perbuatan pidana yang bertentangan dengan Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, dan Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Exxon mengaku bersalah dan membayar denda $ 150juta.

Jika Anda sebagai utusan konsultan lingkungan diminta membantu permasalahan PT. Exxon Valdez tersebut. Apa solusi yang akan anda tawarkan pada perusahaan tersebut ?• Identifikasi faktor permasalahan (polutan,

lingkungan, mikroorganisme)

• Solusi penanggulangan