Biopolitics - an advanced introduction

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biopolitics

Medne, ehnene, and Heah n he 21 Cenury

General Ediors: c J. Cp L J

Missing Bodies: Te Poliics o Visibiliy

c J. Cp L J

Agains Healh: How Healh Became he New Moraliy Jh . zl A Kl

Is Breas Bes? aking on he Breaseeding Expers andhe New High Sakes o Moherhood

J B. Wl

Biopoliics: An Advanced InroducionT L


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B

An Advanced Introduction

Tomas Lemke

Translated by

Eric Frederick rump

a

N E W Y O R K U N I V E R S I Y P R E S SNew York and London


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NW YORK UNIVRIY PR

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v

Cnen

Foreword by Monica J. Casper and Lisa Jean Moore vii

Preface xi

Ic 1

L h B Plc 9

L Ojc Plc 23

T Gv Lvg Bg: chl cl 33 vg Pw B L: Gg Ag 53

Cpl h Lvg l: 65 chl H A Ng

T Dppc Plc 77

T Rv N 93

Vl Plc Bc 105

Ppc: A Alc Bplc 117

Notes 125

References 129

Index 139

About the Author 145


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vii

Frewrd

I N C R E A I N G H E Bplc Nw Y U-

v P, w hp chv vl llcl pgcgl. , w w lc cg w pjcxg h p c c chcc

wh h lv. c, w w -cpl chlhp h l, lzg h cp p-l h h l chcc cc l hgh v, vlppg, v cp-

g lcl l. I h v, h c c cc h l chlg,cc, c, clcl pcc. T, w w cgg chlhp h l lh xp g chl. A ll, w w f hhcl c plc lg pcl h-

gphc w.I wh g h gl hcl v h w lgh f h h glh l T L

Biopoliics, plh gll G. I , c, wv h plc, gvl, l l hv -c ccp wl l gg cc ch-lg () clz , cll c , / hlh ll . Hwv, h c h h h l, v q, hcl cv h h g. All , chl c


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viii Foreword

vl h cl, xpl, Ag q

cl v wh ch h hw h w gh ppl cp cc. Wh h ll c -cc chlhp plcl pc ,lg vg h cqc, w lv l gg hcl v gg 21-c plc.

T L l g hgh h plcl l-cp. H ch cl cl plcl h, -gzl clg, cl gc pc-v chlg. H cv h Ph.D. plcl cc 1996 h Jh Wlgg Gh Uv , G. H cl Hg P clg whc Bchlg, N, c h cl -

cl cc h Gh Uv. 1997 2006, h w p clg Wppl Uv. H lhl vg llwhp Glh Cllg L (2001) Nw Y Uv (2003). A plc chl, L hv h l Foucaul Sudies cl Disinkion: Scandinavian Journal o Social Teory. H hplh jl cl h gvl,, plc, cl h, gc chlg, hlh .

IBiopoliics, L f h chll c h plc. T , h w, gl g p hcl vvw h ccp pl-c, whl l xplg h lvc cp h-

cl cv . Y h , L q xv h pjc, cgzg h ch -c vvw cl p h hcl c -h. H c h h l cc h h

plc cl ccp h hcl v l. Rh h ll j hgh h p,


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Foreword ix

h gc llcl v h hg

c l wlg plc. A wh h , Biopoliics h abouwlg h -g h h is wlg h g. T ,h, vll h gg cv wh plc, hw l h hg cll L, wh w gh g h.

L l pplcl. H gv h w g h ch chl cl, Gg Ag, A- Ng, chl H, Ag Hll, c h, AhG, D , Pl Rw, Nl R. H w ggphcll pcc xpl ll h w, ch c G g Wl W II, h h lc xclvl h hlj Wl W II w

pcc . H l chp xpl glc plc, ch h w Rl Gl-ch, vl plc, h Chcg chl h cpl, -cc. L vvw xhv, h . Rh, h l lg w chlhp plc. T c h , ch plc, hl cl l l v h chl pc w h .

I h, T L Biopoliics gc gg- wh g chl, cllcg vll -c plcl ccp, , h, g .H h f wh wh wh wh h v-xpg

wlg. W l w h cp, wll h p h chl g pg h c.

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xi

Prefae

H I S B O O K H A S g pcc hcl cll. I

ccl cl plcl v w hv wc h h c. I h p , llcl h U hv h plc c hg h w 9/11, h ll, cl chlgcl v- ch cll ch, h h g pjc. Ih , h ccp plc h v -

pv lz hw h pc pc l cl wh h pl h; gp hwh c h g l (.g., G A Gh) l g pz hc h- cpl l xpcc.

Whl p plcl hcl q

hv plg h plc, - ccg v cc w. Hwv, h - h h pc plc c hh cp hg l p . Nvh-l, h h l cl p vw h pccg plc cl h phlph. Whl

plc vwh, h w p c-xlz c h f hcl p gg h . Ag h cg, I hgh gh l pv c vvw h h h pl-c xpl lvc cp hcl .


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xii Preface

T l h llcl xp w gll plh

2007 G, wh h lBiopoliik zur Einhrung. Alhghh p l h vl, h g-c chg . , h w l:Biopoliics: An

Advanced Inroducion. A h vw h ghl p , h gl l, Ic Bpl-c, gh l l wh h ccp. I c,h f h c. I h hcl h plc gh -cll w ccpll f ppch. c, I hv lv p h . T cl l h pc plh h p w cc . ccl U.. hp, hp v l c G cc wh

whch wl l cp l- glh.

I wl l xp g vl wh h pl, pcll c c p, wh

w pl h l (I pv h l q -glh c), Kv Hll GHl, wh c h v I hgl x. T ll hlp l pv h ql h .

I cvc h h wll hpg chl h U h Agl-ph wl. I v h wg v cl-g, plcl cc, cll , hplg, l, lgl

, phlph q h q g cpl v l. B h wll cl l c lg c l cg h plclpc h ch chl cl, Gg Ag, -chl H, A Ng h gg hcl plcl plc chlg c. I


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Preface xiii

hp h h ll vl wll c h gg

plc pvg h hcl hcl wlg gg wh h plcl wh plc plcl .

T LFrankurt am Main

12 February 2010


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1

Inrdun

H E N O I O N O F plc h cl c zzw. Aw g w w l l xp, f cpl c. Bh l pcl, l cg cg - g h gl plc. T c pl-cl l plc, wll h pv AID q gphc chg. Bplc v

cl pp gcll pc, p -cl ch, lgl gl , vc cv p pcg h pc ccg l-plgg.1

T g v ccg vw hh pcl jc h v vl plc.

g gl h plc cl -l c-g h cc gz cl l,whl h l h gc c. T gpl x h Ol Rgh, l p-v h Nw L. I h cc vc

chlgcl pg, c x plgcc. A h l g cc hcl l. D plc g c q v h v gcl? O, c, plc h l cp chlgcl v g h gg w ?


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2 Introduction

Pll vg g l v wh

ppl plc. T pg, c q clwh h w lll g. I plc h l whl (G: bos). B h wh h pl . Wh ppl vl c (D ll plc l wh l?) cl-c c xcl h. h l,plc lgcl l. h p vw,plc h c x, c w cc . T vc h p cl hplc h clcl c c c-g xcl wh c h c l x-pc lgcl c p p h l h c.

T g cl h c fg

gl h pc plc. c h h c h jc, I c l pv w lh c. h, plc c hcl pcl l h c cvl cpl - h l cc llcl v l. T c h h w jcv. O h h, pv c vvw h h h plc; h h h, xpl lvc cp hcl .

v pl g, hl cl hh f l cc jcvp h v hcl cp g plc. Dg plc g g

vl- cv h llw vl lgc ch.Rh, gl p hg ccg hcl plcl l. ch w h q wh pc c, wh l chlg, wh pch hcl cl cll plcl lw vlh l lcv ppcv. I h pc, ch


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Introduction 3

plc hp lcl ccl pl g h

l p w p cpg gg. p p h vl plz h ch

h g l plc l plc. xg -g f wh pc whch p h w h ph-z. I pl gh lc ccp h l h plc c h wh plc ccp,

whch ccv l pc h jc plc.2 T c hg gp h h I p chp1. T pc gc ccp h h c h 20h c hgh c g -g Nl cl lgc cp plclcc. T plc p cg plc pcc cpl plc, g h gl

g l pc. c h 1960 h l ph x ll w f : , clgcl

plc h p cvv v jcv plc h pv pc h -l v , c, chcl g plc

wh vc c vlp pcv xp h pv pc. T l- w l plc h gg l wcl cc wlg chlgcl pplc.T p pcll ppl w, gllc plcl c c h cl plcl plc pl chlgcl v-. I p h f h plc c

chp 2.T cl h h h h l p

l cp l plcl pc. Ap h v fc, h plc h l p- h c p. Bh ccp h l hch xl lhp w


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4 Introduction

l plc. T vc l g l g

h plc, cg xplg plcl g c. T plc ccp plc g v lpc; h, plc h p lg, gg h c l xc. ch l p h pl plc l h l pl hc l xpl v h h pl. h

lg cc plc, plc gl lg. Hwv,h h h ccp l xpl h l gl h w l plc xclh l h h pp ppl pl h - plc. c h w ppch l plc l ph, h h l cc h -ll hc. T gc h plc

gl l g (c. Nc 2002): c lp, l p l lgcl -v p c. T pc chlgcl vh h l pc l cl-ll cg g, whch l c ch h c. T, c l g p -c c. A h , h c cl h plc l gc - plc. L l h jc plc xl plcl c-g; fc h c plch pl-cl jc. Bplc h xp vg wll h gl l pc hlvl ppl. I c lvg g h h lgl

jc, pc, l wh lgl jc h h lvg g.

Ag h l h plc g I pp l-l hcl plc h w vlp h ch phlph h chl cl. Accg cl, l h h h jc plc.


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Introduction 5

I, p plc h hl -

ll pc vc, h hl gv l cl l. Bplc cl w gl h plc: h ph pcl h l h h pc h - wlg pw, h ph plcl chq(1980, 141142). cl ccp plc h -c c l cc phcl . Tjc plc gl h g h -lgcl ggg h lvl ppl.T pc pl , lh -, vg vl. A l, l h c p, jcv, l c, wll cllcvl h c plgcll pccll p

cc lvg g h gl vl xpc. h ppcv, h plc h

gc pcc plcl wlg w cplch c, gph, plg, lg. Tcpl pl lz pc l h lvl ppl gv vl cllcv pc-c cc, xcl, lz, cplg, h-pc, pz. cl h h cx gv lvg g, p - h h pc gvl c

p h pcc gv l. N l whch pcc gv ppl

h p clv h pcc. T vl

plcl g ppl pl cv l h pc. Oh h, ppl p cllcv l h p plcl v chcz wc l-gl; h , h hh, pl l l plcl v , h c, h pvlg c h v.


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6 Introduction

T cv h ppl (.g., h

h, , c.) h gh c pcc -cv h pc cg g-g . Chp 3 c h f h plc h w cl. I h llwg chp,I p l cp ccv g -cl ccp plc.

Gg Ag wg h w chl H A Ng cl h p c l cl plc. T pc-v h g gc l c l.

Accg Ag, h c p lh xc c lgcl c plcl x-c h h hp W plcl h c q. H

g h h c vg pw q h pc- plcl h h lz lw pl cc h xp l. H Ngg w g cpl h chcz h -l h w c plc, pc- pc. Wh Ag ccz cl glcg h c h plc l p vg pw, H Ng hl h cl cgz h p

plc. T pcv c h c -lz chp 4 5.

T llwg chp x w l cp hhv p cl w plc. T c h

mode o poliics hw plc gh h-cll lcll clcl plcl p- cl. I chp 6, I cc c h w Ag Hll c h, wh v g- plc lg h cg gcc pl-cl . T I p Ah G ccp l plc


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Introduction 7

(whch xplcl cl) D

lgc.T c hgh c h subsance o lie.

chl wg lg h l hw h , , jcv plcl v hv

chlgcll hc cc h pc l h h . Lg cll h w h chl chp 7, I c ccp lcl plc, hplc, hpplc h cl (Pl Rw) hplc (Nl R).

Chp 8 v glc plc. I p hcl ccp whch gg h plc c

p h cz l. T ppch cvcl h c h (Menschenkonomie)

vlp h A cl h clg RlGlch h gg h 20h c. T llw h ccp vl plc p G ll

Wl W II h h h cpl vlp h Ch-cg chl. T l c c v c cp plcl c pl c pcl h ccll vl h l w chlgclv cpl. Chp 9 gh v h cl - plc lc plc. I - h hcl pc h ch ppcv. -ll, I hw hw h lcl w f hclc.

I h q hg chp hv c whl h l lvl c (g vv cphv p) h l plc, h cllg wh hv hlp wh hgg c. I cv p vl-l cc , Ulch Bclg, R Cl,


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8 Introduction

K, Wlgg z, P Whlg, Cl P-

l, H chz. I Wl wh h chclw h x, f H vl c-c h cp. T ccv c h I cl Rch hlp hp g.ll, I wl l h h G Rch g w h wg Hg G.


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9

Lfe a he Ba f P

State Biology: From Organicist Concepts to Racist Concepts

Alhgh h ccp plc h w c l, wl w h h l h- h. Il ppc w p gl hcl hclcll. B h c hl h 19h c, Lebensphiloso-

phie (h phlph l) h l g pphlphcl c; w Ah chph ch Nzch G H Bg c. T

vlLebensphilosophen (phlph l) p qv hcl p. T h, hwv, h vl l p l cg vc h hlh, h g, h . L

l c gc xc, c, , lg, x-pc (Erlebnis)w pp h h p,

whch w p h c ccp, cl lgc, hll p. T ccp l v whchpc pcv vl l, ch pc -lz, cvlz, chz, chlgz, wjc ccl x.

T ccp plc g h llcl g h gg h 20h c. T wh plcl c

Rl Kjll hv g h pl .1 Kjl-l, l h h 1922 p h Uv Uppl,h gc ccp h c p-vl c . . . , whch j l vl, l


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10 Life as the Basis of Politics

ppl gg pwl h c h

vlp (1924, 35). Kjll, h l h h -, whch xp h hc vl(., 103). T l ll chcz, h vw, cl ggl v cl cl gp. I cjc wh h cvc, Kjll -c h ccp plc: I vw h pcl l l . . . h cl pz h cpl h pcl cc lg plc; . . . h cvl w

w cl gp cgz ll cll h hl h l ggl xc gwh, whl h c c wh h gp pwl cp h p-p xc (1920, 9394).

Kjll w l g h lvg -

g lvg c. h cppl-cl c pcl plc lw, wll lg hlh plccv h cllcv jch l v w p. h ppl w plc, cc, cl, lw l xp h gc pw, whch c h pccchcc (c. l 1918; Uxll 1920; Hwg 1922; R1938). T gc ccp h lglcc wh chc h l v-l c wll gl l, whch pcvl cllcv pv h l h cv. T c p h ll cl, plcl, lgl lvg whl, whch h g

h l, h hlh, h vll. T c lv h h hc g p v g-l. h, l v l ccc-g. h ppcv, l plc h l w lgcl lw h gl c c lg c wh l.


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Life as the Basis of Politics 11

Dg h p Nl cl h cc, c-

vv chc h gc ccp h cq c . T wl ph h ppl (Volk-skrper) h g h, hchcll c-, cll hg c. T w w c-l h Nl cl ccp c-. , p h h h jc h w vl, gp, cl l-cl c wh c gc hg. T w cpl h -p l hch ppl c ccg h f h lgcl ql, ch h l j l c vl cllcvqll. c, Nl cl lg h lh cl l plcl pl cl ll -

lgcl c. A h , pv h g gll ccp lgcl h l, gc c w ll hcl pl c. A l, c wllpw w g hvg cv g h vlp vl cllcv. I h w h wll-w gc O v

Vch, H pp h pl c-. v whch h gv pl l-z (1936, 10).

T Nl cl ccp plc hcv w, h h, h l l pw h hcl g , h h h,h cvc h cv c cl lgcl

v pl. l l cl plclccp l, h Nl cl v f c, gg cl Dw lg whP-Gc l lg. I p hplgcl,

lgcl, cl ccp ll l hpc h pcl w h cpl (


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Wg, Kll, Bz 1992). c hg -

ql lg h Nl cl x, cl p ch ccp plc. H I cl w gl chcc h cvl Nlcl plc: , h h plcl pg cl hg h lg (Erbbiologie) , c,h c h wh gplcl c.

H R, h p h Rch Hlh Dp, x-pl h cl pg plc pch 1934. T pch h h pv Nlcl g plc wh clcl ccp plc. R cl h h p, p, ch - w h lgcl c. T gh, h, lh h w wl hg h h -

vlp h plcl pvl w wlvw (1939, 38). T l h g w w, -lgcll g ccp ppl : I vl hh c hgh hl l h cg lgclhg h l, c, c v fc-v plc (.). T gl h plc c pvgh G ppl cc lvg (Lebenschigkei) qv c h ppl qlv pv- h gc l h G ppl. I chv h, R c gv pv gcpcc. Accgl, fpg w v, whlh g pp ll h wh w g lgcll

vll (., 41). Hwv, Nl cl plc c-

p h lc l. Lw, gl, plc gvg cl plc h h jcv lh gl cplg pcv hv; h lc p h g g cl xg. Tvlp c gc l w, h lgh,l pl hgh pc g h p g


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l h pv h cl chc h G

ppl (., 39). Cc h p h c ccwh h l g l xl l . A hp, plcl j wh gplcl c. Tc h cl plcl pg wh h c Leb-ensraum (lvg pc) pv h lgcl hpl xp h Nz Rch.

T ccp Lebensraum, whch w 1938 h l c-l l Nl cl g plc, g c c-c h h w l h 20h c. Th gplc w h G ggph ch Rzl,

wh c h w Lebensraum h h c.H hpggph x h lhp w hl h h v ppl, whch w g-

gphcl c pl cl l: pc p. Kjll wl l wh h ccp gplc h pl-cl wg.

T p g G gplc, hwv, wKl Hh, wh ccp ch ggph h Uv- ch. Hh w Rl H ch c ll h g h Zeischrif rGeopoliik (Jl Gplc), h vl whch p-p 1924 (N 1942, 115124). I h h

jl, h L v Khl xpl h plc gplc w gh h l cc h (1933, 306). T lg h , v Khl,x h vlp ppl w f

cpl p vw: Wh w v ppl w c plc g ph h pl plv. Rpcvl, w wll hv p h plc gplc. Bplc h cc wh hcl vlp- , gplc wh cl pc whh cl pl w ppl pc (., 308).


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Khl gh w vcl hzl ppc-

v c . T vg h vlp h ppl lvg pc . I cc h pc cl l v h wll-g g h ppl , h cl c c h chg, cpl c, h (., 308). T vwp cp hzlppcv h cph h ggl cc f pw l pw ggphcl pc (.,309). pl vlp pl v hl c gh. T v Khl gl c plc.

T l w cl l gc c hl Blu und Boden (l l) hv pcl-

Nl cl plc. T l l-gz plc vhl h G c l h p Nl cl. T g-g-g-gcl (B 1991, 32) c c

c l h 18h c. I h p w Wl WI Wl W II, h l lgcll plcll gc cp. T g h pjc hw v l chp l h gcpcc ll cc. G cl hg w cl cc cc wh gc h wl Ac lz pg pcc gc p h w plcl p (Kvl 1995).L h Nz g, l lg gh w c-

c wlg chlgcl p lh v ppl. Bplcl v l c l

; h w l pp c clv. T Rcll , whch pl gcl g h lcl lg h U h 1930, xpc h cc pc w wlg


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cl cl l pz

h hv (K 1993).v c plc lg h cc p-

lcl g h h T Rch h c Wl W II, c hv ppl. Rpv gh-wg v ll h ccp plc , cpl h gc h Zeigeis w h q c; h c h h cg c h cg l-

vc h p. L h Nl cl lg, h -g l cl c lg h llg ggl

w f c h g h cl xg g. O xpl h p h

Jcq h, l h Wf , wh Ag Wl W II gh plcl cc h

v v. I lh plc,h h lv plcl cc p l c g h c h cg cl ggl hccll (2003, 13). B pg l pc hpl, h plcl Ppl-N-Rc v hl h l f l h c cl . T g plc , ccg hh, clcl h l gc pc hc h l h c (., 12).

Biopolitology: Human Nature and Political Action

I h l h 1960 w hcl ppch vlpwh plcl cc whch vc lc

plc (Bl H 2001, 2). Bplc ( P 1987, 108) lgcl ccp ch h vg h c plcl hv.2

Rpv h ppch w hlgcl, gc, ph-lgcl, pchphclgcl, clgcl hph,l, g. Dp ch plc cv h


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w p c, l h U h c

lz h hcl ppc-v . T Ac Plc L cc (APL)cq cl c h Ac Plcl cc A-c (APA) 1985 l l c cl-g hp. T jl h c,Poliics and he

Lie Sciences, h xc c 1982 (Bl H 2001,68). O h U , h ch plcl cc plhl l, v h chl w c wh c- hlv plc.3

v g vc h ppch, hwv, g cp p. Wh plc pg h plcl cc w g ll h clcc w, clgcl cc (Wl 1998),

h h ppch p ppl pc- l lh hcl l ch h.

Wh h hg l ch, pl whch h pjc c g. T cp cp -Dw vl h. A c h hcl hplgcl q hvlp h g h g c.

A c gp w p hlgcl clgclccp g lz plcl hv. W phlgcl c h pl c g plcl c ll h h cg. Ah gp c pccl plcl pl (plc),

whch v h chg h

v ( P 1987, 108; Kp W 1998,1718; Bl H 2001; -c 2007).

Dp h v h hcl c hc - vlv h, c hl p c -ch ppcv c h w g h -l pc. , h jc vg pl plcl


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hv, whch h h lg p c

l w jcvl l lgcl c.Wh h xplcv l, ()jcv v pl h l, cll c. c-, h jcv h ppch h p -

lc c h pv v cq; ch w cg xplg vl hv w ccl l plc, h , plcc wh lgcl xgc. T, hlgcll p-g, h ppch h ppcv xl v

wh jcvl c c hv lpc. B c, ccp h ppch l h p-pcv c pcp c ccll -c (z 1990, 8687).

C ll pv plc h cq h hcl hlgcl h cl c-c, whch, h vw, c. T g h h clcc g h p h h g , pcpl, g, vw h gv ch gcc pc- lg clz h l h h(plcl) hv lg p lgcll c. h ppcv, h cll h cl cc -pcl cll g h p c h

hv. Cvl cl-cc ch h - c h lgcl g h hv- h hz h q p. I pc lc vl h g hw h

lv, plc cll cl ppch.T pp g cl-cc lgcl vw-p, plc - h- wh cl (Wgl 1979; 2001; Al Hg 2008).

Bplc l c lhp lgcl g c whch pp


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cvl hp h v pc plcl c. T p-

h h vl h l hvlp hv h lhgh h cpll - h hv, l cl g

v l. W w h c plc v ll cp cp, x gg, l c, h cc hch, w g, p. T ph l-l g c l h h p vlch l h fc h ll gvl h c lgcll cl hv. Ac-cg h vw, h pc pl cc c cl h h pchlg-cll phcll g lhp c, whch c

c c h hv p (c. Wgl1979; Bl H 2001).

I h vw, h gc hch h c cl ph h vl l vlh. T gv h h cll pp cc pcp llgl f vlvg, c l pcl lhp p-p v h g h x g.I lh l g h p, pl-c p cc pp p l c. Accgl, h g p cp v cc c, h flqpp lgcll cpv , pw

qll. h , cl hch c vl ( P 1997).

h, pc c gv h v h vl h. I g-ll h h gc w h g h g ll h cc . A cc


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, ccg h vw, l pl pcl

v l ccgvl c. A cc cl l g h g hv -

vl gp pw c wl gh h c c chv pc (Vh 1984). v h-c hc cc c c h phlg, cc v cc c h pcpl lc. T l h ll gp h

wl h gp hghl vl h h wl , hgh pl g lgcll -l h (Kp W 1998, 2223).

gh, h w plc vl h p-c g h g c. Nhl, wl

wg q plc c h wh Nl cl-

c p. N pcl plcl llwcl h xc chcc. Ic, h plcl p plc v cl. Tpc x vw cl ch Hlh (1986) h wh g llw cvl c- p, xpl J. Phlpp Rh, wh c h hghpvlc cl g Ac Ac h U h hv l cl (1998). lzh ppch wh h l lgcl cq c.T h halgcl c pl l h l cl plcl hv h pl; h q , h, howh c h pc h p h plc ll cvcg. A lg l v

jc h p w p h chppcv h gg. I h llwg I p h.

Alhgh plc pgcll h lg-cl wlg hl cc h cl cc,hw xcl lgcl c h h cll


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cl c h h c, hw h hl

l g h, h lgl -xpl h w. h, cl hw h llglgcl ccl v pc pcl p- plcl hv. T -l ccp gcgl p pv h ppch(.g., h g hch hv) lg cp c g lgcl cc h cgl ccz c (O, Gh, G 2001; N-Hl Rh- 2006). Igl, h c c h

whch v cc cl cl ccpll, h-cll, hlgcll g. A l, h cl hv pv p pcl xpl h p

cphv hcl ccpl ppch lgl lz (z 1990, 9192).I g h h cl ph, wh h cvc h h cl phcvl hp plcl c, plc p w plg h v l c wh cgxc h l .

A h pl wh h plcl ppch h p-v h p ch p ll lcc cll p g h vg plcl pc. T, l g cl ph hppcv h lg wh l c, h gpll wh h cl . T v h q-

hw cplcl vl fc chg lg-cl c. Bplc h h h g p-c cll pc vlp l, pc h pc. T - ppcv ccl ccl - h p c h lhp w c, lg plc:


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A wh, wh h vlp w gc -

pcv chlg, h cpc h l c lc-vl v ccvl hp w lgcl vl ll w , h p lg c w

pvl glc lgcl c. B w, h hvc cg cpll w w. Wh c cc h c h g

, h q h gl -pl h hpg gl

c c p l g wh w h w cgc c ql lwh. (z 1990, 110111; c. l p 2008, 2324)

T v q, h q l plcl

h cl w h q , pv h p p h c l q g plc.


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23

Lfe a an Oje f P

Ecological Biopolitics

I h 1960 l 1970, h g plc h . I w ch c h lgcl - plc h cl l pc w jc plcl c c. I lgh h clgcl c h wcgl g plcl cv cl v-, plc w c g plc gl f g l h gll vl c. T

f cv p l h Rp h Cl R (w l. 1972), whch hgh c-c lg cp l h gphc c-lgcl l cc gwh. T p plcl -v hl h c h l v. Alg

wh gwg w h l l c x

h cqc ppl xpl, pclpc c- l lpl. I w pl h hg l h l h pl h vvl h h pc w .

I h cx, h ccp plc cq w -g. I c h vlp w l plc plcl c c h pv h l v- h. T w cl, xpl, h x-vl

Poliik zwischen Mach und Rech (Plc w Pw Lw) h G plcl c Dch G, wh, wg h G c gplc, l c vl plc. Accg G,


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24 Life as an Object of Politics

plc c hg wh hlh plc h g-

l h ppl, gh wh vl pc q ccg h h. T plcl cphv cpvl w c- h c h q l vvl c-gl lv (1978, 9).

T vl chp h c h plcl -cl pl h l gwg wl ppl, v cl cg pp c,

w pll, h pl l c, wlgg ppl. T gz hlh c, cl v-, h pl l h (., 21) pl l gl l h . A vvw h l c- h plcl chllg h p, G c h g-

l ccl h h wg pl wll lv lhgh l- plc (., 12). Wh h h

h ph h v h wl hlp chv clgcl wl . I wll c, h lv, lg cc c (cp, pc, ,c.), wll plcl cv lcl, gl, l, -l lvl, wh lgcl xgc (., 165183).

T ccp plc w l clgcl c c c p v lgcl, plcl, lg . O h c p h c-lgcl q h Ch plc p w

hlg Kh Ch h Chrisian Biopoliics: ACredo and Sraegy or he Fuure (1971). T h h -

gc pl c, whch c xc c hlgcl h xc. T xpl hg g h pp l chg cc h wl c ch vlp. Ac-cg Ch, , gl, c g h , h


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Life as an Object of Politics 25

wh hlg h chch hv pcl l pl. Ch-

plc c vlpg lg-hcl ppcvc l h q j ccch-lgcl g. T clgcl l q gc -g l. ch g p pl wh l wh cc , wll wh h- h (Ch 1971, 1112). pccll, Ch pg v w clgcll p wlc ll jc j whch h h c c l vv xcg w v phcl pl j (., 10).

Hwv, h v lg l w h l gg vl h w . pv gh-wg v w pcll c-

v G h clgcl g wh gc c . A l 1960, h G v h Wel-bund zum Schuze des Lebens (Wl U Pc L)

w , h Gesamdeusche Ra r Biopoliik (All-GCcl Bplc) w lh v l. I 1965, ppl h G gh-wg gz Naion Europa p-p wh h l Biopoliik. C h cc- w l plcl : h wll vc-g vppl h h h xg gh ll c glgcl l, whch l llg h g pl(Naion Europa 1965, 1). T c cl h pv l pl chl, h plc h - plc, gl h c h

w l pl cg h (., 1-2). Hwv, w l h c h gc hlh g- (., 45) h cl h wl ppl. Rgh-

wg gp w l, lvl l, v gg h gglg cl h hlh pl lg clg (c., xpl,Biologische Zukunf1978).


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echnocentric BiopoliticsT plc cg pcg gll l l w g c cp.T 1970 w l h c whch gwg v-l v hc v clgcl qg; h l w vl pccl chlgclv. I 1973, w pl h DNA pc h. Wh h ccplh, gc f g cl l c-

v w. A h , h g - c gl p pl c, w pcvchlg ch -v lz w vlp.

T gwg gcc gc pcv chlg

cc h gl cl cc pg-. I h l lgcl cl ch pcclpplc hw cg gl h

w cl , h h plcl l-gl f lh h . I w c gl whch pc pc w ccpl - wh c. T w l cl wh ch wl pp wh plc g wh wl ph.

ch q l ll c g plc, h cl h c c-c hc. T l h cllcv g , g , h cl ccpl wh chlgcll p-

l. T G clg Wlgg v Dl pv xpl h plc. H w h -plc

h ppxl w- cl hz gl- h pplc chlg l cc


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h l. Wh h pvw h plc , v

ll, pcv c h gc. Icgl, hw-v, ch, wll h ccll ch-cll h g l cc g. Bplc

p h g . I c h ch h c h l, whch l w wq c h l h ch chcl

cpl, cg ccl . . . . T l chg l cv gl

h c w h l q: J c w c, hlw? (2005, 8)

I c , h p h c jl- plcl cl pch. c l h

h ll, plc h v lglpc h h -chlgcl v.1

I , h, h c h 1970 l h c -c p plcl hg plcl c w pc.O h h, w c h h h v h- h xg cl cc c h plc- h gh w h clgcl q c h c l h h vvl h.O h h h, cg cgl cl w, -c cc cv chlgcl v, whxcl h l l hw h c -gh cl l. Wh h

lg pcc gg, h pl pcv-g lvg g l-c l h cc cp hg xchgll (.g., g, , DNA), l vl p-c pc cv f cg l p.T h c c h l-g ll h


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p p g h xc

h pcpl h v. I hlgh, Wl A h vl plc (1987, 94). T l p w plcl lh gv hh q pl h g wll h l vl pc-. A A , plc l cp v g pc l hl cl h pl g-c gl chlgcl pg (., 94147).

A l h plz, h clgcl v -plc w w l ll w g hchcc v. I h g l h w h cvv v, pg h gl pv-g l l, h l c p-

cv, cc wh h xpl h . Tclgcl p plc w h pc lc lc lgc, v hz h c wl cl pc h cc plclw vl q. Cl h chcc v- plc, hwv, h p c p- l v h h v c- hgh cc chlgcl .

O c, h pv h cl phcll cll. T, xpl, g gcchlg gll p wh h g h lv cl vl vlp plc pl.I hg l, h h h clgcl chcc

plc p pgc p h v p hp wl whch h pc wll

g c, lw pll, pcv l -c, wl whch h vc hg hgh c pc ( ccl ppl h vw, , .g., hv 1995).


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T G phlph Vl Gh p w c-

phv plc h cp h h c-lgcl chcc ppch. Gh plc w-gg c chcz h .

Alg wh clgcll cg h c l h -lgcl c h l, h pc h vlp- l hgh cl v h l c (2004, 32). T chllg p h l hv cllchg xp h g cp plc. G-h w h w cl h q whch h h- c jc h l cc (., 44). H lh g pc p h ch p-v h Chch x. T ppl p plc gl pc (., 37) l

w chlg.I h c ch cc, Gh plcl

l h pl chlg. Ac-cg h, c hv plcl cl h pch h vl c h h h- g l (., 30):

c plc c g pg p l--g h g, w l c l- h gh. A c c hv w-gg c-

qc vl l-g, l - h vl cc lv. I wh

chlg wh q whch wh

h c c lv, h c v ll l. (I., 36)

T ppl l cvc. T c, h h, -c l h gh hl cpl cc chlgcl v, c h gh l


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cl p cl lgl x. Wh h

Uvl Dcl H Rgh g l, l, c p Acl 3, l cg pcl pc h l hlh h cz, hg ch l chlgcl p w g h. O h h h, h ll - c-g pc vl chc h

whl l, h h c whch h pc- cc gh cll h w c. A pl ghw, h v pl ph x c h c-pl q c, l, whh h gc p. v, h c g pl g- ll c cpl h gc

ch gc h w vll. hl chl wh

phcl l l , h p cl hl -pl h c pl gc lc-v .

T q, whch h Gh h p-v h plc v plc w, h q h w h gll gg wh h . Wh

wh c h c plc c -l cc l? T p plc pvc l plc q, h ph h c h plcl ph ch hgwg chlgcl pl glg l pc. T,hwv, h c. Bplcl q l p-cl c l h jc plcl c,

h l cp h plcl jc h- hl. hlc cll c lgl jc lgcl -l? D lgcl ch vl h l h

wll? I ch c, h q j h plcl - chlg h g plcl cp l cpg vl . Rh, h q


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wh hl pcp ch c-g vlv

pc hw v ccp vl pl c wh lgcl c. I h pc, pl-c

h l whch h c w l c inroduced z h plc. T c h-g l h cv l plc h vlp

h cz wll c-g pw. Bplc h pc w, cll l plc, h p-l pc h h plc l. (T 2002, 102; ph

gl)

Bplc c pl ll pcc plcl cv

l plc h l wh h gl gvc l pc. Rh, h g plc l l vl h lw cg, lw pc fc

w plc l, cl , w h l h gl q, h h, h ph l lgl c, h h.

I gh, h, lv h c c- h, h w pg g l plc p lgcl c cl h g h plcl l l h c-p pl h w c l l-v c h w p chlgcl ccv.

T plc cll q h plg hplcl. Accg h l hch, h plcl - h lvg l zoon poliikon v -lgcl xc. Bplc hw h h ppl l - w h l h plcl, whch h l plc ppch ppp, l g h fc


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plcl c. Wh l l c jc plc, h

h cqc h , l, gl plcl c-. N w cll h h h plc cll h chl cl.


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33

Te Gvernmen f Lvng Beng:

Mhe Fuau

I N H E S

, h ch h phlph chl -cl c ccp plc h wh h -l plc p h w c h p-cg chp. I c h ccp plc,cl c plc xplc p wh h p c plcl pc c c lgcl -. B c, h lz h hcl pc whch

l g h c plcl g. I gl hcl lw plc, h g h-cl , c plcl pcc. h ppcv,

plc pcc xcg pw.cl ccp plc l l g h

pc l plc. I l

ccl c h h vw l h jc pl-c. Accg cl, plc ppl -l plcl cpc c hgh w q. I pc x plc h c, h l ccp plcl v-g jg h w plcl wlg.Bplc cll whch h

l cc h v ccp h g hc plcl c gl. h ,

plc cl h hg wh h clgcl c cg l vl ; cl


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34 Te Government of Living Beings: Michel Foucault

c h vlp w chlg. Rh, plc

l h plc:

h h . . . lgcl xc w c plcl xc. . . . B wh gh cll c hh-

l h ch wh h l h pc wg w plcl g. ll, wh h w Al: lvg l wh h l cpc-

plcl xc; l wh plcplc h xc lvg g q. (cl 1980,142143)

cl h plc c c-l h g h x. Hwv, pl c

h f w whch h pl h h w., plc hcl p plcl hg pcc h chcz cl vgpw. c, cl g plcl ch cll h c. A h g h ccp - cv gv h hcll g whll cl gl vl l-gvc. B l h c plc h cg. cl l pl h plc; h l h

w pw, wh l ghg h w .I c h h plc h chp

g h l c h cx plclggl.

Making Live and Letting Die

Alhgh h plc pp h -cl w lc h gv 1974 (2000, 137), -cll c l 1976 h lc h Cllg c h Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1 (cl 2003


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Te Government of Living Beings: Michel Foucault 35

1980, pcvl). I h w, cl lcl

hcl l v ch pw whlcg vg pw wh pw. Accg h, h chcz pw l pg h c: pv g, pc, vc. Tq chc h chlg pw c h c h cl x c l p h lv h jc. Al-hgh h vg gh l h l x - wh cl qlc, vhllz h x p pw h ll p- gh z. I cl g, h c ghv h h g p c h 17hc. cpl w pwh , c, vlp, l:

Dc h lg h j pw l l g h, wg c, c,cl, , pz, gz h c :

pw gg c, g h gw, gh, h h c pg h, g h, g h. (cl 1980, 136)

T g vg pw pw wh plc l. Rh, l h l p hcl . Dcv h - l h (., 141) w h c l gcll pc h 18h c, wll gwg -

cl cc wlg h h . Wh hp x h lgcl h hcl (, 142) h pc, , w q hgh l h, h chlgcl, cc, cl, cl v l-lw w lv cl v l. . . . I h pc v- h cq, g gzg h pc,


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h pw wlg pl h l

pc cl h (., 142).cl h pcl h pw h c h

l llw h p h, wh h v-g pw l l lv (2003, 241). Rpv pw vh pw v l h l wh lvg -g h h wh lgl jc. cl gh w -c h pw v l: h cplg h vl

h gl cl h ppl (1980, 139). Tcpl chlg pv cl h vl h l g h 17h c. T -plc h h (.) ccv h h cplxch. Rh h pg cclg, w c-g cg pcpl g phcl . I c-

l ch lv -, cpl llw h c h cc pcv h , whl h wg c plcl jc. I xcl h cplg cc p-lcl pv h cpl lh chlg:

T hcl h cpl w h wh h h w , whch w c l h gwh ll, h c jc,

h l h h ch l c l, cvl. (-cl 1977, 137138)

I h c hl h 18h c h chlg pw g, whch w c h vl

h cllcv ppl. B ppl cl g lgl plcl (.g., h l -

vl) p lgcl cp: cl h


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chcz w pc ph, ch h

h , hlh , l p, h pc wlh ccl. T l h cc pc l pp-l h g chlg c (2003, 249). Tchlg h ph chcc ppl- c v pv cp g h l h xc ppl lgcl . T ppl h gl cl, h h cpl pv. T ch-lg whch lh h, gvl chvg vll ql h pc hc h whl l g (., 249).

Dcpl chlg c chlg f l h jcv h h hcl

ppc l wh h ll. D-cpl vlp , ch h , p,chl, hpl, wh h gz clzh gl h ppl h 18h c . T cl-lc gphc w p h g, wh l c cl c l l x-pcc h qc ll. w , h, c: h gcpl , h ppllgcl pcgl ch(., 250).

T fc w h w cp plc hl,hwv, cwlg wh c. cl h c-pl cl w pl vlp l gh

whl cl l (1980, 139). T p ch h. Accgl, cpl vlz h ppl l xg -vl, h ppp lplc.

ll, ppl c h c ggg- vlz p xc w plcl . I


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llw h vl x h w

gll plcl chlg h ll hcl h h vl h h pc( cl 2003, 242243). v, h c w hw plcl chlg c hcl -. xpl, h plc h 18h c p -cpl pp pp. gl h19h c l g cvc c, ch c, cl-hgc , l c,phlhpc c, . I h c h 19h c pl v llc w h w p pw hcl c pp (disposiis).

Accg cl, h pp xlwh -vg h c Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1

ccp p p h g. cl xl c p h pv h w x -w h pw (1980, 145). xl p l

hv h gv v xpc p vllc cpl. A h , lp pcv pp ch p h -lgcl pc ppl (c. cl 2003, 251252). T,xl pvlg p c fc h clvl h h clvl ppl-. O h h, h p vl:h h vl hv, h h w p, h h xl v. O hh h, xl h c h h plcl p,

cc v . . . , lgcl cpg g l pl: w p w hx c gh, vlg h plcl g lgcl vg (1980, 146).

I h cx, h ccp h pl l. T -c pw v l h p h h


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lgl c, wh plc v whch h

gh plc h . T l gh h vg plc lv lgc clclg,g, cpg. A c l lw p- lzg c:

I lg gg h pl h l v-

g, g h lvg h vl l-. ch pw h ql, , pp, hchz,h h pl l pl; hv

w h l h p h h vg hll jc. I fc h . (1980, 144)

Hwv, cl h h plc c

plc pl h vg h pw vh pl l . O h c, h vg gh h h pp pw h , vlp, g l. A cqc, h pwv h ll xg , c pp v h l. Wh lg h jclxc vg h h lgcl vvl ppl-. T px plc h h g whchh c h l l c plclh, l h hh gl chcl plcl c:

W w v l h hv c h h

c, . . . v h g v ch hlc h w ppl. . . . ppl lz

h pp whll lgh h l c:c hv c vl. I g l vvl, h c, h g hv l wg

w, cg ll. (1980, 136137)


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cl h h c, whch

h h-c h c pw (2003, 258).

Racism and Power of Death

Wh h fc w vg pw pw cl Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1, cl ch hg p h 1976 lc h Cllg c. Bplch ch h lgcl hhl (1980, 143) h w wh lv wh (2003, 254). cl wg h h h vg pw pw l h plcl-l c c-lgcl . T plcl-lc w p h 17h 18h c. I v chllg l pw (., 58), gg h P l-

l pvl gl l c wh hcc pp Kg L XIV. V l h pch xp c g, whch w l -lgcl gc. Rh, ll c pcc hcl-plcl v. l w h h c v w hl cp w gc cl gp h cx- wh xg h cll gh h-lv h hgh, xpl, ggphcl g,lgg, lg. T cc pcpll ch lgc vg pw h pl vl lw, whch h pcc .

I h 19h c, ccg cl, h hcl-cclc xpc w cp (., 60). T c

c w xpc pl lgcl cph, v Dw, w l l phlg (.). T hcl-lgcl c h c-cv cl cc ggl xc lzh h lgh vl ch. I c -, c w p cl ggl vg


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ccg h pcpl lcc. A h gg h 19h

c, vl c g whch h pl plcll c w cgl plc h h-c cl cl (., 61, 7880).

cl g h h w l h plclplc h c w h h 19h c l lgcl-cl c. T c (l h 19h c h cq c g) w l h

lgcl v l w h cl v-l chllg. I plc h hcl-plcl hc

w, wh lgh, vc, , h vl--lgcl l h ggl l. Accg cl,h c c (1980, 125) vl pc (2003, 256)

c h chlg h c h c llg

h c pw: Hw c pw ch hll, h c c pv l, plg , pv chc, v cc, c-p lg? . . . I . . . h p h c v(., 254).

Rc lll w p c wh c pw. , c h cl h llw h v wh g pcpl hg

lgcl whl ( xpl, ppl h h p-c). I h , f g , hgh lw, cg cg c pl v-g l lh w wh lv wh (., 254).1 I, g, c c wh h -

lgcl c ppp c (. 255). I c h l h c w, whch h c v w ppg c, h 19h ch g h c h , c, lgcll (., 80). T pll c h gl c h lg h wh


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wh. T l c h c wll c g l,

g w l, w pc. T h lc p pc, wll c h c cl lz (., 62). h ppc-v, hgz hchz pp h

h p cpl g.T c c c g v h. I l

l lhg vg l w hlh c,wh lvg wh lvg. Rh, ch h lh pv l h p: T ll, h h wll c T v c h l wll llw lv (., 255). Rc cl,h, c l w h l p hh h. I l llw hchz h

wh wh lvg l h hlh p c lhp wh h ppc h. I hh lgcl g, xclg, cg, v g h, ll h pvg l: Tc h h h pl h I lv h h h h g ; h h h h, h h h c, h c ( h g, h -l) hg h wll l gl hlh (., 255).

T c lgcl whl h pv cl h h gv cl , wch v p-, g gh c wh : h . cl g h, h h 19h c, h l, c g h l

c; plcl cc plc c (., 261). Whl h hc-plcl c c w ll c g h pp (whch c h gp v -h) g lw (wh php ), h hc c ll plc wp h h h :


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h lg h c g -

h: h , , h pc h g, hp, h p h c. T cl p, whll c, , lgcl plc: h wh -

plc h c ggl. I h h c hp wh h h cl p plc h c ggl.(2003, 81)

cl p w h c -c h 20h c: Nz G h cl h v U. Nl cl h c hl c w lch pl xp w c l . I chcz c xl- p l [h] pl h h c gc

h h xpg l l cc (1980,150). v c, hwv, lc h hcl . I - pl h c cl plc c. T -p cll c w lz cl hghh pjc clg c whch ll h wh vg h lg w h c cz.I h v c, cl c lgcll -g h v h cl (2003, 8283).

cl l c h ghl ccz gl lcv. Alhgh h pl cll - cl h c, hl c. cl h cgz h lhp , czhp, c, h h xl c-

p h c c.2 Dp h lc c, cl h cl glg c c g lcl . , h ccv c h lg-cl cc xcpl p -cl c. Accg cl, c xp ch

wh c h pv h plcl gg


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lw cpl clg h cl . Rc -

vl c. Rh, c cl l c,g plcl pcc, lz hgh pp.

h, cl chllg h l plcl -c w cvv ccl p. T l c w w c h c l g lh v-g pw l-p pcpl lg.Tgh h cp cl (., 60), h p-lcl pjc l c cc wh -lgcl p; h pphc-vl p c -cl-hgc c wh h ; h ggl gc c, h llw h pv c g lgcl g; c g pw c pw: Rc , q lll,

vl c v (., 81). cll w ccl plvlc (1980, 100) h cpc h c c c. I h

w c pl cc cp cg h ch lgcl fc h h llgl l cll fc w hcgp, ppl, cl gp.

Political Economy and Liberal Government

cl 1978 1979 lc h Cllg c plc hh plc cplx hcl w. I hc h lc h x h g plcl wl-g gg h g q v h l -

plc cc (Polizeywissenschaf) ll ll h (2007, 363). Cl h hccp gv. cl pp v g h , g p h v g h c wll h 18h c (2000, 341). Alhgh h w h plplcl g , cl hw h p l wll h


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18h c h pl gv w plc g-

l cx. Gv w c l plclc l phlphcl, lg, cl, pggcx. I g h , gv- l pl l-cl, gc hl chl, g h hhl, cg hl, h q.3

Wh h lc gv, plc c-v g. T h plc (h l h 1979 lc) cll l h gc ll gv-. cl ccv ll cc h plcl lg pcc gvg h g.Ll c l gv h f h vl ccp l

: h c h c h h gvl pcc.

T ccp cv p- lc h gc hcl p hh plcl hgh. I h l Ag, g gv

w p l wll G. whh , whch l plcl c clgcl c. I, pp h -cl lvhwhch pv h chg h. Whh Phc plcl c, pp p c plcl c. Hwv, h f hh hg wh v c clgclpcpl. A h c ll c hh w

, h hcl l cll l lv-g pc: h c h vlvg cvl c( cl 2007).

Plcl c, whch g cv wl-g h 18h c, plc h lc g pcpl cl cl cc gl wh h


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p l-gl h h l

pc. Ah ch A h, Dv H, A -g h h x h pcl gv-l pcc h gv hv pc h h p. T, gvl pcc hl l whh lw h h hlv hv c. h, h pcpl gv h xl cgc l gl. T c gvl c lg lgc llgc cc l; cc h gc pw h g-c ccg .

T, h plcl c c h gv h q h h pcpl l-l-. A cqc, lg p w whh

h pc gv ccg v, l, l lw; h, c vg h l hg h

h h h l gvl c. T w gv, whch c pp h l h 18hc, lg xz h pw h . I, p hgh cc gv h lz gv-l c whh c l p- v hl. T ll gv ch h g p , Wh gv? T : Wh gv c, wh p wh g c j wxc? (2008, 319).

A c pw w llw h hcl

h, hwv. Pxcll, h ll c pl lv h , pcl, lv h c ccp h ccv l, hl, chgl. ll,

whch v pl p-cpl. N l whch gvl


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pcc ppl h h p cl. I

h h l l v, h cc h h cl c. Hwv, h vg l gv l, c pcl h hppl h p p hh w pl v. T cl h c -c gl: l-, cg, lg -c p h g, pcg, cg(2007, 7076; 2008, 267316).

I h cx, cl gv w g h ccp chlg c, whch h l w. H gc ch cp ll hc xc. c ch c pc h pl g l h ppl-

, wll w p l-gl.cl gh lcll w lgl gl, c-pl ch, chlg c. Lgl vp lw h c , wh cpl ll h-chcl f h lh v w h c- l l, l cpl, h h. Ic gg pl l plz,h , plg chq pc j pvl h .

T chlg c p h v pp hcpl : wh h l pcpv ,h h pcl g p, whch v glv llw h f v-

. Rh h jg l p hlvl,h chlg c l h : cl v, vg , h h, . T w l l w hp h ph; h, h pc pl l

wh pc v (2007, 5563).


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T plcl c ppl w p-

lcl g h 18h c c p h -gc lg. Ll ccp cll cc lgcl l-gl l-pv h pvl g h hh ph-cl-chc pg vgg . Blg, whchg 1800 h cc l, c pcpl gz h cc h cgc l wh l x pg. T xl h c-p h pl hgh h l plc

h ccp gz, wh l c c c pcpl c ll g. hp , ch cg l-pv, pc, -

vlp (c. cl 1970) v chcz h lv-

g , whch w cll h v gh-l cl .

I h 1978 1979 lc, cl ccv ll h gl w plc (2008, 22). T cc ll gl h ph l h pv

w. T hcl plc l h l-ccl -gh h h l l plc w -l cv, h h pl c h lgcl phcl l ppl h plc h .Icg h gv hlp h h-cl hz, l h plcl hh wh h vg jcv pc l-plcl xc. h ppcv, plc

p pcl c cll h chc-z ll gv. Wh ll, , h q- hw jc gv h h lglp lvg g ( . 2008, 317). cl c h pl wh h h plcl pl c p


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h w plcl l wh whch h p-

p h . T ll, c w l ll h h h chl-lg. Hw c h ph ppl, wh pcc -

c pl, cc cc pc lgl jc vl p? Ih wh ccg wh l c g?

(2008, 317)

T l h ccp plc wh l-c gv h hcl vg. , ch ch ppcv llw h xpl h cc

w phcl g l-plcl xc: hw c- jc wlg xpc c l, plcl,

lgl pl? T h h h l vl clHisory o Sexualiy, wh c l plz phcl xpc l-c (1988, 1990).Cp xpl h g h h g hlgl cc h g, h whch cg -cg p l chcl v. T plh h g, xpl, whh p hg c cl h gh. h, wh lp h g plcl cl gh p?

Wh h lhp w f clz lgcl ? ch ppcv c h -lhp w chlg gvl pcc: Hw ll gv cpl chq

l-gc? Hw h , , c pc? Hw p chlg l -

vl cv cz, l-gg c- gz, c wh hp l hl ll clcl h wl ? I ll h, wh h lhp w h


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ccp h pl l jc h h

l h cpl?cl wg ch cll p h -

lc ppcv f pg gg vlp.H v h h l w plc ll cc pjc h w h c- h 1979 lc ( 2008, 2122, 78). Rgl, wh w l wh h , cl cc l-ccll hc h lc (., 185186).

Resistance and the Practices of Freedom

cl ll gv l l h - ppl c pcc h h w c-cv gc l plcl g. Acc-

g h, pc pw h gl cl lpv pp, whch l cl cg h h l. T xp c cl v l h h -g cl ggl:

[A]g h pw . . . h c h l pp h v hg v, h , l lvg -g. . . . [W]h w wh v jcv w

l, h c , cc c, h l-z h pl, pl h pl. Whh wUp h w w ll pc; wh w hv

h v l pc ggl; l plcl ggl

w c vl c g h - h w cllg . (1980, 144145)

T cplg h gl h pplc w plcl ggl h v l ggh cl w cg gh, ch h gh l,


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, hlh, xl, h c c . cl

hcl h h plcl cc hv c cglp c Wl W II pcll c h 1960. Alg- h ggl g plcl, cl, lg - cc xpl, w l cc g:ggl g jcv ( 2000, 331332). I pl c vlpg c gv (2000c, 295),

whch l cl pp w w, cc h hlh , , h clgcl v, pc v, xl . gh h vlp gl hl jcv ccp h l-g h g c. T ggl chcz h ch h pp gv vlz (2000, 330).

T cll q h p vl llgl -vll vl ccll g cl h gll h , l h x, l.

I cl l w, h lz c l-pcc hcx h pjc h h xl. v h plc lg ccp gc l h w-g h , h c cg gvl chlg h h h l jc.

Ag h lz pw, wh c h p-pl l-v vl v cl lgcll, cl pp h l h w . Wh h l h c hc xc, hgh cv w lvg h cl v

h h cl h h l cc h h cc (c.cl 1988, 1990).

cl ccp plc w, h h 1984, -cv f w. w cll pp p- hv c cgl l c . Bhw lc pl wh cl g


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plc vlp h ccp h. Hwv, h -

g h pl v h gg l. Oh h h wg Gg Ag, h h h w chl H A Ng, h whch

wll c h llwg chp.


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53

Sveregn Pwer and Bare Lfe:

Grg Agamen

F O R S O M E I M E w, h w Il phlph GgAg h cvg gwg ppc.1

Y w l wh h ppc Homo Sacer 1995 h hc w w c (Ag 1998). T w l ll, h c llc-l . T h l l h w llc

gg gh phlphcl c wh plcl cq.

Av ll, hwv, h l h pvcv gh hv h g c phlphcl ccl.

Ag hg l h h l w -cc l (., 10) h cccp h plcl pg h W (., 181).

Homo Sacer h vl -vl w whch

h vl hv h pp whch Ag- xp ccz h h. I h w, Ag h p h cphc plcl h h g c Gc h l h Nz c-c cp. Wh h v plcl ch h 17h 18h c gl cl hcl c,

Ag lgcl cc w vg pw

plc. T , plc h c h vgpcc pw. T g, ccgl,

wh h W h glz clz- h whch w pl h h gg. Accg


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54 Sovereign Power and Bare Life: Giorgio Agamben

Ag, h c vg pw h c

plcl . Icl plcl c l pl,h w, hgh h l xcl h g wh ll lgl .

I wh llw, I p Ag v cl c-cp plc c lcl wll l. T c p Ag l h, h c p vg gc pl l cp c. I h h c, I vl h-cl pl p Ag ccp plc, -clg h plc hc jcl ccp pw,h x h , h glc ccc pc h

plcl plc, h q-lgcl hhcl l.

Te Rule of the Exception

Ag p l cl w l h Clch, Wl Bj, Hh A, Hgg, Gg Bll. H g wh c h h lv h h ccl plcl c G q.T cl lhp h plcl h w h h p l (zo) p-lcl xc (bos)h , h c w l -g h lgl xc p. Accg Ag, w h gg ll plc h lh l h g pc h pv h pc h lw: T gl jc-plcl lhp h (1998,

181).Ag l h h vg hgh

g h v chc R lw: homo sacer. T p wh cl ll wh p, c h w h plc-lgl c c h h


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Sovereign Power and Bare Life: Giorgio Agamben 55

phcl xc. Ag, h c g p h

h h lgc vg. B l, whch c gl h h plcl, pv

h l plcl , whch h l h h g h jc vg c. h p-pcv, h pc homines sacri p c cv p W plcl h.

T c homo sacer R xl hgh hc h l Ag h Nz cp,

. I cp , Ag ccv l xg, xpl, l , g, h . T ppl l c hv hg c:lhgh h ll vlv h l, h xcl h p-c h lw. T h v h

c l lgl cl c h - hgh h h cc p .2

Ag cc h lhp w v-g l plcl xcp l lg -c. T h h cc cp h h x h plc whch w ll lv (Ag 2000, 44) cl l w h gc h gh h vlp cc cp. I h , h hp v w pl cc lchp, ll cl h g.

Ag cl l w cc -l (1998, 10) h pv ch c. Alhgh h

h h cp plcl pg h (.,117) w lv vlz Nz x pl-c, h c h Ag g p -l fc. T cc h Ag lvl fc l lv g h h lc ccz h


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xcv z h l, ll, h p

h homo sacer v vwh (W 2002, 622).

Bare Life and the Camp

Wh Ag wh h c h cccp h h pg h plcl pc (1998, 123)? vl, h cp h ch p cc hcl plc pl , lz x h w l plcl xc. Tcp h l Nz cc cp c-p p c h pc whch l cll pc: he camp is he space ha is openedwhen he sae o excepion begins o become he rule (., 168169,ph gl). Ag h cp h h -

x (., 175) h plcl , h w vlh lg lgc ccv h p plclcll. I h w, Ag pp gcl w h cp, h plc h l .T cp, c h p h fc -w , Ag h lz- h xcp (., 174), wh lw c, l xcp, ghl cgl.

I c cl, Ag pc lc plcl ch wh h h lgc vg. Y h l cv hcl c.T , h w, gh l pv h x h l, l h g plcl x-

c, w cgl h h c h plcl .T hhl plcl wll c, ccg Ag, wh l pc h xcp c cl plcl g; h xcp wll ch l, h fc w , c


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lw z cl c (., 9).

plc, w Ag, h w c:

[]h pc, h l, h gh w vl h cc wh cl pw lw ll pp

c cg cp vl lv wh h , h fg w l h v vg pw whch h w l h-

lv. (I., 121)

I h l h cc l h pvhvg p v h plc h l c cv plcl c h p vl gh.

B v h ( l) h -

ch gv, h h h hlll plcll h . I c wh c- g, Ag w qg cc chp vlg cvl cl gh. Rh, hg h cc l lw lv plcl pj-c Nz l chp. T plcl g, h,clz plcl h ccg Ag l h plcl cx hcl pch whpw h c h h c.

T, Ag llw lgc vpl plll.Rh, h lc h c g h v - gv, l, h pc l. I- g h h Nz cp p lgcl xcp

hcll gl ph, h ch h g-l l h xcp wh x l l cp cp plcl l,c l pv plg cgl hjc lgl gl (2000, 3745).


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Ag c h plcl plc

h h h Nz l chp. H gh c h plc h p w hhl: cc pl plc wh hNz plc (1998, 165). Wh Nz

plc ll cc l vl ppl, Ag g h g ll cz c

, pcc xl l , pp vll homines sacri (., 111,). vl, Ag h h

h c w vl cl gp wcp vl , c x, -lz. T w plcll lv xc

l h v cl v h l. . . .B l lg c pcl plc

cg. I w wll h lgcl v lvg g(., 140).

Ul, Ag lv h ggv h plclpl xl vg. I plc ccpl w h-cl l, ql h p cw p. H h h l xcp z l c (2000, 42) cpl wh lc c-cpl f. v ll jc homines sacri, h v f w. Ag c h g g h v cpl g c h lwh clg h ch fh gh w f vl l. I v -cl wh x wh c p hp-

l h h p cc cp, whh hl p l h g h h Jw h Nz cp. I h h Ag-

w xgg z h h h v g ppl ll w -cl homines sacri (1998, 114; W 2002, 422)h h


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h h h l l cc h p

ccpl vlzh Achwz v h jcl h ppll w l (c. Ag 1999, 133134, 156).

Tree Problems

T g cpc f ccl w g h h vl l l hl wh plc - v ppcv.T pl pcll pp Ag w:h jcl, h -cc, h q-lgcl g

plc.Wh h jcl chg x lgl q

cc, c h Ag ccv h cp f fg c pl l

(1998, 122) h l gl v l plcl xc. H c ll w h -lh h h cph g z l wh x h -c h q h-. Wh h p, h c lg lz hw g vl wh lg, hw l c ql hgh lw, c-g cg. T pc f v h, h ch l . Dcpl g, h lz z l, cl h hg. I, h h lh -lz . Ag, plc hv ll hplc (1998, 142; c. 1999, 8486; zpc

2001, 263265; W 2002, 419).3T p p h cx h fc w Ag

cl. cl hw h vg pw vg, c lgc cc p c-phc pw, wh Ag w vg pc l. Ag he producion o a biopoliical


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body is he original aciviy o sovereign power (1998, 6; ph

gl). T jxp bos zo, plcl xc l, l xcp, h jcl l pw h cl ccz. Ag l hll h lw w Cl ch h cl.I ch vg pw l cll xcp p gh (c. ch 1996), cl l c, whch x lw, x , p-ll c lgl ch. Wh ch hw h p, cl cc wh h pc- l (cl 2003, 2341; zpc 2001, 259261;D-w 2002, 108114).

I cg lw h vg gh h, Ag- h cl pc plc h l. H g-

g h h xcp l h g plc l v pp . Wh h cg, plc

wl xh l h pc homines sacri, whch g pcv, l c l p-p ll. Ag h c h plcl -v w l hlv h pcg h p-p w lgcl plcl xc. I plxg l llwg ll wh p,h v cc pv cg vl wh pv chc vvl hql l. I h w, Ag l cgz h -plc ll plcl c l. H l h pll vg pw l ll ch h

p h lw.C wh Ag , plcl ch

cc h whch c h lvg wh ll gh whhl. T l -plc c l h wh lgl gh, ch hg h l , cp ll h wh


76/160


c wh cl pc xcl (v h -

ll j ll plcl gh), l, h l, h c-, h . Wh h p h g hl pphl pc, gll c h x-cl c l h lz c whch clq wl p c h lg h wl h c h l c.

T c pl wh Ag l c c-c pp clz gl.H h ccg h h plcz pll,c h gg, c, l pc, hgh chlgcl cl v, cpl c-g pc. Hwv, h c Nz c pl-c l vw h p. Ag ppl

w h plc l h pvw gv g-l. I l l jc wh l p-, pl vl, pl p (hl) chlgcl p. L l ql h, cc wh h hlh h ppl (Volks-krper), c wh wh lvg. Icgl h c h v vl. T ql lh c q vl l, pl pc, h l llc c.

T pcpl g h h g wllcc cl (c. Ag 1998, 164165). O h c-, h g h h wll, h gl, h c ccp c h v

c pg h vl l wh g h l cc ccl , wll h l hc c, xp c-, cz pl.

T whwl h cl l lz plclg, l h cl vl lgl


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gh. Whl h p lgl gh gh p

g wh llw c p c wh lgl lgl gh ll, h plcl g h hlgl gl cpc h plc lgl h pv ph wll pl p ch g h h. T c l l h c p-

l pvl pppg ch cpl c g cll l g h ccll, l h h xpl Ag ch, ch c -pl c. I xpc h h lvg wll ccl g wll h plc xplc p-cp pcp.

ll, h p c. Ag q-lgcl ccp plc, h h l -

cl c hcl. I, Ag h l l pcl c, hgh g l c h hclll wh h w l ch (1998, 4).T c w plc q h p cvcg. T l q- h ll c, h

c l pccll ccp. Ul h c hl h 18h c, h c f w l g cl pc, w gc gc, w -w. Ol wh h ppc lg w l h l c g p wg p-cpl h c h gc, pv, vlp

l pcpl gh w lw w . Ul h 18h c, phlph cc c w h l h cl.Bgg h 1700, h w c v w h w.

Wh h cl w c c g cl


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w gv h , h ppl

h llg lvg . L w h 18h c ccv l-gz h l - c.

Ag p cc cl (c. 1998, 9)l h l cl gh, l, h plc hcl ph h c p h vlp- , h gc h h cc, h cpl l pc. Wh h -plcl pjc c plc wh hcl-cl c-x, l c c wh cplx c gc c plcl plc.

Ag h hcl fc w q h p, wll h fc w h l Ag

. N l h v h q wh -plc h wh plcl c l; h l pph gcc h g h h l q. H vg wh x h pc l l p-chl pjc, h c g fc hgh c ch pp plc (c. D-w 2002).

Ag lv wh pg ccl. Px-cll, h h c pcl h jcl p-pcv h c lw h h vhl ccz wh cqc h cvcgl ll.

Ag h g (1998, 143) plc pg wh ccp h plcl h vl

c. O h h, h ccv h plcl vg h h cgz hg l h wl

h xcp. O h h h, vg lxh l, h p, hgh h c - h xcp h l xp l.


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Dp h cc, hwv, Ag vlp h

h plcl h. T , h c hh h plcl c: l h,hlh c, h c. H h v hw h h pl cl c h p-lcl h h ph h plcl c l pclhgh h xcl ppl plcl l. Lw,Homo Sacerf lcl ppcv h llw chcl c cl l w c l g, h h, ll cc , h h. T plcl gcc Ag w l h g cl h gh pl xp h gh h wh hh hv wh gh h whpc. H h h w h w plc

(1998, 187) c; h , w plcl g , h l h fc w h cz lgh c h lgl ccp h pl ppp lz h p w plcl xc l

g.4


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65

Caam and he Lvng Muude:

Mhae Hard and Ann Negr

I F F O R A G A M B E N plc cphc hh l h Nz x cp, cv v f- h p pg h ccp. h l h chl H h phlph ANg, plc h vlppg l xcp h w g cpl chcz h ppc h w cc plc,

pc pc. I H Ng cw wEmpire (2000) Muliude: War and Democracy in he Age o Em-pire (2004), h l h g h Il v w , clcl plcl lgl h,pcl cq c h jc, h x . T h gl c h v

hcl c c gv cphvcc cp pc l , h , hpl plcl c.

T ppcv plcl pc l h w cc ccl v cp w h jc p . T ph w c-l hlp h c h h gllz v cv

h gg h w ll, cvch hcl wh whch lz -l plc h cg cp cpl. T

wg H Ng l p lg w ch


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66 Capitalism and the Living Multitude: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri

lg. T h c h p h ,

xpl, vlp h c h jlMuliudes h h Jh Rvl, z Lzz, Pl V.1

Imperial Rule and Immaterial Labor

IEmpire, H Ng c wh h lv g-g w wl h chcz h gh lcg cc c wh jc-plcl g. p ll w vg (2000, x) gll . T h g h, c wh hvlp - pl gz, ch hU N h p U, h gwg pc gvl gz, h gl pw h- - lg h pc. H Ng l

v h w l plc c-l g v h llw h lgc plc . T v c ccg h xcp p h hgh hcl p-cpl. I c pv vg, h w p-l vg w h c (., 186190).Rh, h w vg w l-l cpl plcl c-g h ghlh qlvl f l. H Ng h cc p w g gll cplpc whch ll g h wl g cc. T l h l pc x-pl, hwv, ll h cg h

gll l pvl ch ph cplclz. h cl l h c -pw l h pc , llc, fc.

H Ng g h c h 1970 cv chg h pc h cc. T pg l


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Capitalism and the Living Multitude: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 67

cpl, h w, h cgl plc cgv

cpl (Ng 2008, 64). T cpl gh z, , w, gllz pc- pc l cv h wgjc. Wh h cx, wlg cv, lgg , cl pc pc wh c.

Accg H Ng, h z pc gz w cgl cl h v w vl cllcv llc-l phcl l. T h pc pcl h c w clz w, whch hh c l l. T h p -pc l l c H Ng h w:

T vlv l pc h h -lz h cp cc chlg w h h pc pc l. . . . c

h l l lcl lc . ll hp l l vlv h pc pl

fc q (vl cl) h cc, l h l . (2000, 293)

T h pc cl h h c xpl. Cpl xpl p ,h h , l hgh h p h fcv llcl cpc w h vlz cl cp. p h ll lz v-

l cllcv pw g pl vl. All -g ph l h lw ccl:T hg, l, xl p, h c

p h l p ; hg cp (., 32).


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I h cx, H Ng w cl ccp

plc, h p v. Accg h, h c wlh c v w

wh w wll cll plcl pc, h pc cll l, whch h cc, h plcl, h cll -cgl vlp v h (., x). T hc pw h real subsumpion c cp-l (., 255; ph gl). T l h -p ll-cg pw wh vlp hch phlph Gll Dlz (1995). Dlz g h pw W c hv cgl hlv c cpl c cl.Cl xc l hgh cpl , ch chl, c, hpl, h hgh h l x-

l w xc. llwg Dlz, H Ng c-cv plc cl h x hgh hph h cc h ppl h c h cl l (2000, 24). Ic l cl l whl, l cl h xc vl h l h v lv.

T h cq cl g w h p-g cpl pw h l hl p lgh cl l ll ll gv- (c. chp 3 h vl). H Ng p cl cl plg (2000, 28) c plc. Wh h g cl c h - xcvl p-w pc pw, h cl l

h pcv c cv pl p. I ccpll h f c, h gh hq Muliude gl h h pw plc: Bpw v c, -c, vg h p . Bpl-cl pc, c, c c cl


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l hgh cllv l (2004,

9495; l Ng 2008, 7374).T ccp plcl pc h l

cpl clz. I ll h lvg v w cc plc h w g cpl pc. H, H Ng vw, h c l lg hg h l h l pc h l pc; h c, l w - pc l. Cql, h fc w p-c pc cgl l gcc. I pw h pc h l pc v c pv h, gl cp pc. p g pw (2000, 41) whchcc pc plcl c vlp. T

cqc h w-gg cvgc plll -w c pcc h hv ll p h h w w cl:

Pc c ghl pc; p-cv c g wh l pc; c cpl

c p wh vl cpl, h , , cp pcv jc. cl

jc h pc pc h ch. (2000, 385; l 2004, 334335)

c, plcl pc H Ng l w lhp w cl. I g cvlz-

(2000, 187), h g vhg pv-l xl h pc pc. L l c -

jc chlgcl v, h c cpl, l h c jc cpl (., 32). Blgcl c h jc jc-plcl gl, whl l pc- p p ccl pl l


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. N h c p cc c. I

g pl xplg , h c h l vl cpl lg h

lgcl gc v cc gwh pg p h vlp pl pc l: Pv g h l vl c -ch- c g h chch, w w lv c wh ch- w l f h, chch-cl (., 272).

H Ng h l ppc c h h h p. Wh c-c plc cl cvg, h h l-g xl p l h h gh pp

p. T g g h ppcv c hl h h l. p c h wl whch l:

Bpw pw h gl cl l -, llwg , pg , g , clg

. Pw c chv fcv c v h l h ppl l wh c gl, vl c h

v vl c cv h h w cc.(I., 2324)

h g h h pl l l v jc l g h, xpl l pc , w

lg wh pc ch (., 34) h v - jc l h c l. Owg h w plcl l, lg pl phl lppcv h p h pp ch

/pc, l l/lgcl vl, g/cc.


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Multitude and the Paradoxes of BiopowerA h p, h cp ll-cg l l v v c l. WhlH Ng gg h h whl c wll cpl, h l cpl h g g wh vl- hp. Bplc l h c -cl lhp h ll vl ccl l vl; l pp h g w plcl jc. T

plcl h H Ng l cl h lc cv cp h c hcl c cplc l pc: -p c g pl vl h h g pw c p , lg h ch

c, wh lv: h ll h xpl hjg, l h cl pp p, wh w h (2000, 393).

I pp pl vg, H Ng hgc l. Wh h h h h c ccp v clcl plcl h, h pl cv l h hg h l phlph Bch pz. l c h hg cv

whl c wh v wh pw l, wh v-g hgh h lg . T l w w c pc wh gllz

plcl ch (., 40). T pll l pc-v, cv jcv gllz (., 60) l h

lvg lv h gw wh p (2004, x). T cpc, fc, c h p

w c pc pw l h, h h l hlv plz xpl- h gl l l pc. T h l h v


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v c c h f

cl c v h plcl p ppl, , cl c (2004, xvxv). T lp gll cvlg c h g h pl l h ppc w l w.

I pw p pw v l, h pcl hl h c h g whch cvlg pw c c. Bplc l p-p pw l pc lgcll. Bpw pv lvl cv c h x , whch gl hp, wh g l g wh . B-plc h h pl w lg h v h c. ch c g pp

cl h ccl l plc hgcc c:

I h w c, h wl pw l. B-

c wl pl c. . . . cc , c p h c hpc; pw l lg chg wh h c.

I h h resisance h w, he key word, h -c. (cl 1997, 167; ph gl)

T lc h l c h -gh h h p p. I w l , vl lcl pcp h cl

c, wh pl cg h. T h pcv cp llcl fcvw, h pcv p plc (H Ng 2000, 413). T px pw, ccg H Ng g, c h c h h c c h pv h l h


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h h w hv h pl vhw . I

pcl h vl l h c x h gl vll: c h pl l -pw pc l cc, cl ggl h h p-l p c ll h l l (., 403).

I h g, p plcl pc pzzl. O h h, p pvl w cl l c. I x- l ll cl lhp p h cc- h h vl. c pl l ll g l c w cl l ph c, ggl c , h h h, l-

w l cc, plcl, cll. v, h hv pcv cv . T l hlvg lh l l g w

cl l plcl c: h plcl ggl, g-gl v h l. T c ggl, cgw plc pc w c (., 56).

Ontology and Immanence

T g h p gv Empire h xp Muliude h c h jc lvl hcl . I cc H Ng h C - h w- c h cvl ch cq cpl ( 2001), h h g pp-l c llcl g (L 2002). A p jc hv l g h hh l cl p w

p, pl p. T jc xph c cpl v xpl- . I g h ll fc l hv c pp h hl h cl lvc, H Ng pc. B c,cpl chq, hchcl c c pl


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cl l, h c jc hv pv hlv

xl l. T H Ng c hl ccv hg chlg pw h l h p wh l h-cl cc c plc hw h h h-lv w ccp h p.

I h vw, c, cq H Ng w w, cpvl ll w w hccp plc. B pcll h h h p-l H Ng g cl. A p- h h c h vl cv h pl c (2000, 70), h l glc h pl h hcl ppcv. Whl h h h pl xl p wh -

p, h c l wh h pcpl c.L h c , wh cl (1970), cg cl cc l hcl wlg; h, c gl hcl . T lgclccp plc pp H Ng h h cphv h cl wh w gh

ccc hw l h plcl cl c. O h h h, llw h pl wll-c chgph h cl cp wpcpl, lzg h h pl c,

whch wh h h . T vl l- ggl g h pcv, pcl, cvp.

H Ng g h l p cpwh glc h l. T l l pc-v pv, wh p cllg cv. H Ng, h pcc cp hp h c gl h p c p h pcv plcl c


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p l (., 392). I ql, hwv,

whh pc gl c cll p: I v c pc lw l glpc? Wh p pc l h whch gv, h l hg pv? A lw l p p, pcg lzg ? I- ccvg h l w p l w w lgcl , wl ppp lz (plcl) l pc h c hpl wh .

H Ng l hlv cg h hclgc w plcl g. T h ch hl lgcll. Ng c, xpl, ,

whch c wh pw: T l, h gh

wlh , h l hg h w c pp pw,whch plc l p (Ng 2004, 65).T g h h lgcl g plc, qc h h h, h h fc pl-czg h w, wh h ccv h l p gl pgv c h v wh cl--cc gl. I cg cl lz, h w hg cl, h c, lv h p h plclggl hg h h c c lgclpcpl h l cll pc wh h gg-, , fc cc c ( 2007, 818).

T c p l h g -w pcv cv plc lw p-

cl vpc plc v l hcl . T h jc h cplx h pl p plcl c. T h l wh h h-g cv, l clz, h wh hc pcc ( h pc lcv) cv. I hl wh h c w pc c


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h wh h p cv pc. h w,

lhg h fc w pc pc pg h vg c , H Ng gg. I h h v pc- h h h gl h g l-v l h gl.


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77

Te Daearane and

ranfrman f P

H E R E C A N B E h h wg Gg Ag h w chl H A Ng h p- c h ccg h h vlp- clz cl plc. Hwv, - h p gppl wh h ccp hv .O c glz g h h w p h

hgh whch h h p. T , whch

c h chp, v ll phlph cl plcl h. T q cc h h plcl: Hw plc c, whcc lz? Hw f l -lcll hcll h h plcl? T c whch plc pl -

p l h jc h x chp. I g cc chlg , cl clg, hplg, wll h g . T c h l h c l. I cqc cc vh lvg g l gc h lcl w h c w, h h q- h , , plc

p f .Cl h chp h p hcl ppch

h hv gl c h h l wh hq h lhp w plc clcl


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78 Te Disappearance and ransformation of Politics

plc f w. T phlph Ag Hll c

h plc g h plcl, c,ccg h, lhp h h l- c h h . B c, h clg

Ah G p h ccp l plc vcg g l plcl cl p-. A h p h cl hplg D. H lgc h h g lh plcl h pp; h, c l plcl lg wh h c j

g cl plcl g.

Body Politics

T plcl phlph c h Ag Hll p-

lh h Biopoliics 1994. I pv vw h l q h c cll gh h l plc hcl , wll h p

plc h cl hp. L pp h h - jc cpg plc. h Hll vw h c cl g h p-lcl g hpl l plc l plc (h Hll 1994, 38; l Hll 1996).T c vhl pp f h hcl llw w vg pw pw.

, h h cl plc ghg w vl cpl gl h cllcv (h Hll 1994, 10). Hwv, h

vw plc pc h h.

T cx h l l h cc h c hlh, h v, g, ch cc h U h 1990. T h h plcl h wh plcl h .


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Te Disappearance and ransformation of Politics 79

h Hll vw plc plc h B h

g wh h wh gcc ll gw-g (1994, 17; Hll 1996, 3). T llw h hcl -ph h plc vg cqc, hlh h c q. T h cc

wh h l v h h c l plcl pl (h Hll 1994, 27). T cq w cl v, v ll hpc v, l c l g h pcc-cll L.

h Hll Nz l xp whplc (., 21); h gh cp -plc, whch h hvg g l ccpc. h Hll c llcl

pw ch phlph (., 51), whch h g pc w vl pcpl, phc fc, h pvlgg h hc wh pc h-cl q (., 5157). T h vw h cc w l cl h g cp

plc. T h w plc, h g, plcg h pc v h 1980, whch ccl - h ggv v plc cql vll vvl hgh h pp(., 22). Bplcl v p chcz h h c vl l v .T wg, h, ppl h p whch . . . h h g T B cc (.,

104).I h g h Hll, h vc plc

hg l cl c plcl -. T cp l h pc v l p, hlh vl gp, chc wll pchc vc h gh . C ll


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h c h c h h wh h lg

h B w vh h h l plw h wll gh (., 9). T hl c g ch v ccl g- h whl hgl - vg.T h h h Hll pl-cl g cgcl cl lcl pc. Nh-l, h p p plc lgz clc ghl ccz h ll chg hhlh c (c. ., 6768).

T l plc, hwv, c w w(c. z 1996). , h Hll plcl h h w l. T vwp l h h l xpc. T h -

wh lv Hg cl chp g h U h 1970. Hwv, h cchc w l jc h cplx- plcl q h plcl hcl cx hh chg c h. h Hll cll - h h pl h h x h ll cc cch pl hlh, g-, h v, hc. Wh h hcl , ch v jc, pcp, l v , h l p l . h Hll l l ppc h h q h l cl lcl g v vl.

c, h Hll ccv h cp plc wl. T plc , pcpl, hlv l clcl plc plc. Upcl pc, hwv, c pp h h Hll h plc v cvl. I g pcc plcl c h cl ll cpl


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h. Cl h l, h, ch l pc

cphv , whch wl l cl vl h h, plcl c h c xcl-vl h h . plcl cc h - q l l gh h pg l chl ccv g p h l h h

.Y h Hll c l h pcl cp

plc; h w h lz plcl ph lxl lcv -. T pl c pl-cl pl h h ppcv lg cq,gll g h l c. Whh -c h hz pv g l h pl l c pc xc, h h ppch

h ll wh g pl lz clz whl glcg h l hpl.

h Hll q h cl wh p-g. O xpl h h c l pv, whch vc h clv, c l w xcl pp. O h whl, hwv, h l ch-c. v ccp h ppcv h p (h l

w l) ppp l c-p plc, ll cl hw h Hllhlv wl lv h cc h pcvh, hw pcl h w w h w vl.

A g h w gg, h, h h g h ppl, c ch c h p v l. A l, h l lvl pl h-cl w h c ll c -: pp p, l plc

plc, l.


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Life PoliticsI h 1990, wh Hll h w lg h cq plc, h l clg Ah G vlph ccp l plc (1991, 209231; c. l 1990). G xplc c cl h g plc. A c, h p pl h wh xv z, whch xh g l-, l p fc, Ulch Bc ccp c- .

G g h l wh h v h h cl-g c h 20h c w g,l, h l . T w ph p h h , p g gh gg, h

vc clz. G g p h p-l lgcl c h c . Hccv c c l cl l p , h c, chv . , h g, clv lz

h cv pc wh g l h, pg h p l g cc g, h pvg h g -lhg w c.

Cl G g h ccp xv. -, h , chcz h ppl v cv-, whch pcpl cp ll l l c-. G g h cl pcc cl

chg h lgh w wlg h pcc. Ih pc, h wlg h pcp l l cl pcc. Hwv, h xv cl l c- h pc: h l l wl-g, c h pcpl xv ppl l. T


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l h h h c h pc wlg

pvl vl.L cc h pl. G h -

c wlg h pl v g l ; h xp l xvxv ccp h h l. I plc p ccp l g cl l, cl g-, chc, c-g cgl c h .

W lvg l c l cgl g w.

Wh h l , G- l l chg h plcl. H g h h p plcl h cllcp plc, h pcc h hv

h gl l cl plcl cc hvcg llg l. cp plc w gh p pwxpl, ql, pp- p ch jc, ql, pcp cl . O pp -pvlg gp h c l c hlc pw w cllcv. Alhgh h cc cp plc hv cvl vc h pjc -, c v w p plc h p ll f w g. G ch w plc l plc h cl gg whch h h pl l-llg g l ll (1990, 156). Wh cp

plc plc l chc, l plc p plc ll. I h h c jc ql,h l v h q l-clz l-.I l plcl pg h pl hc. G, h pg h vl plc


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w cl v, pcll h v, whch

h pl wh h plcl.Accg G, w cpl pc hv

h plc pl. , l cglvw xl ll wll jc pc wlg . T lg ccv xphlgcl-lgcl vlv h pjc xv . I pl c, h vl

cl p c h cl -. Icgl vll chlgcl cl v- l pl cv l l, ccg G, h (1991, 224). N h c .

Wh c h w , G w cp - v h c c h f p-

vll.A xpl, G v pcv chlg,

whch vll lplc chc, v xl pc, l l l ph. G, pc lg c-c h xp pl pc chc. T ppc h gc wp pg, hwv, l h q pc- l l ppc xl , h

whch vw cgl chgl, ccl, p v.

T cqc chlgcl cl v h vl c l pc

l plc. G l phz pl c v- pcc h gl c cpc gllph. xpl, pcv c cc vlchc p h vvl h h pc. ll,h cc w ll, c p, c-lgcl q.


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A c, l plc ch h q Hw hl w

lv? T q h G l w pl cx. O h lvl v hv p-

v l, l h cllcv pcc, hcl q- pl . Ac c, p-l clcl, l xl jg. l l plc cl c cc xpl. I h , l plc c lz cl l g w v q h hv l w gl-z pp (1991, 223)

Wh c hgh G g , hccp l plc , h whl, cvcg. T - h l v ll h c h h f w

cp plc l plc cl l lg x f, j h p hl h clc . G h h c h c , h llcgz cv c wh h pjc h . Hg cl h cw w w h wp, whch l w pl.

, h ph h G pcl l l pp l . T p h - w l l chcc . G ccp h -l cv. I lg x l pcpl vl -, l-, c, whl glc

hc cll . T, G -g h vc h, wh h pjc , hvw l cc cczc, l, p h .

c, G ccp l plc cl plcl -c cpll lc h vv h


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c h . Ul p plc,

whch G c hl hgh whchxl, lg, hc cl fc chllgh vl , l- l plc g -l plc ll (1991, 214) poliics o sel-acuali-saion (1990, 156; ph gl). G hg hw pcl vl l-clz l cllcv c--g pc wh p cl wl c h hpp. Gv h p-pl v cphv, c gl, ccp plc, hl pg h G l l gll

wh cl h plcz pl xc.H c l plc cc l xclvl wlg h pl v wh pc

h . I c h cc, h l h pl cl lhp vl pl.

Alhgh G xpl h l-plcl -v pp cp plcl cc, h plc-l w wh ph l. H cc l plc wh pcc cl g vlp l g -lz z c. I ql, hwv,

whh h c w q -ql, h h, h cg, h h, l. I pl hcll cll l cp plc l plc hg ch h (l H 2002, 334337).1

BiolegitimacyL wll w h h w h, Hll, G cl hplg D ccp lgc. Ih cl c h h hw h plclph lw hv l , whch h vl h plc l l cc h lg


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l c. l h lh-

vl h c gh wg h hvlp gv hcl ggphcl cx,

whch ccl hlgcl vg. hh cl h l plc plcl l-

; h, xp p . H cl q , wh h vl v chc h g h pl-c l? ( 2006).

gh w w pc h l -. , l lgv, hlh ll,

p h cl ql. T h-v--l, ll w c c xpc vg lv l h h h g ch h g, h h cl l xpcc Ug hl hgh

Jph c cllcv chc vpc gv c gll lvl. T c-g pc , ccg , l plc, cgv l l pp cl plcl h h l-lw ppl lv h lv h h v h ppl cc h.

A c l plc g h c w h fg l xpcc ql l h ch h p h l h l. I- g l cpvl qv qlv, h c l c c h ccp l l. I h c, Ag c w

l (zo) plcl xc (bos), hgh h gv h

h gcl gh h Ag- g.

I c Ag, h h plcl l-hp w h vlph . H h l gv

w, h gz l hlh cpl g


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cl vl. B l pp h ppcv h vc-

lgc h pcl c vlc. WhAg g p w h plc (1998, 133), h h ql

plc . H cl cl l c h lg NGO h l pcpl h g h l l p. Accg , pp h cl h h

c h l h plcl lgc (2006). ll h h lg ch g plc

h p w . Tgh h 1990, c v wpp , vw, cpl . O h h, h cgz l xh h 1990 g, v ll c cgl cv -

p h gh l. O h h h, h g wh cv p gh c c hf l h h c v-l g h p. g h h c -

vlp hw c h cl lgc.T gwg cg cwlg h l h-

g wh f ll plc h cg h l cz wh h xpc vlc, lg plcl g. I plc plcl l h c l-gl-v cc h h pc,

w lgcl l h c h ll g hcg cl wlg. T gh l h cglv h plcl h h . Accg

, w ppl ccpl jc pplc- l h jc cl p h c- p c cl (2006, 2001).

T gc lgch cg lg-cl l h hgh vl w l l g pl-c. xp h lgc h cl


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l. T cc hlh l g h l l

lg cl-plcl pg . Ppl cc pvlg v wl cgl c fg cl c. T, h -c hv c vw pl vc l ch h g lq h c. ll,h gwg cg h pchc phcl fgc l pv cl xcl.

h cl vlp lg l-gc, whch h lgc h hgh hcl l, vl. , h wlc wh h h c ph plc c, vllc cp-. Hwv, h l lv h h l g l plcl pl l cl . -

cl fg h x wh l fg, h w h cl h cl lv. h lz cp c c l c pw pw v l l vw lgc h lgc l, c gv p ch h hgh (2005).

B plc, l plc, lgch pvl l p l ll p h phlph cl h v plc. w h p p-g h ccp hl l h. Bos: Biopoliicsand Philosophy (2008) h l h Il phlphR p h l glh. I h l vl- lg hghp phlphcl c

h g plc (., 13).2 p cl h h ccl plcl hg h p-g z (., 45). H hw, v cc plcl h c T H, h h ccp c, pp, c l wh lgc . Chcc h lgc cc


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w l plc, whch pc p

l whl l lg l xpv pcv pw. Cl plcl c hg h gg pv l. T gl ll l (l-)cv l. I h

w, h x h h lgc c pvl, l g h gl l pc c h lgcl xc. T lgc l hc l gv pcg ll h g l (., 56).

T pg llw h w ppg plc (vc vlp l, h h, c l, h h) ccv w cv pc c plc. p Nz cl x plc h x

l, whch l plc l vlp gv plc h (hplc). p, lg wh

Ag cl, h Nz cwh plcl hg c. Hwv, c h h w phlph, h h pcc Nz h h cl vg h pc h xcp. p hghlgh h cl-gc gl Nz h pgc pc h gh g ll-, g, h. T pjc p-g l l ll h h cp:

T g whch h Nz gh h h hh h l. Wh h w ll h Jw ll h-

p l h l, h pc l h: lh l c hl gl l ; h cg h G ppl

p l h pp h. . . . I h c,

h c h h jc h h c, hc . (I., 137138)


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A cl h hplcwhch -

pp wh h Nz c chcz hc (c. ., 37; Cpll 2008)p p v plc, wh p c c-pl p vl cllcv . T hlv g p c, c, cl cl v l h pp h x-l l pc. T v v -plc hl cpl vg h Nz plc h plc h lg v l o l (p 2008, 11,ph gl). I wl w ccp c- h l-cv lgc . T w ccpcgz h cv vll, p, vl h cllcv h l

ch h cl vwg h g pll.

T ch cl hplg Dq p v f g p. I Faire vivre e laisser mourir: Le gou-vernemen conemporain de la naissance e de la mor(2003), h -v h plcl ch g h p h . h plcl pc l hlv l l h cpl ppl gl whch -cl vg h w. O h c, cz hlv g h gh l l . T ppl v ll q pg h gg l. hpl pcv chlg xpl, -vlz h clz (l lv p-

v lvg) h pllv c (lg l) ccl c h hgh c (-g l )ll h c, g , hv whc h cgl h pl vl. hp h l- cl c-p plc. T l c h v vl


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h ppl hlh whl

l-c. T , hwv, g pl gwh vl . Rh, w p cl cl -lh wh l h c h h c cl xpc c l, p, pl ( 2003).


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93

Te End and Renvenn f Naure

A S E C O N D S I G N I F I C A N l cp l cl

ccp plc c h whch w c-c wlg h vlp chlg ch cl l pc cvl l h ccp ll. T c g p w h l h -v h h g l g ll lvg g gll g plc h cl pll l, whch l chcl c h h l

. T l x gc, vc c h g c DNA l, -pl c, pcv chlg wvp p wh h pcp gl

. T cgl gc lcl w h c w.

I lgh h vlp, w h pp ccl vw , , h cl ccp plc. T w cc l h plc h v (Hw 1991).c pl p h v l ll vh, h chp c h c h h c.

T gp cc h x lc

plcl v. h ppcv, chlg-cl pcc cgl cl h w pc v. I , h c w lhp wl h lv h pc v


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94 Te End and Reinvention of Nature

w h h h h. Nx, I c h

h hplg Pl Rw, ccg whch w c-l plcl cv g h lg-cl wlg. T h llw c clg NlR ccp hplc.

Molecular Politics, Tanatopolitics, Anthropopolitics

cl ccp plc h gl . H l cpl chlg whch -c h , g , h cl l . B c, chlg

c llw h lg c x h cl cp. A g h hvh p h l cl ccp plc.

chl Dll Jl R (2001) gg h lclz glz chcz c plc, whchp wh h . Accg -h h, vc h cc hv lh wlvl v lw h clc plcl pl v-l ppl. chl J. lw Dh Hh (1993)g h lcl plc h g h lg pf cl vw vl h p gc

whch h vl h g pl.D Hw, H-Jg Rhg, h h-

cc hv w h c h wh g h pc j hcg pxg ch-lg . O h c, gc gg

cll gh l l cc cl v c pg lc pc-, l h. Cl h plcl pl-g l lg cl xl h h - . A cqc, lg ccv lg cc cv h g c l


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Te End and Reinvention of Nature 95

pc h cc h c l

cvl chg lvg g (Hw 1991; Rhg2000; Cl l. 2003).

cl Ic, h l, g Lc, L B. Aw,Dh Nl, h p h pc h pl-cl plc, hwg h hc cc h l c- w lhp w l h. I w pc, l h cll l h cl . wh, h l c h lvg p. T p- wh ll . H h lv , l p-ll. O pcl, p h gh h cll g, l, w, c c x h h ppl, wh ql l h pv wh p h hgh h cp. T gc -

l l h lgcl hh h . T l c clv cll l. Dh c p pcv cc pv x l. T h p g h l vvl h.

Dh h l c xl cplz. Tccp h h vlp ch-lg, wll h plg h f g h

, h llw h gwh p pl c. , ch vg cl-v h wh c l h. T wh h l wh g . I l w , hplc gl p

plc (Aw Nl 2001; Ic 2001; l Lc 2003).

A h cq cl plc h xclvl h vl ppl. A Pl Rh- (1999) ccl g, c wh ch w ccpl w hw clgcl pl h


111/160


vl c h wh h ()pc h h-

pc. H gg xp h c l hwl llw h ccp plc h - cl h c l. Y h pl -

vl l, l, h cl ccv gc hql, h l h cl c cc.G L B L hv cvcgl - ppcv ccz h hpcc cl h

plcl plc. L (2002) gg, wh -c Hlh Pl w, xv hplg whch wh pcll cl wh h ccl cl p.B L (1993) v l c wh h cl hplg h ccv h h h cpl c.

T h hcl c pg p wl ch h pl vg whch , wh c, c c c whchc: plc hplc.

Biosociality

I wl , Pl Rw (1992) c h ccp cl x cl plcl plc.Rw w cl h w pl cl ( ppl) gg h H G Pjc h chlgcl v l . Rw lv pcpl h g, whch h c v

w cl h vc whch -

lhp l pc vlpg (., 234). I hcx, gh c h w gc -v pv . Rw hl h lg cc p h lgz h cl h l clpjc lgcl lg ( h lgh h wll-wl clg cl Dw); h g h w


112/160

Te End and Reinvention of Nature 97

c wh w g cl lhp

hgh lgcl cg:

I h h w gc wll c ph c wll c ccl w

c lc whch hgh whch l w p pc wll g, whch I cll -cl. I clg cl cc h

ph , h cl, wll l cl pcc. (I., 241)

Rw pcll hw, wh h cx gwg wlg gc gc , wvl cllcv g. I xpc, h

g, h h x h gc p pplz, ppl wll c hlv h c-c gc lg, cl vcl p v lgg. J ppl c hlv lw l p hgh chll, ppl h hlv h lv gc h h ll, h gcll c lw lc lchl, h h pp cc p.

Y Rw h g v h. chcl v cc clc c, h pl, h lc w clz, pl l, plc, wh wlg pcc l pp-

gc chcc cvl h l-hp h vl h- hl h:

[]h wll gp h ch 17, l-

c 16,256, 654,376 lll v wh g .T gp wll hv cl pcl, l, v,


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, hv ppl pl p hlp h

xpc, h, v , h . (I.,244)

Accg Rw, l-hlp gp p gz pv cp cl c h jc ccch . O h c, h xpc ll h l v cl cv. Gp ppl wh gv ll h l wwih cl xp. T cl-lc p ch g h , h l w cc

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