BIOMASS

A GROWTH OPPORTUNITYIN

GREEN ENERGYAND

VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS

Proceedings of the 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas

VOLUME 2

(In Two Volumes)

Contents xxiii

Steam Pretreatment Conditions to Optimize the Hemicellulose SugarRecovery and Fermentation of Softwood-Derived Feedstocks 929Y. Cai, J. Robinson, S.M. Shevchenko, D.J. Gregg andl N. Saddler, Univ.of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

Volume 2

Gasification: Gas Conditioning

Biomass Gasification with Air in Fluidized Bed: Hot Gas Cleanup andUpgrading with Steam-Reforming Catalysts of Big Size 933J. Corella and M.A. Caballero, Univ. Complutense (Madrid, Spain); M.P.Aznar and J. Gil, Univ. of Saragossa (Saragossa, Spain)

An Experimental Investigation of Alkali Removal from Biomass ProducerGas Using a Fixed Bed of Solid Sorbent 939S.Q. Turn, CM. Kinoshita, D.M. Ishimura, T.T. Hiraki, J. Zhou and S.M.Masutani, Univ. of Hawaii (Honolulu, Hawaii, USA)

CO2 Gasification of Pine Sawdust Using a Coprecipitated Ni-Al Catalyst 947L. Garcia, M.L. Salvador, R. Bilbao and J. Arauzo, Univ. of Zaragoza(Zaragoza, Spain)

An Integrated Modular Hot Gas Conditioning Technology 953N. Abatzoglou, D. Bangala and E. Chornet, Kemestrie, Inc. (Sherbrooke,Quebec, Canada)

Determination of Vapor Phase Alkali Content during Biomass Gasification 961J. Smeenk, R.C. Brown andD. Eckels, Iowa State Univ. (Ames, Iowa, USA)

Kinetics of CO2 Gasification of Black Liquors from Alkaline Pulping ofStraw 969G. Gea, M.B. Murillo andl Arauzo, Univ. of Zaragoza (Zaragosa, Spain)

Catalytic Gasification of Biomass 977S. Rapagna, J. Nader and P.U. Foscolo, Univ. di L'Aquila (L'Aquila, Italy)

xxiv Contents

A Full-Flow Catalytic Reactor at Pilot Scale for Hot Gas Cleanup inBiomass Gasification with Air 979M.A. Caballero and M.P. Aznar, Univ. Complutense (Madrid, Spain); J.Corella, Univ. of Saragossa (Saragossa, Spain); J. Gil, Univ. Complutense(Madrid, Spain); and J.A. Martin, Univ. of Saragossa (Saragossa, Spain)

Conversion of Various Biomass-Derived Chars to Hydrogen/High BtuGas by Gasification with Steam 985N.N. Bakhshi and A.K. Dalai, Univ. of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan,Canada); and S. T. Sriniuas, Pennsylvania State Univ. (University Park,Pennsylvania, USA)

Effects of Injecting Steam on Catalytic Reforming of Gasified Biomass 991J. Zhou, D.M. Ishimura and CM. Kinoshita, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa(Honolulu, Hawaii, USA)

Gasification: Co-Feeding and Modeling

Superficial Velocity - The Key to Downdraft Gasification 1001T.B. Reed, The Biomass Energy Foundation (Golden, Colorado, USA);R. Walt, Community Power Corp. (Aurora, Colorado, USA); S. Ellis,Colorado School of Mines (Golden, Colorado, USA); A. Das, OriginalSources (Boulder, Colorado, USA); and S. Deutsch, NREL (Golden,Colorado, USA)

Conversion of Biomass and Biomass-Coal Mixtures: Gasification, HotGas Cleaning and Gas Turbine Combustion 1009W. de Jong, J. Andries, P.DJ. Hoppesteyn and 6 Unal, Delft Univ. ofTechnology (Delft, The Netherlands)

Biomass Co-Gasification with Coal: The Process Benefit Due to PositiveSynergistic Effects 1017G. Chen, Q. Yu, C. Brage, C. Rosen and K. Sjostrom, Royal Inst. ofTechnology (Stockholm, Sweden)

Dynamic Modelling of the Two-Stage Gasification Process 1025B. Gebel, Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark); ID. Bentzen,COWI (Lyngby, Denmark); U. Henriksen and N. Houbak, Technical Univ.of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark)

Contents xxv

Synergistic Effect on Tar Formation in Co-Gasification of Energy Cropsand Coal 1033Q. Yu, C. Brage, G. Chen and K. Sjostrom, Royal Inst. of Technology(Stockholm, Sweden)

Optimisation of Gasification Experimental Conditions of Mixtures ofBiomass with Plastic Wastes 1041F. Pinto, I. Gulyurtlu, C. Franco andl. Cabrita, INETI-ITE-DTC (Lisbon,Portugal)

Modeling a Fluidized Bed Gasifier of Biomass in Stationary State withIn-Bed Use of Dolomite: Abrasion, Erosion and Carry Over of theDolomite 1049J. Corella, Univ. Complutense (Madrid, Spain); M.P. Aznar, J. Gil andM.A. Caballero, Univ. of Saragossa (Saragossa, Spain); J.A. Martin, Univ.Complutense (Madrid, Spain)

Use of Bio-Nut shells for Gasification 1051M. Dogru, Univ. of Newcastle (Newcastle, UK); A.A. Malik, Univ. ofNorthumbria at Newcastle (Newcastle, UK); C.R. Howarth, Univ. ofNewcastle (Newcastle, UK); and H. Olgun, Blacksea Technical Univ.(Trabzon, Turkey)

Gasification: Projects

Commercial Demonstration of the Battelle/FERCO Biomass GasificationProcess: Startup and Initial Operating Experience 1061M.A. Paisley, Battelle (Columbus, Ohio); M.C Farris and J. Black,FERCO (Norcross, Georgia, USA); J.M. Irving, Burlington ElectricDepartment (Burlington, Vermont, USA); and R.P. Overend, NREL(Golden, Colorado, USA)

Camp Lejeune Energy from Wood (CLEW) Project 1067J.G. Cleland, Research Triangle Inst. (Research Triangle Park, NorthCarolina, USA); and C.R. Purvis, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA)

Biomass Gasification with a Difference 1075D. Wiles, R. Sunter, B. Ramsay, J. Neufeld, G. Neufeld, H. Burke, MalahatSystems Corp. (Victoria, British Columbia, Canada)

xxvi Contents

The Realisation of a Biomass-Fueled IGCC Plant in Italy 1079H.J. de Lange, Bioelettrica S.p.A. (Pisa, Italy); and P. Barbucci, ENELRicerca (Pisa, Italy)

Installation, Operation and Economics of Biomass Gasification System inIndonesia 1087P. DeLaquil, III and F.S. Fische, BG Technologies L.L.C. (Washington,D.C., USA)

The "Turbo" Wood-Gas Stove 1093T.B. Reed, The Biomass Energy Foundation (Golden, Colorado, USA);and R. Walt, Community Power Corp. (Aurora, Colorado, USA)

Energy Losses Due to Elutriation in Fluidized Bed Gasification ofSugarcane Bagasse 1099D.L. Larson, Univ. of Arizona (Tucson, Arizona, USA); E. Olivares andL.A.B. Cortez, University of Campinas (Campinas, Brazil); L.E. Brossard,Univ. of Oriente (Santiago de Cuba, Cuba); and G. Bezzon, Univ. ofCampinas (Campinas, Brazil)

Fluidized Bed Air Gasification of Sugar Cane Bagasse. Bed Temperatureand Air Factor Influence 1105E. Esperanza, Univ. of las Villas (Santa Clara, Cuba); J. Arauzo and G.Gea , Univ. of Zaragossa (Zaragossa, Spain)

Bagasse Gaseous Fuel: An Environmentally Safe Replacement for NaturalGas 1113S. Peres, Univ. de Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil)

Development of a Novel Reverse-Flow Slagging Gasifier for Small-ScaleCogeneration Applications 1119J.G. Brammer, Aston Univ. (Birmingham, UK); L. van de Beld, BiomassTechnology Group (Enschede, Netherlands); A. V. Bridgwater, AstonUniv. (Birmingham, UK); and D. Assink, Biomass Technology Group(Enschede, Netherlands)

Potential Assessment of BIG-GT Technology in Cuban Sugar Cane Mills 1127F. Ponce, Univ. of Las Villas (Santa Clara, Cuba); and A. Walter, StateUniv. of Campinas (Campinas, Brazil)

Contents xxvii

Pyrolysis: Kinetics

Modeling of Flash Pyrolysis of a Single Wood Particle 1137

A.M.C. Janse, R.W.J. Westerhout and W. Prins, Twente Univ. (Enschede,The Netherlands)

Tar Production from Biomass Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: ANovel Turbulent Multiphase Flow Formulation 1145J. Bellan andD. Lathouwers, California Institute of Technology (Pasadena,California)

Pyrolysis of Biomass - Aerosol Generation: Properties, Applications, andSignificance for Process Engineers 1153J. Piskorz, P. Majerski and D. Radlein, Resource Transforms International(Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)

Products Formed under Pressurized Pyrolysis 1161P. Girard, S. Numazawa, S. Mouras and A. Napoli, Cirad-Foret(Montpellier Cedex, France)

Release of Potassium and Chlorine during Straw Pyrolysis 1169PA. Jensen, Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark); B. Sander,ELSAMPROJEKT A/S (Fredericia, Denmark); and K. Dam-Johansen,Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark)

Pyrolysis and Combustion Behaviour of Wood: Temperature Profiles andSolid Conversion 1177J. Ceamanos, R. Bilbao, M.E. Aldea, M. Betran and J.E Mastral, Univ ofZaragoza (Zaragoza, Spain)

Biomass Thermal Decomposition in the Pyrolysis Process 1185K.M. Abdullayev, National Academy of Sciences (Baku, Azerbaijan)

Pyrolysis of Olive Stones in Different Reactors 1193J. Ruiz, M.J. Sanz, J. Gomez and J. Arauzo, Univ. of Zaragoza (Zaragoza,Spain)

Design of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Systems: Heat Transfer to the BiomassParticle 1199G. V.C. Peacocke, Conversion and Resource Evaluation, Ltd. (Birmingham,UK)

xxviii Contents

Pyrolysis of an Agricultural By-Product: A Characterization Study 1201A.L. Cukierman, PA. Delia Rocca, PR. Bonelli and E.G. Cerrella, Univ.de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Biomass Pyrolysis of Organic Waste in a Rarefied Layer 1209M. Gubinsky, Y. Shishko, R. Cheifetz and A. Usenko, State MetallurgicalAcademy of Ukraine (Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine)

Pyrolysis: Systems and Oil Properties

Fast Pyrolysis Technology 1217A. V. Bridgwater, Aston Univ. (Birmingham, UK); S. Czernik, NREL(Golden, Colorado, USA); D. Meier, BFH-Inst. for Wood Chemistry(Hamburg, Germany); and J. Piskorz, RTI Ltd. (Waterloo, Ontario,Canada)

BioTherm™: A System for Continuous Quality, Fast Pyrolysis BioOil 1225K.W. Morris, DynaMotive Technologies Corp. (Vancouver, BritishColumbia, Canada); J. Piskorz and P. Majerski, RTI (Vancouver, BritishColumbia, Canada)

The PyrocyclingTM> Process: New Developments 1227C. Roy, Inst. Pyrovac Inc. (Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada)

Analysis, Characterization, and Test Methods of Fast Pyrolysis Liquids 1229A. Oasmaa, VTT Energy (VTT, Finland); and D. Meier, Inst. for WoodChemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood (Hamburg, Germany)

A Review of Physical and Chemical Methods of Upgrading Biomass-Derived Fast Pyrolysis Liquids 1235S. Czernik, NREL (Golden, Colorado, USA); R. Maggi, Univ. Catholiquede Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium); and G.V.C. Peacocke,Conversion and Resource Evaluation Ltd. (Birmingham, UK)

Investigation of Flame Characteristics and Emissions of Pyrolysis Oil ina Modified Flame Tunnel 1241P. Wickboldt, R. Strenziok and U. Hansen, Univ. of Rostock (Rostock,Germany)

Fuel Oil Quality of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils 1247A. Oasmaa, VTT Energy (Espoo, Finland); and S. Czernik, NREL(Golden, Colorado, USA)

Contents xxix

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor 1253I.P.H. Boukis, Center for Renewable Energy Sources (Pikermi, Greece);and A. V. Bridgwater, Aston Univ. (Birmingham, UK)

Catalytic Pyrolysis for Improved Liquid Fuel Quality 1255E.H. Salter, Aston Univ. (Birmingham, UK); P. Wulzinger, Inst. forWood Chemistry (Hamburg, Germany); A. V. Bridgwater, Aston Univ.(Birmingham, UK); and D. Meier, Inst. for Wood Chemistry (Hamburg,Germany)

Implementation of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis in Highly Competitive Markets 1263M. Lauer, Inst. of Energy Research (Graz, Austria)

Pyrolysis Environment, Health and Safety Issues Output from the PyNeNetwork 1269P. Girard and S. Mouras, Cirad Foret (Montpellier Cedex, France)

Biomass Power: Cofiring

Cofiring Biomass with Coal 1277L. Baxter and A. Robinson, Sandia National Laboratories (Livermore,California, USA)

Gas Cofiring for Performance Improvement and Emission Reduction inBiomass-Fired Boilers 1285KB. Mason and L.R. Waterland, Arcadis Geraghty & Miller (MountainView, California, USA); S.A. Drennan, Coen Co., Inc. (Burlingame, Cali-fornia, USA); I.S. Chan, Gas Research Institute (Chicago, Illinois, USA);V. Tiangco, California Energy Commission (Sacramento, California, USA);C. Knight, Burney Mountain Power (Burney, California, USA); and R.J.Auzenne, Fairhaven Power Co. (Eureka, California, USA)

Biomass Cofiring in Coal-Fired Boilers: Test Programs and Results 1287D.A. Tillman, Foster Wheeler Development Corp. (Clinton, NewJersey, USA); S. Plasynski, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA); and E. Hughes, Electric Power Research Institute(Palo Alto, California, USA)

Experiences on Biomass Cofiring in Finland 1293S. Helynen, VTT Energy (Jyvaskyla, Finland)

xxx Contents

Cofiring of Coal and Straw 1299P. Overgaard, MIDTKRAFT Energy Company (Aarhus, Denmark);B. Sander, ELSAMPROJEKT A/S (Fredericia, Denmark); and N.O.Knudsen, Nordjyllandsvaerket (Vodskov, Denmark)

Southern Company Evaluation of Switchgrass 1307P. V Bush, Southern Research Inst. (Birmingham, Alabama, USA); D.M.Boylan, Southern Company Services (Birmingham, Alabama, USA); andD.I. Bransby, Auburn Univ. (Auburn, Alabama, USA)

Cofiring Biofuel in a PC Boiler Using Direct Injection of Wood Waste 1309DA. Tillman, Foster Wheeler Development Corp. (Clinton, New Jer-sey, USA); and JR. Battista, GPU Genco (Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA)

Mixing Effects in the Application of SNCR to Biomass Combustion 1315M. Oliva, M.U. Alzueta, A. Millera, J.C. Ibanez and R. Bilbao, Univ. ofZaragoza (Zaragoza, Spain)

Feasibility of Cofiring (Biomass + Natural Gas) Power Systems 1321A. Walter and M.R. Souza, State Univ. of Campinas (Campinas, Brazil);R.P. Overend, NREL (Golden, Colorado, USA)

NOX Emissions Reduction: An Application of Biomass ReburningTechnology 1329J.J. Sweterlitsch and R.C. Brown, Iowa State Univ. (Ames, Iowa, USA)

Hybrid Combustion-Gasification Concept for Environmentally SafeUtilization of Biomass Energy 1335V.M. Zamansky, Energy and Environmental Research Corp. (Irvine,California, USA); B.M. Jenkins, Univ. of California (Davis, Califor-nia, USA); T.R. Miles, T.R. Miles Technical Consultants, Inc. (Portland,Oregon, USA); and V.M. Tiangco, California Energy Commission(Sacramento, California, USA)

Multiple Fuel Oven for Untreated Biofuels and Solid Waste 1341PH. Heyerdahl, Agricultural Univ. of Norway (Aas, Norway)

Cofiring Biomass with Coal Utilizing Water-Cooled Vibrating GrateTechnology 1343T.A. Giaier and M.A. Eleniewski, Detroit Stoker Co. (Detroit, Michi-gan, USA)

Contents xxxi

Cofiring Multiple Opportunity Fuels for Cost-Effective BiomassUtilization 1349D.A. Tillman, Foster Wheeler Development Corp. (Clinton, NewJersey, USA); and P.J. Hus, Northern Indiana Public Service Co.(Merrillville, Indiana, USA)

Biomass Power: Fouling and Inorganics Management

Combustion of Leached Rice Straw for Power Generation 1357B.M. Jenkins, R.B. Williams, R.R. Bakker, S. Blunk and D.E. Yomogida,Univ. Of California (Davis, California, USA); W. Carlson and J. Duffy,Wheelabrator-Shasta Energy Co. (Anderson, California, USA); ft Bates,Woodland Biomass Power, Ltd. (Woodland, California, USA); K. Stucki,Wadham Energy Limited Partnership (Williams, California, USA); and V.Tiangco, California Energy Commission (Sacramento, California, USA)

Ash-Induced Operational Difficulties in Fluidised Bed Firing of Biofuelsand Waste 1365A.L. Hallgren and K. Engvall, TPS Termiska Processer AB (Nykoping,Sweden); and B.-J. Skrifvars, Abo Akademi Univ. (Abo, Finland)

Use of Biomass Derived Gases in a Catalytic Combustor for a 3 MWe

Gas Turbine 1371E. Lebas and G. Martin, Inst. Francais du Petrole (Veraaison Cedex,France)

Formation, Composition and Particle Size Distribution of Fly-Ashes fromBiomass Combustion Plants 1377/. Obernberger, J. Dahl and T. Brunner, Technical Univ. Graz (Graz,Austria)

Combustion Properties of Lignin Residue from Lignocellulose Fermenta-tion 1385S.L. Blunk and B.M. Jenkins, Univ. of California (Davis, California, USA);and K.L. Kadam, NREL (Golden, Colorado, USA)

Investigation of Superheater Fouling in Biomass Boilers with FurnaceExit Gas Temperature Control 1393R.B. Williams, B.M. Jenkins and R.R. Bakker, Univ. of California(Davis, California, USA); and L.L. Baxter, Sandia National Laboratories(Livermore, California, USA)

xxxii Contents

Use of Combustion Turbines to Produce Electricity from SugarcaneBagasse 1401R.E Tamaro and C. Echeverria, Tazcogen Development Co. (Moraga,California, USA)

Model Performance of a Biomass-Fueled Power Station with VariableFurnace Exit Gas Temperature for Fouling Control 1409D.E. Yomogida, Henwood Energy Services, Inc. (Sacramento, Cali-fornia, USA); B.M. Jenkins and B.R. Hartsough, Univ. of California(Davis, California, USA); V.M. Tiangco, California Energy Commission(Sacramento, California, USA)

NOX Reduction by Primary Measures on a Traveling-Grate Furnace forBiomass Fuels and Waste Wood 1417A. Weissinger and I. Obernberger, Technical Univ. Graz (Graz, Austria)

Fluidized Bed Combustion of Leached Rice Straw 1425R.R. Bakker, B.M. Jenkins, R.B. Williams and D. Pfaff, Univ. of California(Davis, California, USA)

Influence of Jet Angles on the Performance of a Boiler Furnace forSuspension Burning of Biomass: A Numerical Study 1433R.E Mut, P. Beaton and J. Martin, Univ. de Oriente (Santiago de Cuba,Cuba)

Effects of Management Factors on Energy Content and Slagging Potentialof Switchgrass 1435D.I. Bransby, Auburn Univ. (Auburn, Alabama, USA); P. Vann Bush,Southern Research Inst. (Birmingham, Alabama, USA); and D.M. Boylan,Southern Company Services (Birmingham, Alabama, USA)

Biomass Power: Electricity and Heat Systems

The Flex-Microturbine™ for Biomass Gases - A Progress Report 1439E. Prabhu, Reflective Energies (Mission Viejo, California, USA); V.Tiangco, California Energy Commission (Sacramento, California, USA)

Micro-Scale Biomass Power 1445L. Bowman and N. W Lane, Sunpower, Inc. (Athens, Ohio, USA)

Biomass Energy Use in Small-Scale Commercial Operations 1453K.M. Sachs, Carbon Cycle Co. (Woodland, California, USA)

Contents xxxiii

Adaptation and Evaluation of a Rice Hull Gasifier in the Philippines 1457R.E. Aldas and E.U. Bautista, Philippine Rice Research Inst. (NuevaEcija, Philippines); and V.M. Tiangco, California Energy Commission(Sacramento, California, USA)

Commercialization of Innovative Biomass-Fired Furnaces for HeatingPoultry Houses 1465J. Wimberly, Foundation for Organic Resources Mgmt. (Fayetteville,Arkansas, USA)

The Use of Exhausted Olive Husks as Fuel in the Calabrian Bread-BakingIndustry 1467G. Nicoletti, Univ. of Calabria (Arcavacata di Rende, Italy)

An Advanced Modular Fluid-Bed Combustor Concept for BiomassUtilization 1475D.D. Schmidt, J.H. Pavlish and M.D. Mann, Energy & EnvironmentalResearch Center (Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA); and M.F. Robb,King Coal Furnace Corporation (Bismarck, North Dakota, USA)

Sulphur Balances for Biofuel Combustion Systems 1481S. Houmaller and A. Evald, Teknik Energy & Environment (Soborg,Denmark)

Feasibility Studies on Cogeneration from Industrial Wood-ProcessingResidues in Ghana 1487A. Brew-Hammond and S.B. Atakora, Kumasi Inst. of Technology andEnvironment (Kumasi, Ghana)

Feasibility Study of a California Landfill Sited 10 MWe Waste-to-EnergyProject Driven by Landfill Cutbacks and Electricity Deregulation 1495M.D. Lefcort and EG. Ghahremani, HEITE Associates (Irvine,California, USA)

Assessment and Dissemination of a Pyrolysis Gasifier Stove in Ghana -Project Description 1501PS. Nielsen, Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark); and T.Kuuyuor, Ministry of Interior (Accra, Ghana)

Straw Combustion in Grate Furnaces 1507R.P. van der Lans, L.T. Pedersen, A. Jensen, P. Glarborg and K.Dam-Johansen, Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby, Denmark)

xxxiv Contents

Novel Approach for the Analysis of Heat Transfer in Bagasse-FiredFurnaces 1509A.L. Brito and PA. Beaton, Univ. of Oriente (Santiago de Cuba, Cuba);J. Ballester and C. Dopazo, Univ. of Zaragoza (Zaragoza, Spain)

Retrofitting and Optimisation of Bagasse Boilers 1517PA. Beaton and A.L. Brito, Univ. of Oriente (Santiago de Cuba, Cuba);J. Ballester and C. Dopazo, Univ. of Zaragoza (Zaragoza, Spain)

BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY POLICY - PUBLIC ISSUES ANDPRIVATE INITIATIVES

Green Electricity

Wood Energy and European Trade Patterns: Why Sweden Is the No. 1Biofuel Importer in Europe 1527B. Hillring and J. Vinterbdck, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences(Uppsala, Sweden)

Fuel Cells: A Solution for Pollution 1533PS. Patel, Energy Research Corp (Danbury, Connecticut, USA); V.Tiangco, California Energy Commission (Sacramento, California, USA);and K. Craig, NREL (Golden, Colorado, USA)

Including Biomass in Wisconsin's Public Benefits Pilot 1535D.B. Wichert and A.F. De Pillis, Wisconsin Department of Administration(Madison, Wisconsin)

Power Generation from Poultry Litter Biomass 1541T.A. Giaier and R.S. Morrow, Detroit Stoker Co. (Detroit, Michigan, USA)

Green Power Marketing in Retail Competition: An Early Assessment 1547R. Wiser, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, Califor-nia, USA); K. Porter and J. Fang, NREL (Washington, DC, USA)

Landfill Fuel Cell Application: A Concept to Utilize All Outputs throughIntegration with a Greenhouse 1555TO. Manning, D.R. Specca and H. W. Janes, New Jersey EcoComplex(New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA)

Contents xxxv

Sugarcane Bagasse and Black Liquor Substituting for Fossil Fuels inPower Generation in Brazil as Responses to Global Climate Change 1557M.D. Berni and S. V. Bajay, State Univ. of Campinas (Campinas, Brazil)

Opportunities for Biomass in the APX Green Power Market™ 1559J.C. Pepper, Automated Power Exchange, Inc. (Cupertino, Califor-nia, USA)

The Impacts of Assembly Bill 1890 on California's Biomass EnergyIndustry 1561G. Simons, V. Tiangco, P. Kulkarni and M. Masri, California EnergyCommission (Sacramento, California, USA)

Landfill Leachate Management Using Short Rotation Forestry Plantations 1563D. Riddell-Black, WRC pic (Marlow, UK)

A Technical-Environmental Comparison of Some Agricultural Biomasses 1565G. Nicoletti, F. Anile and C. Marandola, Univ. of Calabria (Arcavacata diRende, Italy)

The Effect of Wisconsin's 50 MW Renewables Mandate on BiomassPower Plant Development 1573A.F. DePillis and D.B. Wichert, Wisconsin Energy Bureau (Madison,Wisconsin)

Policy and Programs

DOE Activities to Support Opportunities and Benefits of BiomassCofiring in Coal-Fired Utility and Industrial Boilers 1577M.C. Freeman, P.M. Goldberg and S.I. Plasynski, Federal EnergyTechnology Center (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA); R. Costello, U.S.Department of Energy (Washington, DC, USA)

Biomass Policies and Biogas Utilisation in Denmark 1579PS. Nielsen and K. Salomonsen, Technical Univ. of Denmark (Lyngby,Denmark); and J.B. Holm-Nielsen, South Denmark University (Esbjerg,Denmark)

Biomass Programme of the Bavarian State Government 1587T. Weber and L. Wanner, Bavarian Ministry of Food, Agriculture andForestry (Munich, Germany)

xxxvi Contents

Biomass Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Needs andDirections in California under a Deregulated Electricity Marketplace 1593G. Simons, V. Tiangco and P. Kulkarni, California Energy Commission(Sacramento, California, USA)

The Role of the Australian Biomass Taskforce in Bioenergy Development 1595S.M. Schuck, Australian Biomass Taskforce (Killara, Australia)

Biomass Fuels, Technical Interventions, and Environmental Impacts inthe Indian Himalaya 1601R. Prasad and A. Sharma, TERI (New Delhi, India)

Biomass Cofiring R&D in the FETC Combustion and EnvironmentalResearch Facility 1607M.C. Freeman, P.M. Goldberg, R.A. James and M.P. Mathur, FederalEnergy Technology Center (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA); and G.F.Walbert, Parsons Infrastructure & Technology Group, Inc.

The Advanced Technology Program's Support of High-Risk R&DInvolving Biomass 1609R.L. Bloksberg-Fireovid, National Inst. of Standards and Technology(Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA)

Asia/Pacific Rim Renewable Energy Market Assessments by the State ofHawaii 1611D.M. Ishimura, CM. Kinoshita and S.Q. Turn, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa(Honolulu, Hawaii, USA); MM. Kaya, J. Tantlinger and J.P. Dorian, Stateof Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism(Honolulu, Hawaii, USA)

A Market-Based Development Strategy for Biomass and Bioenergy inChina 1619Z. Zhang, A. Zhou, Z. Lv, B. Zeng and W. Luo, Energy Research Instituteof State Planning and Development Commission (China); Rural EnergyOffice, Shandong Province (China); Sanxing Energy and EnvironmentalEngineering Corp (Shanghai, China); Rural Energy Office (Zhejiang,China)

Development of Green Energy Market in the Netherlands and thePerspectives of Biomass 1629K. W. Kwant and C. van Leenders, Netherlands Agency for Energy andthe Environment (Utrecht, Netherlands)

Contents xxxvii

Strategies and Assessments

IEA Bioenergy, Liquid Biofuels Activity: Results of the Past Three-YearPeriod 1633M. Worgetter, Federal Inst. of Agricultural Engineering (Wieselburg,Austria)

Biomass Feedstocks: Integration of Research and Development forMultiple Products and Multiple Sponsors 1639L. Wright and J. Cushman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge,Tennessee, USA); S. Sprague and J. Kaminsky, U.S. Department ofEnergy (Washington, DC, USA)

PyNe - The Pyrolysis Network 1647A.V. Bridgwater, N. Ahrendt and C.L. Humphreys, Aston Univ.(Birmingham, UK)

Review Report of the Regional Biomass Energy Program Technical andState Grant Projects 1655P.D. Lusk, Resource Development Associates (Washington, DC, USA)

Changing Paradigm: Converting California's Waste Biomass and WasteSugars to Value-Added Products 1663S. Shoemaker, Univ. of California (Davis, California, USA)

Using a Direct Public Offering as a Means to Fund Your Company 1665D.A. Johnson and D.A. Johnson, Pinnacle Technology, Inc. (Lawrence,Kansas, USA); B.S. Davis, Corporate Counsel Group LLP (Kansas City,Missouri, USA); and W. Eckinger, Henderson, Warren & Eckinger PC,PA (Overland Park, Kansas, USA)

A Brief History of Energy Biomass in Brazil 1673M.A. dos Santos, Ed. Tecnologia (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Effects of the California Energy Commission's Renewable TechnologyProgram on California's Biomass Industry 1679T.A. Goncalves and M. Masri, California Energy Commission (Sacra-mento, California, USA)

Proposals for the Improvement of Biomass Participation in the BrazilianEnergy Matrix: The "Declaration of Recife" 1685S.T. Coelho, JR. Moreira, LA. Campos and A.C. Oliveira, Univ. of SaoPaulo (Sao Paulo, Brazil)

xxxviii Contents

Wood as a Primal Fuel for Rural Areas of Estonia 1691P. Muiste, Estonian Agricultural Univ. (Tartu, Estonia); and 0 Kask,Tallinn Technical Univ. (Tallinn, Estonia)

Resource Potential and Opportunities for Biogas Energy Projects inCalifornia under a Deregulated Electricity Marketplace 1695G. Simons, V. Tiangco and J. Young, California Energy Commission(Sacramento, California, USA); and M. Moser, Resource ConservationManagement (Berkeley, California, USA)

Toward a Biomass-Intensive Sustainable Energy Strategy for Indiana 1697J. Eflin, Ball State Univ. (Muncie, Indiana, USA)

Minnesota Wood Energy Scale-Up Project: A Progress Report 5 Yearsafter Establishment 1703M. Downing, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Ten-nessee, USA); D. Langseth, Champion International (Alexandria,Minnesota, USA); T. Lundblad, WesMin Resource Conservation &Development (Alexandria, Minnesota, USA); R. Pierce, ChampionInternational (Alexandria, Minnesota, USA); and R. Stoffel, MinnesotaDepartment of Natural Resources-Forestry (Alexandria, Minnesota, USA)

Accelerating the Commercialization of Biomass Energy Generationwithin New York State 1711G.J. Proakis, New York State Technology Enterprise Corp. (Rome, NewYork, USA); J.J. Vasselli, Syracuse Research Corp. (North Syracuse, NewYork, USA); E. Neuhauser, Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. (Syracuse,New York, USA); and T.A. Volk, State Univ. of New York (Syracuse,New York, USA)

The German Strategy to Increase Renewable Resources for Energy andIndustry 1717P. Kornell and E. Longer, C.A.R.M.E.N. (Rimpar, Germany)

The Ethanol Fuel Race 17255. Vyas, McNeil Technologies, Inc. (Springfield, Virginia, USA)

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Biomass and Bioenergy: Public Issues

Community Outreach and Education: Key Components of the SalixConsortium's Willow Biomass Project 1733T.A. Volk, State Univ. of New York (Syracuse, New York, USA); S.Edick, South Central New York Resource Conservation and DevelopmentProject, Inc. (Norwich, New York, USA); S. Brown, Cornell CooperativeExtension (Ithaca, New York, USA); and M. Downing, Oak RidgeNational Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA)

Biofuels in the Industry: Reduction of CO2 Emissions from the IndustrialSector 1739S. Houmoller, J. Cramer, B.H. Christensen and L. Jorgensen, TeknikEnergy & Environment (Seborg, Denmark)

The Value of Survey Information on the Potential to Grow Switchgrassfor Energy in Alabama 1747D.I. Bransby, Auburn Univ. (Auburn, Alabama, USA)

Energy Crop Farmer Education and Closed-Loop Biomass Power PlantDevelopment in Wisconsin 1753A.F. De Pillis and D.B. Wichert, State of Wisconsin Department ofAdministration (Madison, Wisconsin)

Oklee Tree Project 1759E. Wene, Agricultural Utilization Research Inst. (Crookston, Min-nesota, USA); and W. Johnson, University of Minnesota (Crookston,Minnesota, USA)

Hybrid Poplar on Conservation Reserve Program Land: Farm ProducerInformation and Education 1765M. Downing, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Ten-nessee, USA); R. Pierce, Champion International (Alexandria, Min-nesota, USA); and R. Stoffel, Minnesota Department of NaturalResources-Forestry (Alexandria, Minnesota, USA)

Switchgrass for Energy in Southern Iowa: Developing and MaintainingProducer Involvement 1771J.T. Cooper and M.L. Braster, Chariton Valley Resource Conservationand Development, Inc. (Centerville, Iowa, USA)

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Barriers to Implementation of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Technologies inBrazil 1777S.S.P. Mercedes, I.L. Sauer and S.T. Coelho, Univ. of Sao Paulo (SaoPaulo, Brazil)

Author Index 11