Biomass Resource Assessment_India

8/2/2019 Biomass Resource Assessment_India

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Biomass for Energy;

Resource Assessment in India

Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore


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Biomass resource assessment in India;

OBJECTIVES1. Assess the biomass fuel consumption

- firewood, crop residue and animal dung

2. Assess the sources of biomass fuels

3. Assess area under forests, afforestation rates andbiomass & Carbon stocks

4. Estimate land available for biomass feedstockproduction for energy

5. Estimate sustainable biomass production for energy

6. Present barriers to spread of biomass production forenergy and spread of biomass power

7. List co-benefits of biomass production for energy


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Fuelwood, crop residue and

cattle dung consumption (Mt)

Year Fuel wood CropResidue

Dung Reference

1978-79 94 37 83 NCAER, 1981

1995 298 156 114 Ravindranath & Hall, 19951996 214 67 64 Sarma et al, 1998

1996 162 Planning commission, 1999

2010 381 132 98 Sarma et al, 1998


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End uses of biomass fuels (Mt)

Year Household Bricks Cottage

industries

Industrial

establishments,Rituals, hotels

Reference

1995 252 (rural)

+30 (urban)

6 10 Ravindranath

and Hall, 1995

1996 162 NA 25 14 FSI, 1996

2000 180 NA NA 40 CSE, 2000


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Sources of fuelwood (Mt)

Year Source Forest Farm forestry,

common land and

other resources

Plantations

1995 Ravindran

ath& Hall,

1995

71 98 60

1996 FSI, 1996 103 21 77

1999 NFAP,1999 70 23 79


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Crop residue production and use as energy

1997 2010

Crops

Type of residue

Total

residue

production

(Mt)

Quantity

used as

fuel (Mt)

Energy

used as

fuel

PJ

Total

residue

production

(Mt)

Quantity

used as

fuel (Mt)

Energy

used as

fuel

PJ

Rice husk 27 5 65 36 6 78

Rice straw 112 18 234 173 21 273Red

gram Waste 14 13 176 11 9 126

Other

pulses Shell+Waste 17 9 112 17 8 117

Ground

nut Waste 21 4 56 28 4 56Rape

seed &

mustard Waste 14 14 182 24 24 312

Other oil

seeds Waste 18 18 247 27 27 364

Cotton Seeds+ Waste 50 50 750 56 56 840

Sugar

cane Bagasse+Leaves 111 44 704 186 76 1216

Coconut,

arecanut Fronds 20 16 256 28 23 322

Total 407 191 2782 585 255 3704


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Dung production and use as

energy (fresh weight in Mt/year)

1997 2003 2010

Total dung production 659 669 730

Dung directly utilized as fuel 185 250 340

Dung utilized in biogas plants 22 30 99Total use 207 280 439


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Trends in area under forest and

tree cover (Mha)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Forestandtre

ecover(Mha)

Forest cover Tree cover


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Cumulative area afforested during

1951 to 2005 (Mha)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1951

1961

1966

1969

1974

1979

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

1997

1998

1999

2001

2003

2004

2005

Cum

ulativeareaafforested(Mha)


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Trends in carbon stock estimates

for Indian forests (MtC)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1880

1980

1986

1986

1994

2005

Carbonstock(MtC)

Biomass carbon Soil carbon


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Land available for biomass

production for energy (Mha)Study Land categories and land availability (Mha) Total area

(Mha)

Degraded land quoted in Planning

Commission (1992)

Degraded forest36, Degraded non-forest94 130

Chambers et al. (1989)

Land available for tree planting

Cultivated land13, Strips and boundaries2,

Uncultivated, degraded land33, Degraded

forest land36

84

Kapoor (1992)

Land available for tree planting

Agricultural land45, Forest land28, Pasture

land7, Fallow land (long and short)25,

Urban land-1

106

Ministry of Agriculture (1992) Forest land with < 10% tree crown cover11,Grazing land12, Tree groves3, Culturable

land15, Old fallow11, Current fallow14

66

Sudha and Ravindranath (1999) Cultivable land under agro-ecological zones

26.1, Land not suitable for cultivation---13.6,

Pasture land- 2.9

42.6

Ravindranath et al (2001) Short Rotation (SR) - 38.2, Long Rotation (LR) 14.0, Forest regeneration 11.0,

63.2

NRSA (1995) Forest degraded land16.27, Wasteland

38.11, Other category11.07

65.45

NRSA (2004) 55.2

NRSA (2005) 41.0


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Biomass Energy Options and Potential

TRADITIONAL BIO-FUELS Traditional use of biomass for energy is largely for heating &

process heat purposes, in activities such as cooking, heatingwater, and brick making

Traditional biomass use for energy is characterized by lowefficiency of use, drudgery and environmental degradation

MODERN BIOENERGY OPTIONS

- Energy efficient, sustainable, substitute fossil fuel OR non-sustainable biomass extraction, reduce GHG emissions,

BIOENERGY OPTIONS Biomass power through combustion and gasification Liquid fuels (Biodiesel and Ethanol) Gaseous fuel (biogas)


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Biomass production and biomass

power generation potentialLand category Area in

Mha

Biomass

productivityt/ha/year

Total biomass

production forenergy (Mt/year)

Power generation

in TWh / year

6.6 (withoutgeneticimprovement

and fertilisers)

228 228Short rotationenergyplantation

a

34.6

12 (with genetic

improvementand fertilizer)

415 415

6.6 (withoutgeneticimprovement

and fertilisers)

158 158Short rotationenergyplantation

b

24.0

12 (with geneticimprovement

and fertilizer)

288 288


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Bio-diesel production potential

Land

category

Area (Mha) Options Oil seeds

production

(Mt/year)

Oil

extracted

Mt/year

Bio-diesel3

(Mt/year)

70a

(low

yield)

21 20Jatropha

curcas1

168b

(high

yield)

50.4 48

Fallow land 14

Tree based 2

(Karanja or

Pongamia

pinnata)

70 21 20


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Barriers to Sustained Biomass Supply

Tenurial uncertainty for wastelands, particularly public orgovernment lands, for power utilities and the utilities cannot getaccess to government and community lands for producing biomass.

Absence of policy or regulatory provisions for long-term contractbetween farmers and biomass power utilities for sustained biomasssupply from farm lands to biomass power utilities

Lack of access to easy credit, financial incentives and guaranteedprice for biomass feedstock to farmers and such incentives areavailable for biomass power utilities and not for biomass producers

Absence of package of practices for high biomass yields in different

agro-climatic zones.

Long-gestation period in producing biomass (a minimum of 3 to 5years for harvesting)

High transportation cost for large scale biomass power utilities


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Co-benefits of Biomass Production for Energy

Reclamation of degraded lands, which are subjected to soil erosionand degradation due to absence of vegetation cover

Carbon sequestration in degraded lands & standing vegetation &soil

Greenhouse gas emission reduction, if bioenergy is used tosubstitute fossil fuel energy

Promotion of biodiversity, if adequate sustainable production

practices, such as a mix-of species and leaving a fraction of landfallow for natural forest succession, are adopted

Local employment and income generation from biomass production

practices, harvesting, transportation and processing

Improved socio-economic conditions and quality of life, if access tomodern bioenergy is provided to rural communities, such as biogasfor cooking and biomass power for lighting and mechanical

applications.


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CONCLUSIONS

1. Large dependence on traditional biomass fuels2. Forest area in India has stabilized and land is available for

biomass production for energy3. Conservative estimate of Wasteland & fallow land of 24 to 36 Mha

can produce- 228 to 415 Mt of woody biomass for energy- Produce 228 to 415 TWh

4. Despite financial incentives to biomass power utilities, financial

viability and favorable IRR, biomass production for energy islimited by;- Tenurial uncertainties, lack of incentives for biomass producers,long-gestation period, lack of package of practices for high yields

5. Co-benefits: Large co-benefits such as- biodiversity conservation, degraded land reclamation andwatershed protection, local employment generation, GHGemission reduction

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Biomass Resource Assessment_India