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Biomechanics: An Biomechanics: An IntroductionIntroduction
Songning Zhang, Ph.D.Songning Zhang, Ph.D.
Biomechanics/Sports Medicine LabBiomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab
The University of Tennessee, USAThe University of Tennessee, USA
Selected Topic AreasSelected Topic Areas
Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications Entertainment ApplicationsEntertainment Applications
Movement Analysis/Movement Analysis/
Sports performanceSports performance EnhancementEnhancement Skill improvementSkill improvement
Other applicationsOther applications Footwear biomechanicsFootwear biomechanics Gait analysisGait analysis
Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics
In 1960s, running – In 1960s, running – most popular sportmost popular sport
Injuries: common in Injuries: common in runnersrunners
Running footwearRunning footwear Popular research topics Popular research topics
since 1970ssince 1970s
Material TestingMaterial Testing
Force platformForce platform Coefficient of frictionCoefficient of friction
Shoes on diff. surfacesShoes on diff. surfaces
z
y
F
F
Where Fz – vertical forceFy – A/P force
Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics Mechanical factorsMechanical factors
Thickness of shoe solesThickness of shoe soles WearWear Midsole mechanical Midsole mechanical
propertiesproperties Other design issuesOther design issues
Heel counterHeel counter Flare Flare
Studies in footwearStudies in footwear Material testingMaterial testing Lab biomechanical subject Lab biomechanical subject
testingtesting
Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics
Comfort and cushion: most important factors Comfort and cushion: most important factors for footwear in sport activities (Nigg 1999)for footwear in sport activities (Nigg 1999)
Plantar pressure shown to be a good indicator Plantar pressure shown to be a good indicator of comfort (Chen & Nigg 1994)of comfort (Chen & Nigg 1994)
Lack of plantar sensory input may provoke Lack of plantar sensory input may provoke injuries, even in a well-cushioned shoe injuries, even in a well-cushioned shoe (Robbins 1991)(Robbins 1991)
RationaleRationale Perception of footwear: an Perception of footwear: an
important factor in selection important factor in selection of athletic footwear of athletic footwear
Material testingMaterial testing 500 miles running: 70% of 500 miles running: 70% of
impact absorption (Cook et al. impact absorption (Cook et al. 1985)1985)
Tanaka et al. (2001)Tanaka et al. (2001) A good correlation between A good correlation between
footwear wear (outsole) and footwear wear (outsole) and sensory evaluation sensory evaluation
Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics
Lab testingLab testing High-speed video/filmHigh-speed video/film Force platformForce platform And/or accelerometersAnd/or accelerometers
Plantar pressure Plantar pressure measuring systemmeasuring system More often usedMore often used
Gait AnalysisGait Analysis
Normal and Normal and pathological patternspathological patterns
Return to normal gait Return to normal gait patterns patterns One of the most basic One of the most basic
but common tasks in but common tasks in rehabilitation/physical rehabilitation/physical medicinemedicine
One of most studied One of most studied areasareas
Physical Medicine & Physical Medicine & RehabilitationRehabilitation
Sports and physical Sports and physical activities: very popular activities: very popular
Sports-related injuries Sports-related injuries very commonvery common OrthopedicsOrthopedics Orthotics and ProstheticsOrthotics and Prosthetics Physical Medicine & Physical Medicine &
RehabilitationRehabilitation
ApplicationsApplications
In our lab -In our lab - Costo 1999: effects of Costo 1999: effects of
ankle braces on walking ankle braces on walking biomechanicsbiomechanics
Two types bracesTwo types braces
Rodenback 2002: Rodenback 2002: effectiveness of effectiveness of patellotendon brace and patellotendon brace and taping in landing taping in landing biomechanicsbiomechanics
Other ApplicationsOther Applications
Knee bracesKnee braces ACL injuries preventionACL injuries prevention ACL injuries preventions ACL injuries preventions
(Devita 1992 & 1996)(Devita 1992 & 1996)
ACL Injuries and ReconstructionACL Injuries and Reconstruction
Knee Joint ComplexKnee Joint Complex Patellofemoral JointPatellofemoral Joint Tibiofemoral JointTibiofemoral Joint Tibiofibular JointTibiofibular Joint
Ligamentous SupportLigamentous Support Anterior Cruciate Anterior Cruciate
Ligament (ACL)Ligament (ACL) PCL, MCL & LCLPCL, MCL & LCL
ACL FunctionsACL Functions
Resist anterior tibia Resist anterior tibia translationtranslation
Resist medial/lateral Resist medial/lateral rotation of tibiarotation of tibia
Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK
ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey
Basketball (Gray et al. 1985)Basketball (Gray et al. 1985) Female: ACL - 25%Female: ACL - 25% Male: ACL - 3% Male: ACL - 3%
Volleyball (Ferretti et al. 1990)Volleyball (Ferretti et al. 1990) 1978 to 1988, 40 cases1978 to 1988, 40 cases Female: 80% Female: 80% 55% in competition55% in competition
Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK
1990-93 NCAA (Hutchinson et al. 1995) 1990-93 NCAA (Hutchinson et al. 1995) female greater rate of injury per 1000 exposures female greater rate of injury per 1000 exposures gymnasticsgymnastics
0.52 (F) Vs 0.17 (M)0.52 (F) Vs 0.17 (M) soccersoccer
0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M)0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M) basketball basketball
0.23 (F) Vs 0.06 (M)0.23 (F) Vs 0.06 (M)
ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey
Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK
1989-93 NCAA (Arendt & Dick 1995) 1989-93 NCAA (Arendt & Dick 1995) Rate of injury per 1000 exposures Rate of injury per 1000 exposures SoccerSoccer
ACL: 0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M)ACL: 0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M) BasketballBasketball
ACL: 0.29 (F) Vs 0.07 (M)ACL: 0.29 (F) Vs 0.07 (M)
ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey
Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK
ACL Injury MechanismsACL Injury Mechanisms
Direct ContactDirect Contact Anterior Tibial TranslationAnterior Tibial Translation Posterior Femoral TranslationPosterior Femoral Translation Rotational stressRotational stress
Non-ContactNon-Contact Deceleration and change of directionDeceleration and change of direction Landing from a jumpLanding from a jump Pivoting/twisting Pivoting/twisting Straight leg landingStraight leg landing
Entertainment ApplicationsEntertainment Applications
FilmsFilms TelevisionTelevision Computer and video Computer and video
gamesgames
Movie/TelevisionMovie/Television Seamless and believable Seamless and believable
visual effectsvisual effects FilmsFilms
““Titanic“Titanic“ "Gladiator“"Gladiator“ "The Mummy Returns", "The Mummy Returns", "Star Wars Episode 1 - the "Star Wars Episode 1 - the
Phantom Menace”Phantom Menace” Crowd ScenesCrowd Scenes Stunt WorkStunt Work Photorealistic foreground Photorealistic foreground
characterscharacters
TopicsTopics
Brief history of BiomechanicsBrief history of Biomechanics Current developments in BiomechanicsCurrent developments in Biomechanics Other resourcesOther resources
Ph.D. Biomechanics Programs Ph.D. Biomechanics Programs (Hay 1978)(Hay 1978)
University of Illinois, Charles DillmanUniversity of Illinois, Charles Dillman Indiana University, John CooperIndiana University, John Cooper University of Iowa, Louis AlleyUniversity of Iowa, Louis Alley University of Maryland, David KelleyUniversity of Maryland, David Kelley University of Massachusetts, Stanley PlagenhoefUniversity of Massachusetts, Stanley Plagenhoef University of Oregon, Barry BatesUniversity of Oregon, Barry Bates Penn State University, Richard NelsonPenn State University, Richard Nelson Purdue University, Carol WidulePurdue University, Carol Widule Washington State University, Marlene AdrianWashington State University, Marlene Adrian University of Wisconsin, Elizabeth RobertUniversity of Wisconsin, Elizabeth Robert
International Society of International Society of Biomechanics (ISB)Biomechanics (ISB)
Founded at Penn State University in 1973Founded at Penn State University in 1973 The goal is to promote the study of all areas of The goal is to promote the study of all areas of
biomechanics at the international level, with special biomechanics at the international level, with special emphasis given to the biomechanics of Human emphasis given to the biomechanics of Human MovementMovement
Working GroupsWorking Groups Sport Biomechanics, Shoulder Biomechanics, Functional Sport Biomechanics, Shoulder Biomechanics, Functional
Footwear, 3-D Motion Analysis, Computer SimulationFootwear, 3-D Motion Analysis, Computer Simulation Current President, Sandra Olney, CanadaCurrent President, Sandra Olney, Canada More than 1,000 membersMore than 1,000 members
International Society of International Society of Biomechanics (ISB)Biomechanics (ISB)
Number Name Place,
1st , 1967 International Seminar on Biomechanics Zurich, Switzerland
2nd, 1970 International Seminar on Biomechanics Eindhoven, Netherlands
Rome, Italy
4th, 1973 International Seminar on Biomechanics Penn State Univ., USA
International Seminar on Biomechanics Penn State Univ., USA
1975 Vth ISB Congress Jyvaskyla, Finland
1973 Founded
International Seminar on Biomechanics3rd, 1971
American Society of American Society of Biomechanics (ASB)Biomechanics (ASB)
ASB: founded in October 1977ASB: founded in October 1977 The purposeThe purpose
provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas among researchers in biomechanicsamong researchers in biomechanics
Annual conference: 1Annual conference: 1stst in 1971 in 1971 Current president: Andrew Biewener, Current president: Andrew Biewener,
Harvard University, USA Harvard University, USA More than 640 members More than 640 members
American Society of American Society of Biomechanics (ASB)Biomechanics (ASB)
Year Name Place
1975 Founded
United States Society of Biomechanics
Jyvaskyla, Finland
1976 American Society of Biomechanics
Chicago, USA
1st, 1977 Annual Meeting of ASB Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City
International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS) Annual conference/symposia: 1Annual conference/symposia: 1stst in 1982, in 1982,
San Diego, California, USASan Diego, California, USA The goal The goal
learn and study human movement in general, learn and study human movement in general, and sports in particular of applied sports and sports in particular of applied sports biomechanics biomechanics
Current president: Eugene Brown, USACurrent president: Eugene Brown, USA Members: ?Members: ?
International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)
Year Name Place,
1978 Discussion
International Society of Biomechanics in Sport
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
1982 Founded
International Society of Biomechanics in Sport San Diego, USA
1st, 1983 Annual Symposium of ISBS San Diego, USA
2nd, 1984 Annual Symposium of ISBS Colorado Spring, USA
Annual Symposium of ISBS
Univ. of Northern Colorado, USA
4th, 1986 Annual Symposium of ISBS
Dalhousie Univ., Nova Scotia
3rd, 1985
International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)
SYMPOSIUM XIX: 2001 San Francisco SYMPOSIUM XIX: 2001 San Francisco SYMPOSIUM XVIII: 2000 Hong - KongSYMPOSIUM XVIII: 2000 Hong - Kong SYMPOSIUM XVII: 1999 - PERTH, SYMPOSIUM XVII: 1999 - PERTH,
AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA SYMPOSIUM XVI: 1998 - KONSTANZ, SYMPOSIUM XVI: 1998 - KONSTANZ,
GERMANYGERMANY
European Society of European Society of Biomechanics (ESB)Biomechanics (ESB)
ESB: founded at a meeting of 20 scientists from 11 ESB: founded at a meeting of 20 scientists from 11 countries in Brussels on May 21, 1976countries in Brussels on May 21, 1976
The primary goalThe primary goal To encourage, foster, promote and develop research, To encourage, foster, promote and develop research,
progress and information concerning the science of progress and information concerning the science of BiomechanicsBiomechanics
Bi-annual General MeetingBi-annual General Meeting The first scientific meeting, Brussels in1978The first scientific meeting, Brussels in1978
Current president: G. Van der Perre, BelgiumCurrent president: G. Van der Perre, Belgium > 300 members> 300 members
Canadian Society of Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB)Biomechanics (CSB)
CSB: formed in 1973 CSB: formed in 1973 The purposeThe purpose
To foster research and the interchange of information on To foster research and the interchange of information on the biomechanics of human physical activitythe biomechanics of human physical activity
Bi-annual conferences: 1Bi-annual conferences: 1stst 1974, Edmonton, Canada 1974, Edmonton, Canada Every 6 years: NACOB – combined with ASBEvery 6 years: NACOB – combined with ASB
Current president: François Prince, CanadaCurrent president: François Prince, Canada 82 members82 members
Biomechanics JournalsBiomechanics Journals
Year Name Place, Editor
1961 Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology Univ. of Louvain, Belgium
Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology U.K., Moshe Solomonow
1968 Journal of Biomechanics U.K., Huiskes & Brand
1985 Journal of Applied Biomechanics USA, Mark D. Grabiner
Sports Biomechanics USA, ??
1985 Clinical Biomechanics U.K., Burton
1991
2002
Other JournalsOther Journals Medicine and Science in Sports and ExerciseMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Journal of Biomechanical EngineeringJournal of Biomechanical Engineering Biomechanics - The Magazine of Lower Extremity Movement Biomechanics - The Magazine of Lower Extremity Movement American Journal of Sports MedicineAmerican Journal of Sports Medicine Motor Behavior Motor Behavior Human Movement ScienceHuman Movement Science Journal of Human Movement StudiesJournal of Human Movement Studies Gait and PostureGait and Posture Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical FitnessJournal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness The Orthopedic Clinics of North AmericaThe Orthopedic Clinics of North America American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Internet ResourceInternet Resource
Biomechanics World Wide Biomechanics World Wide www.per.ualberta.ca/biomechanics/bwwframe.htmwww.per.ualberta.ca/biomechanics/bwwframe.htm
ASB ASB asb-biomech.orgasb-biomech.org//
ISB ISB isb.ri.ccf.orgisb.ri.ccf.org//
ISBS ISBS www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs/www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs/
ESB ESB http://www.utc.fr/esb/http://www.utc.fr/esb/
Internet ResourceInternet Resource
Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB)Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB) www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/csb/www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/csb/
Biomch-l discussion forumBiomch-l discussion forum Biomechanics and Movement Science Listserv Biomechanics and Movement Science Listserv isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/
To subscribe: send a messageTo subscribe: send a message Sub: Biomch-l <Last, First name>Sub: Biomch-l <Last, First name> To: [email protected]: [email protected]
Biomechanics Graduate Programs -Biomechanics Graduate Programs - asb-biomech.org/gradinfo/index.htmlasb-biomech.org/gradinfo/index.html
Commercial CompaniesCommercial Companies
Ariel Dynamics Inc.Ariel Dynamics Inc. Motion Analysis Motion Analysis Peak Performance Technologies, Inc.Peak Performance Technologies, Inc. QualisysQualisys Skill Technologies Inc. Skill Technologies Inc. Vicon Motion SystemsVicon Motion Systems
Motion Analysis CooperationMotion Analysis Cooperation
Founded in May of 1982 Founded in May of 1982 Located in Santa Rosa, Located in Santa Rosa,
CaliforniaCalifornia Largest manufacturer of Largest manufacturer of
high performance high performance video/computer-based video/computer-based instrumentation systems instrumentation systems
New systemNew system Digital Eagle 3-D systemDigital Eagle 3-D system
www.motionanalysis.com/www.motionanalysis.com/
Motion Analysis CooperationMotion Analysis Cooperation
Eagle digital systemEagle digital system Falcon analog systemFalcon analog system
3-D analysis3-D analysis Kinematic and joint Kinematic and joint
kineticskinetics SIMMSIMM
MusculoGraphics, Inc.MusculoGraphics, Inc. Modeling, animation and Modeling, animation and
analysis of 3D analysis of 3D musculoskeletal systemsmusculoskeletal systems
Peak PerformancePeak Performance
Founded in 1984Founded in 1984 Englewood, Colorado, USA Englewood, Colorado, USA Close ties with US Olympic Close ties with US Olympic
training centertraining center Video-based systemVideo-based system
Peak Motus® Motion Peak Motus® Motion Measurement SystemMeasurement System
www.peakperform.com/ www.peakperform.com/
QualisysQualisys
A publicly traded A publicly traded company in Sweden company in Sweden
Digital infra-Red Digital infra-Red measurement systemmeasurement system Up to 1000 HzUp to 1000 Hz High resolutionHigh resolution
www.qualisys.com/www.qualisys.com/
ViconVicon Founded in 1984 Founded in 1984
Oxford Metrics Oxford Metrics Oxford, UK Oxford, UK
Lake Forest, CA USA Lake Forest, CA USA DatastationDatastation
426 – max 6 cameras426 – max 6 cameras 612 – max 12 cameras612 – max 12 cameras 624 – max 24 cameras624 – max 24 cameras
Different camerasDifferent cameras V camV cam SV camSV cam MCam2MCam2
1.3 million pixels1.3 million pixels Up to 1000 HzUp to 1000 Hz
Vicon Motion SystemsVicon Motion Systems
SoftwareSoftware WorkstationWorkstation BodyBuilder BodyBuilder Polygon Polygon Plug-in gaitPlug-in gait