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Biomedical technology and increase in life expectancy
Biomedical technology and increase in life expectancy
Biomedical technology and increase in life expectancy
Major successes:
Recombinant technology, production of recombinant proteins, such asEpo, IFN, Growth Hormone, Tpo mimetics, G-CSF and others
Treatments for anemia, viral infections, growth retardation, thrombocytopenia,neutropenia of chemotherapy
Replacement therapy for missing enzymes, such as glucocerebrosidases
Targeted therapy based on mutations/translocations: imatinib in CML
• Epo is used in treatment of anemia of kidney disease and ofchemotherapy induced anemia in cancer- controversy!
• G-CSF is used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells and for thetreatment of neutropenia in chemotherapy of for severe congenitalneutropenia.
• Thrombopoietin fusion proteins are used for the treatment ofthrombocythopenia in autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpuraand hepatitis C induced thrombocythopenia.
• Interferon alpha is used in leukemia/ cancer treatment, in the treatment of viral infections such as HCV, while interferon betais used in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Proteins as Drugs: The Case of Cytokines
Syed et. al., Nature 1998, 395, 511
Stem cells CFU-GEMM Early BFU-E Late BFU-E CFU-E Red cell
IL3, SF,GM-CSF+/- Epo
IL3, SF,GM-CSF+/- Epo
3 Days
7-9 Days
Colonies from: CFU-GEMM BFU-E CFU-E
Constantinescu et al., Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999, 10, 18-23
Development of Aranesp
A Novel Highly N-glycosylated Protein with Enhanced Stability- lessfrequent injections
In vivo activity of EPO isoforms
Adapted from Egrie J, et al. Blood. 1997;90:56A. Abstract 243.
EPO isoform
In vivoactivity in mice
0 5
0
15 20 25 30Day of study
Incr
eas
e in
He
mat
ocr
it (%
)
Isoform 14Isoform 13rHuEPO (9-14)Isoform 12Isoform 11Isoform 10Isoform 9Isoform 8Placebo
15
10
25
10
Incr
eas
ing
se
rum
hal
f-lif
e
Incr
eas
ing
re
cep
tor a
ffin
ity
EPO = erythropoietin
5
20
Effect of mutations on EPO bioactivity
>70% active
20%–70% active
<20% active
<2% active
9G8A normal
9G8A increased
9G8A high
Aranesp development strategy
• Introduce N-linked glycosylation consensus sequences (Asn-Xxx-Thr/Ser) into r-HuEPO by site directed mutagenesis
• Identify individual variants that have the desired properties
• Test optimal combinations of variants
Aranesp development questions
• Would the glycan addition be efficient?
• Would the molecules be properly folded and stable?
• Would the ability to stimulate erythropoiesis be retained?
• Would in-vivo activity be increased?
Aranesp: molecular structure
Biomedical technology and increase in life expectancy
Targeted therapy: the example of chronic myeloid leukemia,
HER2-positive breast cancer, EGFR-positive colon cancer
Genomics Informed Medicine
NGS approaches Massive Parallel Sequencing - a very dynamic field-choice of test:
Whole Exome Sequencing WES- only coding regions explored,700 €/sample.
Whole Genome Sequencing WGS-entire genome explored, approx10,000 €/sample.
RNA-seq- determines sequence and levels of gene expression, 800 €/sample.
Chip-seq- determines DNA sequences bound to proteins,700 €/sample
FIRST GENOME SEQUENCING: SANGER METHOD, 1.5 BILLION US $
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm(Bcr-Abl Positive)
First disease with chromosomal translocation tr 9:22, BCR-ABL
First disease with activated tyrosine kinase activity: ABL
First disease with successful targeted therapy: imatinib
First example of resistance emergence to inhibitors: ABL mutations, i.e. T315I
Blast crisis(>20% balsts in blood and marrow
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
(Accelerated phase)10-20% blasts in blood and marrow
(Chronic leukemia=chronic phase)<5% blast cells in blood and marrow
National Cancer Institute, USA SEER Fact sheets CML
Platelets
Pro-megakaryocyte
BFU-E
CFU-Megamegakaryoblast
CFU-E
Erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
Proerythroblast
CFU-GM
CFU-Mmonoblast
CFU-Gmyeloblast
Pro-monocyteMeta-
megakaryocyte
*Hematopoietic stem cell
CFU-GEMM
peripheral blood
Tissue
Macrophage
Monocyte Segmented
neutrophil
N./E./B.band
Meta-myelocyte
Myelocyte
eosinophil basophil
Normoblast
Bone marrow
Tpo
Tpo
Tpo
Tpo
BCR-ABL*
**
Amplified in CML
*
Y1294
Kinase Activation in BCR-ABL
Adapted from Smith KM, et al. Molecular Cell. 2003;12 :27-37.
ATP
Cat. domain
Y1294 PP
1. Phosphorylation
*Courtesy Prof. John GoldmanImperial College
CGP57148B: 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative
N
N
N N
H
N
H
O
N
N
� Potent inhibition of Abl-K, c-kit and PDGF-R
� Salts are soluble in water
� Orally bioavailable
� Not mutagenic
Cellular permeability
No PKC inhibition
TK inhibitory activityStability to hydrolysis
Solubilisation
1992
Courtesy Prof. John Goldman
Imperial College
Bcr-Abl
Y = TyrosineP = Phosphate
Bcr-Abl
ATP
Substrate
PPP
P
Y
Mechanism of action of imatinib – (2000)
Courtesy Prof. John GoldmanImperial College
Substrate
Imatinib
Bcr-Abl
Y = TyrosineP = Phosphate
Bcr-Abl
ATP
Substrate
PPP
P
Y
Mechanism of action of imatinib – (2000)
Cancer. Jun 15, 2012; 118(12): 3123–3127. Huang et al.
Estimations of the prevalence of CML due to success of therapy :
70,000 in 2010,
112,000 in 2020,
144,000 in 2030,
167,000 in 2040
181,000 in 2050.
Specific Inhibition of BCR-ABL in CML, KIT in GIST and PDGFR inLeukemias by Imatinib Derivatives Will Save Millions of Lives Worldwide
Specific Inhibition of BCR-ABL in CML, KIT in GIST and PDGFR inLeukemias by Imatinib Derivatives Will Save Millions of Lives Worldwide
BCR-ABL1 inhibitors (2011):Imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib
Bosutinib(SK-606)
Nilotinib(AMN107)
Dasatinib Bosutinib(SK-606)
Imatinib(Phos. IC 50)
PDGFR72 nM >
Kit99 nM >
BcrAbl221 nM >
Src>1000 nM
Nilotinib(Phos. IC 50)
BcrAbl20 nM >
PDGFR75 nM >
Kit209 nM >
Src>1000 nM
Dasatinib(Phos. IC 50)
Src0.1 nM >
BcrAbl1.8 nM >
PDGFR2.9 nM >
Kit18 nM
Bosutinib(Phos. IC 50)
Src3 nM >
BcrAbl85 nM >
PDGFR>3000 >
Kit>10000 nM
1. Manley PW, et al. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2007;48:772.2. Weisberg E, et al. Cancer Cell 2005;7:1129.3. Remsing Rix LL, et al. Leukemia 2009;23:477.
Kinase targets of the inhibitors
Threonine
Steric hindrance: Replacement of threonine by isoleucine at 315 (T315I)
Gorre et al, Science 2001
isoleucineThreonine
ImatinibImatinib Imatinib
Isoleucine
Ponatinib (AP 24534)
New Field: Precision Medicine
• Every patient is different : unique sequences.
• Clones are genetically different and co-exist in cancer
• Sub-clones emerge after treatment by selection or by new mutations
• Treatment efficacy depends on genetic make-up
• Sequencing-based prognosis can adjust severity of treatment
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Polycythemia Vera(Vaquez 1892)
Essential Thrombocythemia (Epstein and Goedel, 1934)
Myelofibrosis(Heuck 1879)
These 3 syndromes are 5 fold more prevalent
than chronic myelogenous leukemia31
32
The Homologous V617F Mutation Activates JAK1 and Tyk2
JAK2 Inhibitors Also Target Other Kinases and May Induce Resistence
JAK2 Inhibitor Manufacturer Target Clinical Activity IC50, nMCurrent Stage of Clinical Development
INCB018424 (Ruxolitinib, Jakafi)
Incyte / NovartisJAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2
Decreased spleen size, improved quality of l ife, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels. No significant effect on JAK2V617F allele burden. PhaseIII trial evidence of increased survival.
JAK1: 2.7 JAK2: 4.5 JAK3: 322
Approved FDA, EMEA
TG101348 SAR302503
TargeGen / SanofiJAK1, JAK2, JAK3
Dose-dependent reduction in spleen size and leukocytosis, no thrombocytopenia.
JAK1: 105 JAK2: 3 JAK3: 996
Phase 1/2, Phase 3
XL019 ExelixisJAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2
Decreased spleen size only in patients with JAK2V617F or MPL mutations, decreased pruritus, decrease in circulating blasts in peripheral blood.
JAK1: 132 JAK2: 2 JAK3: 250
Development halted
CEP-701 (Lestaurtinib)Cephalon FLT3, JAK2 Decreased spleen size.JAK2: 1 JAK3: 3 Phase 2
SB1518 S*BIOJAK1, JAK2, JAK2
Reduction of leukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and phospho-STAT5.
JAK1: 1276 JAK2: 22 JAK3: 1392
Phase 1
CYT387Cytopia / YM Biosciences / Gilead
JAK1, JAK2Decrease of spleen size, decrease of transfusion requirements (decrease in severity of anemia), broad anti-cytokine effects.
JAK2: 11 JAK1: 18 JAK3: 155
Phase 1/2
JAK2 Inhibitor Ruxolitinib Is Approved for the Treatment of Int 2 and High Risk Myelofibrosis and is Tested in Pancreatic Cancer and Autoimmune Allopecia
SC1
Slide 33
SC1 Title for this slide?Sandipan Chatterjee; 06/06/2013
JAK2 Inhibitor Cures Autoimmune Allopecia
Nature Medicine and Columbia University
Guessing The Future...............
The problem with the future is that:
It is No Longer What It Used to Be