Biology Sem1 Chap8

8/12/2019 Biology Sem1 Chap8

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OBJECTIVES:

Student should be able to :-Draw and identify structure and

functions of the heart.

E!lain heart beat "echanis".E!lain the role of ile" and

floe" in !lant.


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10.1TRANSPORT AND CONTROL

IN HUMAN

10.1.1 : THE HEART AND CONTROL


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HEART STRUCTURE


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MECHANISM OF HEARTBEAT


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Cardiac Cycle !ear"#ea"$:

T!e cardiac cycle i% "!e %e&'e(ce )* e+e("% "!a" )cc'r,!e( "!e !ear" #ea"%. T!ere are ",) -!a%e% )* "!i%cycle:

Dia%")le

Sy%")le


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D'ri( "!e dia%")le -!a%e"!e a"ria a(d +e("ricle% arerela/ed a(d "!e

a"ri)+e("ric'lar +al+e% are)-e(.

De)/ye(a"ed #l))d

*r) "!e %'-eri)r a(di(*eri)r +e(a ca+a *l),%i(") "!e ri!" a"ri'.

T!e )-e( a"ri)+e("ric'lar+al+e% all), #l))d ") -a%%"!r)'! ") "!e +e("ricle%.


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T!e SA ()de "rieri( "!ea"ria ") c)("rac".

T!e ri!" a"ri' e-"ie% i"%c)("e("% i(") "!e ri!"+e("ricle.

T!e "ric'%-id +al+e% -re+e("%"!e #l))d *r) *l),i( #ac2i(") "!e ri!" a"ri'.


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D'ri( "!e %y%")le -!a%e"!e ri!" +e("ricle recei+e%i-'l%e% *r) "!e P'r2i(3e*i#er% a(d c)("rac"%.

T!e a"ri)+e("ric'lar +al+e%cl)%e a(d "!e %eil'(ar+al+e% )-e(.

T!e de)/ye(a"ed #l))d i%-'-ed i(") "!e -'l)(aryar"ery


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T!e -'l)(ary ar"ery carrie%"!e #l))d ") "!e l'(%

T!ere "!e #l))d -ic2% '-)/ye( a(d i% re"'r(ed ") "!ele*" a"ri' )* "!e !ear" #y "!e

-'l)(ary +ei(%.


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HEART BEAT


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I( "!e (e/" dia%")le -eri)d4"!e %eil'(ar +al+e% cl)%e

a(d "!e a"ri)+e("ric'lar+al+e% )-e(.

Bl))d *r) "!e -'l)(ary

+ei(% *ill% "!e le*" a"ri'.

T!e SA ()de c)("rac"% aai("rieri( "!e a"ria ")c)("rac". T!e le*" a"ri'e-"ie% i"% c)("e("% i(") "!ele*" +e("ricle.


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T!e i"ral +al+e -re+e("%"!e )/ye(a"ed #l))d

*r) *l),i( #ac2 i(") "!ele*" a"ri'.

D'ri( "!e %y%")le -!a%e

"!e a"ri)+e("ric'lar +al+e%cl)%e a(d "!e %eil'(ar+al+e% )-e(.

T!e le*" +e("ricle recei+e%i-'l%e% *r) "!e P'r2i(3e*i#er% a(d c)("rac"%.


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O/ye(a"ed #l))d i% -'-ed i(") "!e a)r"a. T!ea)r"ic +al+e -re+e("% "!e )/ye(a"ed #l))d *r)*l),i( #ac2 i(") "!e le*" +e("ricle.

T!e a)r"a #ra(c!e% )'" ") -r)+ide )/ye(a"ed#l))d ") all -ar"% )* "!e #)dy.

T!e )/ye( de-le"ed #l))d i% re"'r(ed ") "!e

!ear" +ia "!e +e(a ca+a.


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HEART STRUCTURE


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F'(c"i)(

5e(a ca+a6 Carry de)/ye(a"ed #l))d *r)

"!e #)dy ") "!e ri!" a"ri'

A)r"a6 Carry )/ye(a"ed #l))d *r) "!e

!ear" ") )"!er -ar"% )* "!e #)dy P'l)(ary ar"erie%6 Carry de)/ye(a"ed #l))d *r)

"!e !ear" ") "!e l'(%

P'l)(ary +ei(%6

Carry )/ye(a"ed #l))d *r) "!el'(% ") "!e le*" a"ri'


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C)r)(ary ar"erie%6 Carry )/ye(a"ed #l))d ") "!e

!ear" '%cle

Ri!" +e("ricle6 P'- de)/ye(a"ed #l))d ") "!e

l'(%

Le*" +e("ricle6 P'- )/ye(a"ed #l))d ar)'(d

"!e #)dy

Tric'%-id a(d #ic'%-id +al+e%6 Pre+e("% #ac2*l), )* #l))d i(")

a"ri'

Seil'(ar +al+e%6 Pre+e(" "!e #ac2*l), )* #l))d

i(") "!e !ear"4 2ee-i( "!e #l))d

*l),i(i( )(e direc"i)(.


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The left #entricle is thic$er and

"ore "uscular than the ri%ht

#entricle.

&'( )


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Si() a"rial a(d ar"ial +e("ric'lar )de


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C)("r)l )* !ear" ra"e


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C)("r)l )* !ear" ra"e I(di+id'al cardiac '%cle ,ill c)("rac" a(d

rela/ i( "!eir ),( i(!ere(" r!y"!.

I% c))rdi(a"ed #y elec"rical %"i'la"i)( *r)"!e #rai(.

Hear" c)("r)l ce("re 6 i( "!e ed'lla

)#l)(a"a.

T!e %y-!a"e"ic (er+e %"i'la"e% a(i(crea%e i( !ear" ra"e.

T!e +a'% (er+e %"i'la"e% a decrea%e i(!ear" ra"e.

T!e (er+e% SA ()de ri!" ar"ri'$.


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T!e -acea2er SAN$"rier% "!e !ear"#ea" BUT

"!e ra"e a(d %"re("! )* i"%#ea"i( ca( #e )di*ied #y 7e/"er(al c)("r)l ce("re l)ca"edi( ed'lla )#l)(a"a.

Cardiac ce("re c)((ec"ed ")!ear" #ye a'")()ic (er+e%%y%"e6 S8MPATHETIC NER5E

6 PARAS8MPATHETIC5A9US NER5E


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Hear" ac"i+i"y a(d rela"i)( ") (er+)'%

a(d "!e e(d)cri(e %y%"e


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CONTROL THE HEART BEAT

S8MPATHETIC NER5E6 Accelera"e% "!e ac"i+i"y )*

"!e !ear" Hear" #ea" )re*a%"er$.

6 Relea%e ()radre(ali(e

6 T!ey i(crea%e "!e ra"e a(d%"re("! )* "!e !ear" #ea" a(di(crea%e "!e #l))d *l),.T!eir ac"i+a"i)( i% '%'allyd'e ") %)e %"re%%

6 10 #ea";i(4 7


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PARAS8MPATHETIC NER5E5A9US$

6 T!eir ac"i+i"y %l), d),( "!e !ear" #ea" ) ") ()ral$6 Relea%e a%e"il2)li(.


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7 *ac")r% i(*l'e(ce "!e !ear" ra"e PH8SICALL8 FACTORS

CHEMICAL FACTOR


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Cardiac O'"-'" CO$

Cardiac out!ut i% "!e ")"al +)l'e )* #l))d -'-ed #y"!e +e("ricle -er i('"e.

T!i% +)l'e de-e(d% )( ",) *ac")r% : !ear" ra"e HR$

%"r)2e +)l'e S5$.

T!e a)'(" )* #l))d -'-ed #y "!e le*" +e("ricle eac!"ie i" c)("rac"%.


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T!e a)'(" )* #l))d e3ec"ed #y +e("ricle d'ri(eac! c)("rac"i)( i% called "!e stro$e #olu"e *SV+.

I( a re%"i( ad'l"4 S5 a+erae% >0 MLa(d HR i%a#)'" >< #ea"% -er i('"e.

T!'% "!e a+erae CO i( a re%"i( ad'l" i%CO = stroke volume X beats per min

= 70ML X 75/min = 5250 ML/min or 5.25 L/min

A -er%)( ,i"! "!i% %"r)2e +)l'e ? re%"i( -'l%e)* >0 #ea"%@i( !a% a cardiac )'"-'" )*


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CO ca( i(crea%e a#)'" *i+e*)ld d'ri(

!ea+y e/erci%e. De"eri(ed #y :

1. T!e a)'(" )* #l))d -'-ed #y

"!e le*" )r ri!"$ +e("ricle d'ri( eac! #ea".

7. T!e ('#er )* !ear" #ea"% -er i('"e.


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Elec"r)cardi)ra


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Elec"r)cardi)raEC9$


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Elec"r)cardi)raEC9$

C! i EC9 " "i l d


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C!a(e% i( EC94 c)("rac"i)(%4 +)l'e% a(d -re%%'rei( )(e cardiac cycle


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P6 A"rial de-)lari%a"i)( a(d "!e %-read )* i-'l%e "!r)'!)'" "!e a"ria

RS6 5e("ric'lar de-)lari%a"i)(

T6 5e("ric'lar de-)lari%a"i)(

C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* "!e le*" a"ri'


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C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* "!e le*" a"ri'

9)e% '- a(d d),( i( "!ree ,a+e

,irst wa#e

Le*" a"ri' c)("rac" 6 -re%%'re i(crea%e% 6+)l'e decrea%e%

Bl))d i% *)rced ") "!e +e("ricle%

Second wa#e

Bic'%-id +al+e %!'""i( a(d i"% '-,ard#'le )'",ard c'r+e$ i(crea%e% i"% -re%%'re

a(d decrea%e% i"% +)l'e Le*" a"ri' i% rela/i(

Third wa#e

Filli( #l))d *r) -'l)(ary +ei( Pre%%'re dr)-% d'e ") "!e )-e(i( )*

#ic'%-id +al+e ,!e( "!e -re%%'re )* "!e le*"+e("ricle *all% #el), "!e -re%%'re

Pre%%'re i(crea%e% %l),ly a% i"% +)l'e al%)i(crea%e% #eca'%e )* "!e c)("i('al *illi( )*#l))d #e*)re "!e cycle re-ea".

A

"rial%y

%")le

5

e("ric'

lar

%y%")le

C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* "!e le*" +e("ricle


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C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* "!e le*" +e("ricle

,irst wa#e

T!ere i% a %li!" i(crea%e i(

-re%%'re a(d +)l'e d'e ")%y%")le )* a"ria 5)l'e i% *illed ") a/i'

Second wa#e

Pre%%'re i(crea%e% ") a/i'4+)l'e %&'eeed ") er) D'ri( dia%")le4 '%cle rela/e% 6

-re%%'re dr)-% ") er) 6 +)l'e%"ar" ") i(crea%e d'e ") *illi( )*

#l))d *r) "!e a"ri'.Third wa#e

Pre%%'re !ardly i(crea%e% 6+)l'e rad'ally *illed

Cycle re-ea"% A"rial%y

%")le

5e(

"ric'lar%y%" )

le

C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* a)r"a


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C!a(e% i( "!e -re%%'re a(d +)l'e )* a)r"a

Durin% atrial systole

Pre%%'re )* a)r"a decrea%e% a*"er "!e rec)il)* #l))d "),ard% "!e !ear" a(d +)l'edecrea%e% %li!"ly

Durin% #entricular systole

Bl))d i% *)rced i(") i" 6 i(crea%e% i"%-re%%'re a(d +)l'e ") "!eir a/i'

Durin% #entricular diastole

I"% #l))d -re%%'re decrea%e% 6 "!ere i%()"c! called (acr)"ic ()"c!$ d'e ") "!e%!'""i( )* i"% %eil'(ar +al+e a" i"% #a%e

I"% -re%%'re "!e( c)("i('al ") *all #'",)'ld ()" *all ") er) #eca'%e i" ,ill ()"

dila"e% ")) 'c! a(d "!ere i% al,ay% #l))di( i" #e*)re "!e (e/" ,a+e c)e%. T!e-'l%a"i( c!a(e% i( "!e a)r"a c)("i('e i("!e ar"erie% a% -'l%e%

A"rial%y%")le

5e(

"ric'

lar%y%")le


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L8MPHATIC S8STEM

L8MPHATIC S8STEM


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L8MPHATIC S8STEM


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Ly-!a"ic Sy%"e

T!e ly-!a"ic %y%"e i% a(acce%%)ry )* "!e circ'la")ry%y%"e "!a" i% c)((ec"ed ,i"!

#l))d circ'la"i)(.

I"% "!ree -ri(ci-al *'(c"i)(%are:6 ") c)llec" a(d re"'r( i("er%"i"ial *l'id4

i(cl'di( -la%a -r)"ei( ") "!e #l))d4

a(d "!'% !el- ai("ai( *l'id #ala(ce46 ") de*e(d "!e #)dy aai(%" di%ea%e #y-r)d'ci( ly-!)cy"e%4

6 ") a#%)r# li-id% *r) "!e i("e%"i(e a(d"ra(%-)r" "!e ") "!e #l))d


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I" c)(%i%"% )* ly-!a"ic

+e%%el% a(d ly-! "i%%'e. I" !a% "i(y deade(dca-illarie% "!a" e/"e(d i(")al)%" all "i%%'e%.

Ti%%'e% *l'id e("er% "!ely-! ca-illarie%

Ly-! ca-illarie% c)(d'c"

"!e ly-! ") larer +e%%el%called Ly-! +ei(%.


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Ly-! +ei(% e("er ly-! ()de%%all)ra(ied a%%e% )* ly-! "i%%'e%$.

Ly-! ()de%are l)ca"ed al)( "!ely-!a"ic +e%%el%4 '%'ally i( r)'-4 %)e

%'-er*icial ea%ily l)ca"ed d'ri( i(*ec"i)($a(d %)e dee-.

"!e )%" ('er)'% i( "!e (ec2 rei)(4ar-i"%4 r)i( rei)( a(d i( "!e c!e%"

a(d a#d)e(.

I( a( i(*ec"ed area4 ly-! ()de% e(larec)(%-ic')'%ly a(d ay #e *el" a% !ardli""le 2()"% #el), "!e %2i(.


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T,) ai( *'(c"i)(% :

To filter foreign substanes in l!mp"

To pro#ues $%l!mp"o!tes &'"ite bloo# ell(

Ly-! +ei(% "!a" lea+e "!e ly-! ()de%c)(d'c" ly-! "),ard "!e %!)'lder rei)(.

Ly-! +ei(% e-"y "!eir c)("e("% i(") "!e%'#cla+ia( +ei(% #y ,ay )* "!e "!)racic a(d

ri!" ly-!a"ic d'c"%.


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T)(%il% are a%%e% )*ly-! "i%%'e '(der "!e

)ral ca+i"y a(d "!r)a". T)(%il% !el- -r)"ec""!e re%-ira")ry %y%"e*r) i(*ec"i)(.


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Cardiovascular Diseases


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Cardiovascular Diseases

E/-lai(

My)cardial i(*arc"i)(

Hy-er"e(%i)(

Ar"eri)%cler)%i%

A(i(a -ec")ri%


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yocardial infarction *I+

yocardial infarction6 dea"! )* %)e )* "!e '%clecell% )* "!e !ear" a% a re%'l")* a lac2 %'--ly )* )/ye(a(d )"!er ('"rie("%.

I" ca'%ed #y cl)%'re )* "!ear"ery "!a" %'--lie% a-ar"ic'lar -ar" )* "!e !ear"'%cle ,i"! #l))d.

T!i% )cc'r% )* "!e"ie *r) "!e -r)ce%% )*ar"eri)%cler)%i% G!arde(i()* "!e ar"erie%G$ i( c)r)(ary+e%%el%.


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Al"!)'! i" )(ce ,a% *el" "!a" )%" !ear"a""ac2% ,ere ca'%ed *r) "!e %l),cl)%'re )* a( ar"ery4 %ay *r) 0 )r


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T!e !ear" '%cle ,!ic! i% i(3'red i( "!i% ,ayca( ca'%e irre'lar r!y"!% ,!ic! ca( #e*a"al4 e+e( ,!e( "!ere i% e()'! '%cle le*"") -'- -le("y )* #l))d.

!e( "!e i(3'red area !eal%4 i" ,ill lea+e a%car.

!ile "!e !ear" ,)(" #e a#le ") -'- &'i"ea% 'c! a% #e*)re4 "!ere i% )*"e( -le("y )*))d '%cle le*" ") "a2e care )* "!e 3)#4 a(drec)+ery ca( #e &'i"e c)-le"e.

i


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Hy-er"e(%i)(

Hi! #l))d -re%%'re i% c)(%idered "!e )%" i-)r"a("-'#lic !eal"! -r)#le i( a(y de+el)-ed c)'("rie%.

"y-ically !a% () %y-")%4 i" i% readily de"ec"a#le a(d i" i%

"rea"a#le

T!e c))( ca'%e )* dea"! *r) '("rea"ed !i! #l))d-re%%'re i% !ear" di%ea%e.

ay al%) ca'%e %"r)2e4 2id(ey *ail're4 a(d #li(d(e%% #y-r)d'ci( !e)rr!ae% #leedi($ i( "!e re"i(a )* "!e eyere"i()-a"!y$.

&hat Constitutes 'i%h Blood ressure)


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%

Acc)rdi( ") "!e Aerica( Hear" A%%)cia"i)( 9'ideli(e%4!i! #l))d -re%%'re i( a( ad'l" i% de*i(ed a% a %y%")lic

-re%%'re )* 1J0 H )r !i!er a(d@)r a dia%")lic -re%%'re)* 0 H )r !i!er.

Bl))d-re%%'re

O-"ial 'i%h 'y!ertension

Sy%")lic Le%% "!a(

170

1=01= 1J0 )r !i!er

Dia%")lic Le%% "!a( 0


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Ar"eri)%cler)%i%

Ar"eri)%cler)%i% i% )*"e( re*erred ") a% G!arde(i( )* "!ear"erie%.

I" )cc'r% )+er a -eri)d )* a(y year% d'ri( ,!ic! "!ear"erie% )* "!e cardi)+a%c'lar %y%"e de+el)- area% ,!ic!#ec)e !ard a(d #ri""le. 5e%%el% #ec)e "!ic2e(ed. T!erei% a l)%% )* ela%"ici"y.

I" ca( i(+)l+e "!e ar"erie% )* "!e cardi)+a%c'lar %y%"e4 "!e#rai(4 2id(ey%4 '--er a(d l),er e/"rei"ie%. T!i% )cc'r%#eca'%e )* "!e de-)%i"i)( )* calci' i( "!eir ,all%.

Di**er% *r) atherosclerosis4 ,!ic! i(+)l+e% "!e #'ild '-)* *a""y de-)%i"% i( "!e i((er)%" li(i( )* lare a(dedi'%ied ar"erie%


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&hat /re the Causati#e ,actors)

T!ere are a ('#er )* *ac")r% ,!ic! are ca'%a"i+e "!e%ei(cl'de:

Hy-er"e(%i)(

Dia#e"e% elli"'%

S)2i(O#e%i"y


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A(i(a Pec")ri%

A(i(a -ec")ri%i% "!e edical "er *)r c!e%" -ai( )rdi%c)*)r" d'e ") c)r)(ary !ear" di%ea%e.

I" i% a %y-") )* a c)(di"i)( called y)cardial

i%c!eia. Occ'r% ,!e( "!e !ear" '%cle y)cardi'$ d)e%("

e" a% 'c! #l))d !e(ce a% 'c! )/ye($ a% i" (eed%


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&hen does an%ina !ectoris occur)

) *ngina often ours '"en t"e "eart nee#smore bloo#.

,or e-ample.) running to at" a bus oul# trigger anattak of angina '"ile 'alking mig"t not.*ngina ma! "appen #uring e-erise strong

emotions or e-treme temperatures. omepeople su" as t"ose 'it" a oronar!arter! spasm ma! "ave angina '"ent"e!1re resting.


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T0/1SO0T I12/1TS

K8LEM


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6 Tra(%l)ca"e% ai(ly,a"er4 i(eral %al"%4%)e )ra(ic ('"rie(*r) r))"% ") "!eaerial -ar"% )* "!e-la("%.

PHLOEM6 Tra(%l)ca"e% a +arie"y

)* )ra(ic a(d

i()ra(ic %)l'"e%4ai(ly *r) "!ee/-e(ded lea+e% ")"!e )"!er -ar"% )* "!e-la("

T!e )+ee(" )* "!e ,a"er i(") a(d acr)%% "!e r))"


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a"er e("er "!e -la("% "!r)'! "!e*)ll),i( "ra(%-)r" -a"!,ay

SOI2 EIDE0IS

0OOT CO0TE3 3(2E

I( "!e a#%)r#i( rei)( )* "!e r))"4

)%" -la("% !a+e r))" !air%. T!eyi(crea%e "!e %'r*ace area )* "!e r))"

a"er e("er% "!e r))"% #y )%)%i%4)+i( d),( a ,a"er -)"e("ial radie("*r) "!e %)il i(") "!e r))" !air%.

XYLEM


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a"er a(d i(eral %al"% *r) %)ile("er "!e -la(" "!r)'! "!e e-ideri%

)* r))"%4 cr)%% "!e r))" c)r"e/4 -a%%i(") "!e %"ele4 a(d "!e( *l), '- /yle

+e%%el% ") "!e %!))" %y%"e.

T!ree -a"!,ay% ") ,a"er ") )+e*r) )(e cell ") "!e )"!er i( "!e -la("

1. A-)-la%" -a"!,ay

7. Sy-la%" -a"!,ay=. 5ac')lar -a"!,ay

1 A-)-la%" -a"!,ay


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1. A-)-la%" -a"!,ay

a"er a(d i(eral i)(% d) ()" e("ercell% i( "!e r))" #'" 3'%" )+e al)( "!e

-)r)'% cell'l)%e ,all

1. Sy-la%" -a"!,ay

a"er a(d i)(% e("er "!e -r)")-la%",i"!)'" )i( "!r)'! "!e +ac')le

M)+e "!r)'! -la%)de%a"a ,i"!i(cell%.

1. 5ac')lar -a"!,ay

a"er a(d i(eral i)(% )+e i(") %a-+ac')le *r) )(e cell ") a()"!er

"!r)'! -la%a e#ra(e i(+)l+i( "!e-la%)de%a"a.

"!e i((er #)'(dary )* "!e c)r"e/4 "!ee(d)deri%4 i% i-erea#le ") ,a"er


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e(d)deri%4 i% i-erea#le ") ,a"er#eca'%e )* a #a(d )* %'#eried a"ri/called "!e casparian strip.

*Casparian strip6 i"!er"eable to water4 water cannotdiffuse into endoder"al cells throu%hthe radial and hori5ontal walls4 so ithas to cross o#er acti#ely fro"!arenchy"a cells to yle" #esselsthrou%h the cyto!las" of the

endoder"al cells.

T!ere*)re4 ") e("er "!e %"ele4 a-)-la%"ic,a"er '%" e("er "!e %y-la% )* "!e

e(d)deral cell%.

Fr) !ere i" ca( -a%% #y-la%)de%a"ai(") "!e cell% )* "!e %"ele.

O i id ! l


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O(ce i(%ide "!e %"ele4,a"er i% aai( *ree "))+e #e",ee( cell% a%

,ell a% "!r)'! "!e.

I( y)'( r))"%4 ,a"ere("er% direc"ly i(") "!e

/yle +e%%el% a(d )r"rac!eid%.

T!e%e are ()(li+i(

c)(d'i"% lare -i-e"!r)'! ,!ic! li&'id%*l),$ %) are -ar" )* "!ea-)-la%".

" " i l #


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a"er )+ee(" +ia /yle #y:

6. Trans!iration !ull

7. Cohesion 8 adhesion

9. Tension

. 0oot !ressure

Trans!iration-ull


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Trans!iration ull

,e !a+e %ee(4 ,a"er i% c)("i('ally#ei( l)%" *r) lea+e% #y"ra(%-ira"i)( "!a" crea"ed )%)"ic

-re%%'re .

Di/)( a(d )ly #elie+ed "!a" "!e l)%%

)* ,a"er i( "!e lea+e% e/er"% a -'ll-),er "ra(%-ira"i)($ )( "!e ,a"er i("!e /yle +e%%el% a(d dra,% )re,a"er i(") "!e lea*.

C)!e%i+e *)rce% a)( ,a"er)lec'le% a(d "ra(%-ira"i)( -'ll*r) "!e lea+e% ai("ai(% ac)("i(')'% *l), )* ,a"er '- "!e%"e.

Cohesion and Tension


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Cohesion and Tension T!ere i% a !i! *)rce a)( ,a"er

)lec'le% #eca'%e )* !ydr)e(#)(d% a(d i% re%-)(%i#le *)r i"%

%'r*ace "e(%i)(.

T)e"!er ,i"! ad!e%i+e *)rce4 ,a"ercrea"e% a "ra(%-ira"i)( -'ll i( /yle

+e%%el% ,!e( e+a-)ra"i)( )cc'r% i("!e lea+e%. T!i% !el-% "ra(%-)r",a"er a(d i(eral i)(% '- ") "!e

lea+e%.

Nea"i+e -re%%'re )cc'r% i( /yle+e%%el% a(d de+el)-ed ,a"er "e(%i)(.S'c! a -),er*'l ,a"er "e(%i)( i%

e()'! ") )+erc)e "!e *ric"i)(al*)rce a(d ra+i"a"i)(al *)rce.

0oot !ressure


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0oot !ressure

All i("a2e )* ,a"er #y r))"ed -la("% i%

d)(e "!r)'! "!e r))" %y%"e.

Tra(%-ira"i)( -'"% "!e /yle '(der"e(%i)( all "!e ,ay d),( ") "!e r))"

"i-%4 l),eri( "!e ,a"er -)"e("ial i( "!e

r))" /yle a(d -'lli( ,a"er *r) "!e%)il.

F)r "!e )%" -ar"4 /yle %a- i% ()"-'%!ed *r) #el), #y r))" -re%%'re #'"

-'lled '-,ard #y "!e lea+e%"!e%el+e%.

A" )%"4 r))" -re%%'re ca( *)rce ,a"er'-,ard )(ly a *e, e"er%4 a(d a(y

-la("% e(era"e () r))" -re%%'re a" all.

Trans!iration ull


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E#a!oration fro" lea#escreates a ne%ati#e !ressure

!otential

Cohesion

&ater colu"n is held to%ether

by cohesion.

/dhesion

/dhesion to cell walls $ee!s

water colu"n in !lace

0oot !ressure

1e%ati#e !ressure !otential is

transferred to root cells and

water enters roots

T!e '-"a2e )* i(eral i)(% i(") "!e r))"%


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T!e '-"a2e )* i(eral i)(% i(") "!e r))"%.

Pla("% al%) re&'ire i(eral

elee("%.6 Macr)('"rie("N4 4 Ca4 M4 S4 Fe6 Micr)('"rie("(4 C'4 Cl4 Ma(a(4

B)r)(

Di%%)l+ed i(eral i)(% *r) "!e%)il ,a"er )+e i(")

6 E-ideri% )* r))"% #y ac"i+e "ra(%-)r"4 '%i(

re%-ira"i)( e(ery

6 Cr)%% "!e r))" c)r"e/ a-)-la%" a(d %i-la%" -a"!,ay.

T!e '-"a2e )* i(eral i)(% i(") "!e r))"%


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T!e '-"a2e )* i(eral i)(% i(") "!e r))"%.

R))"% are !i!ly %elec"i+ea#)'" ,!ic! i)(% "!ey "a2e '-i( a(y &'a("i"y *r) "!e %)il.

M)%" i)(% e("er r))"% !air cell%"!r)'! "ra(%-)r"er -r)"ei(i("!e cell %'r*ace e#ra(e

T!ey ay )+e i(") "!e r))"d),( "!eir c)(ce("ra"i)(radie("4 #y *acili"a"eddi**'%i)()r #y ac"i+e "ra(%-)r".


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Tra(%-)r" )* i(eral "!r)'! "!e r))"i% '%'ally #y c)#i(a"i)( )* a-)-la%"a(d %y-la%" -a"!,ay.

Ca%-aria( %"ri-%e(%'re "!a" all%'#%"a(ce% e("eri( "!e %"ele -a%%"!r)'! a" lea%" )(e e#ra(e4all),i( )(ly %elec"ed i)(% ") -a%%i(") "!e %"ele.

I" al%) -re+e(" %"ele c)("e("% *r)lea2i( #ac2i(") "!e a-)-la%" a(d )'"i(") "!e %)il.

E(d)deric a(d -are(c!ya cell%%elec"i+ely di%c!are i(eral% i(")"!e a-)-la%" %) "!ey ay e("er "!e/ile. T!i% ac"i)( -r)#a#ly i(+)l+e%di**'%i)( a(d ac"i+e "ra(%-)r".

O(ce i( "!e /yle4 ,a"er ,i"!"!e i(eral% "!a" !a+e #ee(


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"!e i(eral% "!a" !a+e #ee(de-)%i"ed i( i" )+e '- i( "!e+e%%el% a(d "rac!eid%.

A" a(y le+el4 "!e ,a"er ca( lea+e"!e /yle a(d -a%% la"erally ")%'--ly "!e (eed% )* )"!er "i%%'e%.

A" "!e lea+e%4 "!e /yle -a%%e%i(") "!e -e"i)le a(d "!e( i(") "!e+ei(% )* "!e lea*.

a"er lea+e% "!e *i(e%" +ei(% a(de("er% "!e cell% )* "!e %-)(y a(d-ali%ade layer%.


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PHLOEM AND

TRANSLOCATION

PHLOEM AND TRANSLOCATION


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PHLOEM AND TRANSLOCATION

Translocation the "o#e"ent of sucrose and other or%anic "aterials fro"one !lace to another within the !lant body4 !ri"arily throu%h

the !hloe".

Concentration *!ressure+ %radients dri#e this !rocess.

P!l)e "ra(%-)r" %)l'"e% *r) a%)'rce%'--ly$ ") a %i(2e"a#)li% )r %")rae$4 i(cl'di( a %")rae )ra( ") a( ac"i+ely

r),i( )ra(.

Tra(%l)ca"i)( )* %)l'"e% i% i( both direc"i)(%4 "!)'! '%'ally i%*r) lea+e% ") r))".

PHLOEM FUNCTION AND ANATOMY


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PHLOEM FUNCTION AND ANATOMY

P!l)e6 l)ca"ed )'"%ide )* "!e /yle

i( #)"! -riary a(d

%ec)(dary +a%c'lar %y%"e%.


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The "echanis" of Translocation in !hloe"

M'(c!Q% a%% *l), !y-)"!e%i% @ Pre%%'re*l), !y-)"!e%i%.

The "echanis" of Translocation in !hloe"


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;1C' ,2O&

'(OT'ESIS

T!e ec!a(i% )* -!l)e "ra(%l)ca"i)( ,a% a %'#3ec" )* re%earc! *r) "!e 1=0% ")"!e id1>0%.

T)day i% "!e -re%%'re*l), !y-)"!e%i%*ir%" -r)-)%ed #y ERNST MNCHF)r%"#)"a(i%c!e% I(%"i"'"4 U(i+er%i"" M(c!e($ i( 17 ,idely acce-"ed a% "!e

)%" -r)#a#le ec!a(i%.

I" " " "! " "! *l * l "i i "! i l " i


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I" %"a"e% "!a" "!e *l), )* %)l'"i)( i( "!e %ie+e elee("% i%dri+e( #y a( )%)"ically e(era"ed -re%%'re radie("

#e",ee( %)'rce a(d %i(2 "i%%'e.

1. I( "!e lea+e%4 %'ar i%


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4 ac"i+ely l)aded i(") %ie+e

"'#e% #y i(direc" -r)")(

-'-.

7. D'ri( "!e l)adi(-r)ce%%4 i" crea"e% ,a"er

-)"e("ial i( "!e %ie+e"'#e% )* "!e lea+e% a(d,a"er )e% i( "!r)'!

)%)%i% +ia %ei-erea#le e#ra(e.

=. S'ar *)rce% )'" "!elea+e% i(") %"e B$.

J. A" C4 %'ar i% '(l)aded #eca'%e )* -a%%i+e "ra(%-)r" a(d '%ed i( re%-ira"i)(.


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y-1. T!e #e%"%'--)r"ed "!e)ry ") e/-lai( "!e

)+ee(" )* *))d "!r)'! "!e -!l)e i%called "!e !ressure-flow hy!othesis.

7. I" -r)-)%e% "!a" ,a"er c)("ai(i( *))d)lec'le% *l),% '(der -re%%'re "!r)'!"!e -!l)e.

=. T!e -re%%'re i% crea"ed #y "!e di**ere(cei( ,a"er c)(ce("ra"i)( )* "!e %)l'"i)( i("!e -!l)e a(d "!e rela"i+ely -'re ,a"er

i( "!e (ear#y /yle d'c"%.

J. A" "!eir G%)'rceG "!e lea+e% %'ar% are-'-ed #y ac"i+e "ra(%-)r" i(") "!e

c)-a(i)( cell% a(d %ie+e elee("% )*"!e -!l)e.

J. A% %'ar% a(d )"!er -r)d'c"% )*-!)")%y("!e%i%$ acc''la"e i(


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-!)")%y("!e%i%$ acc''la"e i("!e -!l)e4 ,a"er e("er% #y

)%)%i%.


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. S"arc! i% i(%)l'#le a(d e/er"% ())%)"ic e**ec".

. T!ere*)re4 "!e )%)"ic -re%%'re )* "!ec)("e("% )* "!e -!l)e decrea%e%.

10. Fi(ally4 rela"i+ely -'re ,a"er i% le*" i("!e -!l)e4 a(d "!i% lea+e% #y

)%)%i% a(d@)r i% dra,( #ac2 i(")(ear#y /yle +e%%el% #y "!e %'c"i)()* "ra(%-ira"i)(-'ll.

11. T!'% i" i% "!e -re%%'re radie("#e",ee( G%)'rceG lea+e%$ a(d G%i(2G

%!))" a(d r))"%$ "!a" dri+e% "!ec)("e("% )* "!e -!l)e '- a(d d),(

"!r)'! "!e %ie+e "'#e%.


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T!e -re%%'re *l), )dele/-lai(% ,!y -!l)e %a-

al,ay% *l),% *r) %'ar %)'rce") %'ar %i(24 reardle%% )* "!eir

l)ca"i)(% i( "!e -la(".


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T!e e(d

Documents

Biology Sem1 Chap8