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6/8/2014 1 Trial or Error? Considerations Regarding Therapeutic Trials in Pediatric MS Brenda Banwell, MD Chief of Neurology Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Adjunct Senior Associate Scientist, Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Inclusion criteria: Who? MRI: 1 0 or 2 0 endpoint Biomarker evaluations Th B Cell Objectives To review the challenges of clinical trials in pediatric MS To illustrate the role of MRI To discuss potential clinically relevant endpoints To present considerations for future research

Biomarker evaluations Inclusion MRI: 1 0 or 2 0 endpoint or MS · PDF fileTMT-A VisMat RapPicN SDMT CPT-II WSR WSR-del FM VMI BD MR PicVoc COWAT Vocab Simil WCST TMT-B Percentage classified

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Page 1: Biomarker evaluations Inclusion MRI: 1 0 or 2 0 endpoint or MS · PDF fileTMT-A VisMat RapPicN SDMT CPT-II WSR WSR-del FM VMI BD MR PicVoc COWAT Vocab Simil WCST TMT-B Percentage classified

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Trial or Error? Considerations Regarding Therapeutic Trials in Pediatric MS

Brenda Banwell, MDChief of Neurology

Professor of Neurology and PediatricsThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

University of PennsylvaniaAdjunct Senior Associate Scientist, Research Institute

The Hospital for Sick Children

Inclusion criteria:Who?

MRI:1 0 or 2 0 endpoint

Biomarker evaluations

Th

B Cell

Objectives

• To review the challenges of clinical trials in pediatric MS

• To illustrate the role of MRI

• To discuss potential clinically relevant endpoints

• To present considerations for future research

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Typical Clinical Course:Relapsing‐Remitting MS Secondary‐Progressive MS

MRI Window into Disease Activity

Bi‐phasic pathobiologicalprocess operative in MSInflammatory activitingNeuronal and axonal loss

Adapted from: Bar-Or. Semin Neurol. 2008

Exploring Pathobiological Mechanisms

Considerations for Pediatric MS trials

Patient population

MRI as an outcome

Biomarkers

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Clinical Challenges

• Pediatric MS is rare

• Relapse rate varies in different patients

• EDSS is an insensitive metric in pediatric MS

• Cognitive impairment is a clinically‐relevant outcome

Incidence 0.9/100,000 children / year

~15-25% ADS MS

Clinical Challenges

• Pediatric MS is rare

• Relapse rate is high early in the disease, but changes over time 

• EDSS is an insensitive metric in pediatric MS

• Cognitive impairment is a clinically‐relevant outcome

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Clinical Challenges

• Pediatric MS is rare

• Relapse rate varies in different patients

• EDSS is an insensitive metric in pediatric MS

• Cognitive impairment is a clinically‐relevant outcome

Clinical Challenges

• Pediatric MS is rare

• Relapse rate varies in different patients

• EDSS is an insensitive metric in pediatric MS

• Cognitive impairment is a clinically‐relevant outcome

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Attention / Speed Memory Visuoperceptual Language Cognitive of Processing Flexibility

COGNITIVE DOMAIN

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Clinical Trials in Pediatric MS

• FDA and EMA require pediatric investigation plans (PIPs) for all new therapeutic agents

• PIPs are submitted to regulatory agencies by pharmaceutical companies typically at the stage of a Phase 2 trial in adult MS

• Engagement of pediatric MS experts is a more recent occurrence (IPMSSG summit, Washington 2011)

Clinical Challenges Summary• Accurate estimates of prevalent pediatric MS patients are not 

available

• Most pediatric‐onset MS patients are diagnosed between 12‐15 years of age, and are thus “pediatric” for only a few years

• Approximately 3000 pediatric MS patients are currently identified worldwide

• No studies have explored parent/patient views regarding clinical trial participation

• Conservative estimate would suggest perhaps 1000 eligible and interested potential trial participants

• Most trial designs include 300 patients

• At most, 1‐2 trials can be feasibly populated at any one time

• Power calculations will need to consider pediatric‐relapse frequency, and whether cognition should be an outcome

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Consensus Commentary regarding clinical trials in pediatric MS

Chitnis et al. Neurology. 2013;80(12):1161-8.

Therapeutic Options

• Current first line

– Interferon beta 1a, Interferon beta 1b

– Glatiramer Acetate (20 mg daily injection, 40 mg 3X/week)

• Escalation therapies

– Natalizumab

– Cyclophosphamide, (Mitoxantrone)

• Oral therapies

– Fingolimod

– Teriflunimide

– BG12

• Emerging therapies

– Alemtuzumab

– Anti‐Lingo

– Ocrelizumab

– Laquinimod

– Daclizumab, 

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• Need careful consideration of therapy impact on developing neural networks & thymic maturation

• Consistency in definition of “inadequate response” 

• Must define pediatric MS‐specific outcomes and (MRI, RR, EDSS, cognition)

• Ensure that specific Tx can impact on outcome selected

• “Oral” ≠ “Safer”

• Safety monitoring essential

• Clinical trials > National registries >>>> off‐label “rescue”

Drug Presume mechanism ofaction

Adverse events Pediatric consideration

Interferone β1a Reduces BBB permeabilityand modulates T‐cell, B‐cell, and cytokine functions

Injection site reaction, flu‐like symptoms, LFT elevation, leukopenia, (depression)

Younger children AST/ALT elevation more prominent. Titrate more slowly

Interferone β1b

Glatiramer acetate Stimulates regulatory T cells Injection site reaction,

hypersensitivity reaction Mitoxantrone General immunosuppression Cardiac toxicity, leukemia

(cumulative) Risk of malignancy (long‐term treatment)

Natalizumab Prevent lymphocytes from

entering into the CNS Infusion reaction, PML Children more likely to be JC

negative. Risk of sero‐conversion

Fingolimod Interferes with S1P

mechanism prevent lymphocytes exiting the lymph nodes

Bradyarrythmia, macular

edema, herpes viruses infection (VZV)

Thymic maturation Adherence

Terifunomide Inhibits pyrimidine synthesis

(general immunosuppression) Hepatotoxicity (potential

need for GI washout), teratogenic risk

Teratogenicity

BG‐12 Activates the nuclear‐relatedfactor 2 transcriptional pathway, modulate nuclear factor kB, which could have anti‐inflammatory effects

Flushing, gastrointestinalsymptoms, leukopenia

Emerging therapies; Ocrelizumab, Laquinimod, Daclizumab, Alemtuzumab

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Wingerchuck et al. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(2):225-40.

MRI in Pediatric MS Trials

Measures of Atrophy

ChoCr

NAA

3.2 3.0 2.0

MR Spectroscopy

B

Discrete Lesion

Discrete Lesion

Discrete Lesion

Discrete Lesion

Partial Voluming

Lesion Mapping

Baseline 2 Months Change

MTR Studies

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MRI as an outcome

• Manual lesion counts are challenged by 3D determination of borders

• Small lesions often missed

• What is in a number? (ie: 20 small vs 2 large)

• Quantitative techniques require research‐quality images

(A)Children

Adults

(B)Children

Adults

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MRI Considerations: Summary• MRI is sensitive to acute and chronic T2‐bright lesions

• MRI lesion accrual exceeds clinical relapse frequency, permitted smaller sample sizes for effect

• Gadolinium enhancement is visible for approximately 4 weeks after new lesion formation requiring frequent scanning if used as a reliable outcome, may or may not occur with similar frequency in peds vs adult MS, and requires IV insertion‐less feasible in a pediatric context

• Method of measurement of lesion accrual will be important:– Lesion counts (consider all planes)

– Lesion volumes

– Expansion or reduction in prior lesions

• Brain volume is a global metric of disease impact– Failure of age‐expected growth occurs very early

– Can a short duration therapy impact this trajectory?

– Techniques to measure brain volume are not trivial and appreciation of normative volumes and growth trajectories is required

• Interrogation of tissue integrity may emerge as a valuable trial tool– Lesional changes

– Microstructure of “normal‐appearing brain tissue” NABT

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Development of Biomarkers as inclusion criteria or as secondary endpoints

• Oligoclonal bands in CSF are detected in 90‐95% of pediatric MS patients and are helpful in increasing diagnostic certainty

• Approximately 86% of pediatric MS patients demonstrate prior exposure to EBV but to date there is no evidence that EBV status influences disease activity or response to therapy

• Vitamin D insufficiency is common, and vitamin D supplementation is being explored as an adjunctive therapy

• Serum and CSF antibody studies have yet to identify a reliable index of active disease, but presence of NMO IgG strongly argues against MS

• Children diagnosed with MS were 38 times as likely to have  one or more brain lesions as compared to children with monophasic illness and 45 times as likely if they also had CSF oligoclonal bands1

• Children diagnosed with MS were 3.3 times as likely to have remote EBV infection as compared to children with monophasic illness1

• Children with vitamin D sufficiency were 66% less likely to be diagnosed with MS1

• Antibodies to MOG or other antigens may influence clinical disease expression, but pathobiological role and relevance for therapy not yet established2

• T cell studies implicate “an adult‐like” immune phenotype in pediatric MS which may support rationale for similar therapeutic strategies for T cell suppression between adult and pediatric MS‐ whether one can “immune phenotype “ patients and develop individualized therapeutic strategies will be a key research priority3

Key Findings

1Banwell et al. Lancet Neurol 2011: 10; 436-445, 2Rostasy & Reindl. Neuropediatrics. 2013;44(6):295-6, 3Balint et al. Neurology 2013;81(9):784-92

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Final Considerations• Pediatric MS patients should be availed of Class 1A level of evidence for 

treatment efficacy

• Clinical trial designs must consider the rarity of pediatric MS – role for patient registries to identify candidate patients

• Multiple large concurrent pediatric MS trials will ensure inadequate enrollment and failure to meet study endpoints‐ prioritization strategies must be discussed with regulatory authorities

• Outcome metrics must be appropriate for the treatment being evaluated and must have measureable and therapy‐related change in the time frame of the study

• Shared trial designs and potentially “leave one out” strategies may permit leverage of smaller numbers and sharing of control groups

• Phase IV trials should be strongly advocated

• N=1 care using an increasingly powerful array of new therapies has the potential for enormous harm

International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

Contact:

[email protected]

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The Hospital for Sick ChildrenDr. Christine TillDr. Ann YehDr. Sandra Bigi Lynn MacMillanJennifer BoydJulia O’MahonyStephanie GroverAustin SyeCarmen YeaStephanie KhanCarolynn DarrellRamnik SekhonCathy PhanLaura ZahavichDr. Leonard VerheyDr. Heather HanwellNadine AkbarWendy DodaSuzanne McGovernMelissa McGowanSandra MagalhaesEmily UrsellDr. Naila MakhaniDr. Sunita VenkateswaranDr. Jean‐Marie AhorroDr. Terrence ThomasDr. John SledDr. Manohar ShroffDr. Helen BransonDr. Suzanne LaughlinAllison BethuneMarina SonkinDr. Dina LafoyiannisLauren ShamDr. Raymond TellierLilia Rabinovitch

Acknowledgements

CIHR

Montreal Neurological Institute:Dr. Amit Bar-OrDr. Doug Arnold Dr. Louis CollinsDr. Sridar NarayananDr. Trina JohnsonDr. Berengere Aubert-BrocheDr. Robert BrownDr. Samson AntelDr. Dumitru FetcoDr. David AraujoRozie ArnaoutelisDr. Sathy RajashekharanDr. Viviane PouponRezwan Ghassemi

The Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network

Winnipeg Health Sciences:Dr. Ruth Ann Marrie

The Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaDr. Amy WaldmanDr. Gihan TennekoonDr. Sona NarulaDr. Grant LiuErin PrangeDanielle BoyceAmy LaveryKim Carn-LouisGeraldine Liu

Vancouver Health Sciences Center:Dr. Dessa Sadovnick