Biology Semester 1 Final Review

Coach Burney

What is the purpose of mitosis? What is the purpose of meiosis?

The purpose of mitosis is to produce body cells for growth and repair.

The purpose for meiosis is to produce sex cells and for genetic variation.

The Scientific Method

1. What is the name of the method scientists, doctors, engineers, detectives, police. Etc. use to problem solve?

The Scientific Method

2. What are the steps of the Scientific Method in order? Be able to describe each step with an example lab that we did in the 9th grade biology semester one.

Observations Formulate hypothesis Test your hypothesis Analyze data Conclusion

Scientists use common steps & procedures to solve problems

Observations

- Science begins with observations, collecting information about a topic

- Observations can be made with our senses

- Observations can be made using tools and technology

Hypothesis: a possible answer to a scientific question, an educated guess

Must be based on

observations and be able to

be tested

Scientists must constantly observe and

think!

How do you test a Hypothesis?

Run an experiment

What part of science do you think the young woman in the picture is involved in? Why?

Observations

Collecting information about a topic

When the fire alarm sounds at school, what hypothesis could you make?

When you make a hypothesis, do you know for sure if you are

correct?

Scientists usually repeat their test of a hypothesis many times. Why would they do this?

Repeating their test of a hypothesis makes their results more reliable.

Do you have to

follow this order?

ExperimentsData & Analysis

Conclusion Hypothesis

Observations

3. Define the following words.

4. Refer to the lab activity on p. 28 of your textbook. For part A, when graphing the data, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

Independent variable (what is changed) – Sand

Dependent variable (what is measured) - Temperature

Controlled Experiments

Only 1 variable is changed at a time

Independent variable is the one condition that is changed

Dependent variable is the condition that is measured or observed

Control group in an experiment provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare the results.

Variable = Factor

Groups in Experiments

Control group: (normal) Kept under normal

conditions

Experimental group: (test group) One condition is changed

(different from normal)

How many independent variables should you

test at one time?

Blood pressure medications

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

5. Ahmed is testing the effects of omega 3 supplements and success in passing a math test. What is the dependent variable? Independent variable? Control group? Control?

Independent variable (what is changed) – supplements

Dependent variable (what is measured) – success in math

Control group – group not given supplements

Control – type of supplement

6. How can science students improve the experiment on omega 3 consumption and test results?

7. If new information is found from an experiment, what are some steps to take to ensure the accuracy of the results?

Go back to the beginning of the scientific method.

Form a new hypothesis Retest your hypothesis Evaluate your results

8. In our plant study on the effects of fertilizer on a certain species of plant, what are some of the controlled variables (conditions that should stay the same) that should be considered in doing the experiment?

amount of sunlight amount of water kind of plant

8. Was there a control group?

The plant with no fertilizer added.

8. Which plant was it?

Control plant

8. What were the independent variable and dependent variable when graphing the data?

Independent Variable: Fertilizer Dependent Variable: Growth Independent variable = x axis Dependent variable = y axis

Independent variable

Dep

ende

nt v

aria

ble

8. How would you improve this experiment?

Make sure the environment is more controlled. The temperature remains the same throughout the experiment. The amount of fertilizer and water remains the same.

List the steps of the Scientific Method in the order that scientists follow when conducting research.

Biomolecules

1. Up to how many atoms can a carbon atom combine with?

4

2. What kind of bond does carbon form with other nonmetals?

4 covalent bonds

How many electrons are needed to fill each level?

28

8

2 for the first level and 8 for each other

level

Stable atoms have Stable atoms have their energy levels their energy levels

full of electronsfull of electrons

3. What is an enzyme?

a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed.

4. Do enzymes speed up or decrease the rate of chemical reactions?

Enzymes speed up reactions

5. What is the difference between hydrolysis reaction and a condensation reaction?

Dehydration (Condensation Reaction) releases water by building polymers

Hydrolysis adds water to break apart polymers

6. When ATP is broken into ADP and an inorganic phosphate, what type of reaction is that?

Hydrolysis

7. What are the four major biomolecules we studied?

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

8. Which group of biomolecules do DNA and RNA belong to?

Nucleic Acids

9. What does ATP represent and what is it used for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

Carries energy used by cells

10. What bond in ATP breaks to release energy during the formation of ADP?

Covalent bond between phosphates

11. Which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong in?

Proteins

12. What would happen if our body lacked enzymes?

It would take a long time for processes in our body to occur.

13. Which group of biomolecules contain nitrogen?

Proteins

14. Which groups of biomolecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?

Carbohydrates

15. What is the main source of energy in humans?

Carbohydrates

16. Which group of biomolecules does glucose belong in?

Carbohydrates

17. What is glycogen?

Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen.

Lots of glucose molecules strung together in chain make glycogen.

18. What group of biomolecules does glycogen belong in?

Carbohydrates

19. What are amino acids?

Monomers that make up proteins

20. Amino acids are the building blocks of which biomolecule?

Proteins

21. Which biomolecule stores a person’s genetic information?

Nucleic Acids

22. What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

23. What is the activation energy of a reaction?

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical

reaction

24. If the activation energy of the reactants is higher than the product output energy, is energy released or absorbed in a reaction?

Endothermic – taking in more energy than it is

producing

25. What three elements do all biomolecules have in common?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

26. What four major elements make up proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and nitrogen

27. What biomolecule has a globular shape?

Proteins

28. What biomolecule is insoluble in water?

Lipids

Bell workJanuary 21, 2011

What are the four categories of biomolecules and what is each made up of?

Carbohydrates – Glucose (sugars) Proteins – Amino Acids Lipids – Fatty Acids Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA

Cell Structure & Transport

1. Specialized cells have evolved particular shapes which allow them to …

Function

2. Surface area limits cell growth because if the cell becomes too large, the cell will not be able to take in enough __________ or remove enough __________.

materials waste

3. According to table 4.1, what does the cell theory state about all living organisms?

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

4. According to table 4.9, which order of organization in living things proceeds from simplest to most complex?

Cells Tissues Organ Organ System

5. Define Organelle. one of the small bodies that are found in the

cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function.

6. Write the name of each organelle next to its function. Make protein – ribosomes Enclose contents of the cell – plasma (cell)

membrane Produce ATP – mitochondria Selectively permeable – cell membrane Package & distribute substances – golgi

apparatus Converts sugar into energy – mitochondria Store water, wastes, & nutrients in plant cells –

vacuole Allow material to enter & leave the cell – cell

membrane

7. Which of these cells are prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

Plants – eukaryotes Bacteria – prokaryotes Animals - eukaryotes

8. According to p 75, what are bacteria cells lacking?

membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

9. Using the figures on p 75 and 87, which cell parts do both bacteria & plant cells contain?

Cell wall, cell membrane, and DNA

10. According to p 90, how do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts.

11. Using pages 80 & 89, both chloroplasts and mitochondria are composed of _______ and contain _________.

a double membrane and contain DNA

12. According to p 483, what 2 biomolecules make up a virus particle?

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

13. What 2 types of genetic material can viruses contain?

DNA or RNA

14. Viruses cannot be considered living because they:

a. are not composed of cells b. do not contain cytoplasm or

organelles c. cannot carry out

metabolism or homeostasis d. must enter a living cell to

reproduce

15. What part of the virus remains outside the host cell? What part of the virus enters the host cell?

The capsid (protein coat) remains outside

The DNA or RNA enters the host cell

16. What is diffusion? Give an example.

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Example: When you spray axe in one location and the rest of the room can eventually smell it.

17. Define osmosis. Give an example.

Movement of water molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Example: when water moves into and out of a cell

18. What is active transport? Give an example.

Movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration

Requires ATP! Example: if a cell needs a

molecule regardless of the concentration gradient to maintain homeostasis.

19. What kind of transport requires energy?

Active Transport requires energy (ATP!)

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Endocytosis Exocytosis

20. What kind of transport does not require energy?

Passive transport does not require energy

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated

Diffusion Ion Channels

21. What is exocytosis?

the release of substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

22. What is endocytosis?

the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane

23. What is the difference between a hypotonic solution and hypertonic solution?

Hypotonic: Cell has lower concentration of water than surrounding fluid, water moves into cell

Hypertonic: Cell has higher concentration of water than surrounding fluid, water moves out of cell

24. What would happen to a plant cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution?

Hypotonic: The cell would get bigger and could burst

Hypertonic: The cell would loose it’s water and shrink

25. What is an isotonic solution?

Water moves into and out of a cell at equal rates

Cell size remains same

26. What is equilibrium, and at what point is equilibrium reached?

Concentration of molecules is the same throughout the solution (equilibrium), but the molecules continue to move (dynamic)

Why do the green dye particles spread

out over time and equally distribute?

Dynamic Equilibrium

27. Draw a picture of a cell in a hypertonic solution, isotonic solution and hypotonic solution.

Bell work (do on lined paper today and tomorrow)

January 24, 2011

What are the 3 differences between a plant and animal cell?

Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

Human Body Systems

1. What is the major function of the digestive system?

☺stores and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates wastes

2. Name 5 major organs found in the digestive system.

☺ Mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large and small intestines,

3. What is the main organ of the excretory system?

☺ Kidney – filters blood, helps maintain homeostasis by removing urea, water, and other wastes from the blood

4. What is the major function of the respiratory system?

☺ carries air into and out of lungs, where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged

☺helps maintain blood pH

5. What is the major function of the circulatory system?

☺ transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, food molecules, hormones and other materials to and from the cells of the body

6. What is homeostasis?

☺ keeping things the same☺ the stability of an internal

environment can be maintained by homeostasis

7. Explain how the excretory system helps maintain homeostasis.☺ the excretory system helps

eliminate non-solid waste and maintain water and chemical (pH) balance in the blood

8. Explain how the excretory system and digestive system work together to maintain homeostasis.☺ the digestive system breaks

down food and eliminates solid waste

☺ the excretory system removes other wastes from the body (non-solid wastes)

☺ both eliminate wastes

9. What are some functions that muscles can do in your body?

☺ provides structure, supports and moves trunk and limbs, moves substances through body

☺ When your muscles do not have enough oxygen, lactic acid is produced and your muscles become fatigued.

10. What are hormones? Give examples.

☺ substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in the body

☺ Examples: estrogen and testosterone

11. Explain how hormones maintain homeostasis in your body.☺ they regulate growth,

development, behavior, and reproduction

☺ they cause specific responses to specific targets

12. What is the human body temperature when it is optimum for homeostasis?

☺ 98.6 degrees

13. What is the name of the enzyme in the saliva of humans?

☺ Amylase☺ Breaks down starch into

sugar☺ Enzymes work at their best

when they are at a specific temperature

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Respiration)

1. What is the balanced equation of photosynthesis?

2. What is the balanced equation of respiration?

3. Where are the reactions of an equation located? Where are the products located?

Reactants on left

Products on right

4. Using the equation of photosynthesis, what are the reactants? What are the products?

CO2 + H20 + sunlight C6H12O6 + 02

Reactants – carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Products – sugar and oxygen

5. What occurs during the process of photosynthesis?

Plants capture energy from sunlight to make their own food

6. What are autotrophs? Give examples.

Autotrophs make their own food.

Example: Plants

7. What are hereotrophs? Give examples.

Heterotrophs cannot make their own food and must eat plants or other animals for

energy.

Example: Animals (elephants, humans, fish, etc.)

8. What is cellular respiration? Where does cellular respiration occur in animal cells?

Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP

when oxygen is present.

It happens in mitochondria

9. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)?

Reactants – Sugar and oxygen

Products – Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

10. What is the job of chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)?

Photosynthesis

Reactants – Water, Sunlight, and Carbon Dioxide

Products – Sugar and Oxygen

Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Respiration)

Reactants – Sugar and Oxygen

Products – ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water

Mitosis & Meiosis

1. What are the four stages of mitosis?

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

2. Draw a diagram of mitosis in the correct sequence.

3. After mitosis and cytokinesis, each of the two new cells should have how many chromosomes if the parent cell had 46?

46

4. How many pairs of chromosomes exists in a diploid cell in your body?

23 pairs = 46 chromosomes

5. What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes (46)

Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes (23)

6. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of…

four genetically different cells

7. The X and Y chromosomes are called the…

Sex chromosomes

8. How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8?

16

9. What is crossing-over? Chromosomes exchange

DNA during prophase 1 of meiosis I

10. For each stage of meiosis, summarize what happens.

Prophase - Homologous chromosomes become paired,

Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes Metaphase - Homologous pairs become aligned in the center

of the cell. Anaphase - Homologous chromosomes separate and pull to

opposite sides of the cell Telophase – The cell begins to separate

11. What do spindle fibers do?

Move chromosomes in the cell

12. A normal newborn baby can grow over 10 inches in length and double his birth weight in one year. Why does this happen?

they replicate (go through mitosis)

13. As a cell grows in size, what happens to the volume and what happens to the surface area?

the volume inside the cell grows at a faster rate than the surface area

14. If a cell gets too big, how will that affect diffusion?

diffusion will occur too slowly for the cell and waste will accumulate.

Mitosis Meiosis

Produces 2 cells Produces 4 cells

Resulting cells genetically the

same

Resulting cells genetically different

Produces body cells Produces sex cells

Growth and Repair Formation of sex cells and genetic variation

15. Make a T-chart listing the major differences between mitosis and meiosis.