BIOLOGY NOTES...oxidative phosphorylation (a) describe electron transport chain: The pathway of electron transport is NADH dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt

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BIOLOGY NOTES

CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUBTOPIC : 16.1 Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic

LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) State the needs for energy and the role of respiration in living organisms.

(b) Describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration and the requirement for such

conditions.

MAIN IDEAS

/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES

Respiration

The __________________ of aerobic and anaerobic

respiration, which involves the _______________ of

organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for

the __________________.

Function

Essential to get energy in the form

_________________________from ________________

produced by food digestion.

Organelle Mitochondria

Equation and

redox reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Types of

production of

ATP

(a) ____________________________ phosphorylation

(b) __________________ phosphorylation (almost 90%

of ATP)

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MAIN IDEAS


2 types of

cellular

respiration

(a) Aerobic respiration – A catabolic pathway for

_____________________ such as sugar, using

______________ as the final electron acceptor in an

electron transport chain and ultimately producing

_____________.

Involves 3 stages:

(i) ____________________________ (in cytosol)

(ii) ________________ (in matrix of mitochondrion)

(iii)

_______________________________________

_______ (in cristae or inner membrane of

mitochondrion)

(b) Anaerobic respiration – involves _______________of

glucose into carbon dioxide and water and releases

_________energy in the _________________________.

Involves 2 stages:

(i) _____________________________ (in cytosol)

(ii) Fermentation, eg. _____________________

fermentation and ____________________ fermentation

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BIOLOGY NOTES


SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration

16.2.1 Glycolysis

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and

oxidative phosphorylation.

(a) Describe glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate).

(b) Describe link reaction: (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A).

MAIN

IDEAS /KEY

POINT

EXPLANATION NOTES

Stage 1 :

Glycolysis

Meaning - “Splitting of Sugar” because glucose which is a

6-carbon sugar is split into _____________________

___________________________________________.

Location – _______________________________________

Condition - _______________________________________

Refer

Diagram 3

(a) Energy investment phase

- 2 ATP used

- 5 steps:

(1) Phosphorylation of sugar by ATP converts

___________to ___________________ (by ___________).

Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.

(2) Rearrangement of ___________________ to its isomer

which is ___________________ .

(3) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ (by ___________________).

Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.

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MAIN

IDEAS /KEY

POINT

EXPLANATION NOTES

(4) ___________________split into

___________________ (DHAP) & ___________________

(G3P).

(5) Conversion between ___________________ and

___________________ . Never reach equilibrium.

Refer

Diagram 4

(b) Energy payoff phase

- 4 ATP yield

- 5 steps:

(6) ___________________ is oxidized to

___________________ . NAD+ is reduced to

___________________.

(7) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ . ___________________

phosphorylation occurs which produces

___________________ from 2ADP.

(8) ___________________ is converted to

___________________ .

(9) ___________________ is converted to

___________________. Secretes water.

(10) ___________________ is converted to 2

___________________ . ___________________

phosphorylation occurs which produces

___________________ from 2ADP.

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MAIN

IDEAS /KEY

POINT

EXPLANATION NOTES

Products -

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+):

- as ________________________

- as ___________________ or ___________________.

- NAD+ (___________________ agent) received electrons

from organic compounds and reduced to NADH + H+

(___________________ agent)

Link

Reactions

Refer

Diagram 5

In the ________________________ . Pyruvate from

Glycolysis enters the mitochondrion by

________________________.

Occur ________________________ per glucose

molecule.

Because ________________________ produced

from one molecule of glucose (Glycolysis).

1. Decarboxylation

Enzyme removes ________________________from

pyruvate and produced

________________________.

Given off as a ________________________.

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MAIN

IDEAS /KEY

POINT

EXPLANATION NOTES

2. Oxidation

Remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized forming

________________________.

Hydrogen or electrons transferred to

________________________produce

________________________.

3. Attachment of CoA

Finally ________________________ attached to

________________________ forming

________________________

________________________enters the Krebs cycle.

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BIOLOGY NOTES



16.2.2 Krebs cycle


oxidative phosphorylation

(a) Describe Krebs cycle:

(oxaloacetate > citrate > isocitrate > -ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA > succinate >

fumarate > malate).

MAIN IDEAS


Stage 2 :

Krebs cycle

Refer

Diagram 6

Also known as ________________________or

________________________

Occur in ________________________in eukaryotic cells

and in the ________________________of prokaryotes.

Generating

____________________________________________

per turn.

________________________ and

________________________ produced by the cycle

relay electrons extracted from food to the

________________________.

- 8 steps:

1. The acetyl group (2C) of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by

combining with ________________________ (4C)

forming ________________________ (6C).

2. ________________________ (6C) will change to its

isomer, ________________________ (6C). By removal

& addition of water.

3. Isocitrate is oxidized by NAD+. NAD+ reduced to NADH.

Release ________________________ forming

________________________ .

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MAIN IDEAS


Process : ________________________

4. ________________________ (5C) is oxidized by NAD+

.NAD+ is reduced to NADH. Release

________________________. Remaining molecule is

then attached to ________________________

forming ________________________ (4C).

Process : ________________________

5. CoA is displaced by phosphate group, which is

transferred to GDP forming GTP. GTP transferred

phosphate group to ADP. Forming ATP by

________________________ and producing

________________________ (4C).

6. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized to

________________________ (4C). Two hydrogens are

transferred to FAD forming FADH2.

7. Addition of H2O molecule rearranges bonds in the

________________________ (4C) forming

________________________4C).

8. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized, reducing

NAD+ to NADH. Regenerating

________________________ (4C).

9. The cycle repeat.

Products:

One turn of cycle

(1 molecule of pyruvate)

Twice turn of cycle

(1 molecule of glucose)

__ CO2.

__ (NADH + H+)

__ FADH2

__ ATP (by

(___________________

Phosphorylation)

__ CO2.

__ (NADH + H+)

__ FADH2

__ ATP (by

(__________________

Phosphorylation)

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BIOLOGY NOTES



16.2.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis


oxidative phosphorylation

(a) describe electron transport chain: The pathway of electron transport is NADH

dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt c oxidase.

(b) explain chemiosmosis : proton motive force.

(c) explain complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in active cells.

MAIN IDEAS


Stage 3 :

Oxidative

Phosphorylation

Definition:

The ________________________ through combination of

________________________ (Hydrogen ions) by Electron

Transport Chain and the action of ________________________.

Electron

Transport Chain

(ETC)

Refer Diagram 7

Definition: A sequence of ________________________

(membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of

________________________ that release energy used to

make ATP.

Hydrogen atoms carried by

________________________and

________________________ the source of electrons.

These two electron carriers ________________________

to the electron transport chain.

The electron transport chain is in the

________________________ of the mitochondrion.

The chain’s components are proteins which exist in

multiprotein complexes

Used to transport a pair of electrons from NADH + H+ and

FADH2.

The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they

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MAIN IDEAS


accept and donate electrons.

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain

and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O.

1 NADH + H+ transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates

____ ATP.

1 FADH2 , transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates

____ ATP.

Electron carrier in Electron Transport Chain:

Electron Carrier Function

Complex I –

______________________

Transfer electron from

NADH + H+ to Coenzyme

Q.

Complex II –

______________________

Transfer electron from

FADH2 to Coenzyme Q.

Coenzyme Q/CoQ

(ubiquinone) –

______________________

Transfer electrons to

Cytochrome bc1.

Complex III –

______________________

______________________


Cytochrome c.

Cytochrome c –

______________________


Cytochrome oxidase.

Complex IV –

______________________

Transfer electrons to O2,

forming H2O.

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MAIN IDEAS


HOW THE ENERGY FROM ELECTRON TRANSFER IS

UTILIZED TO FORM ATP?

NADH + H+

- NADH + H+ passes ______________________ (Complex I).

NADH+H+ are oxidized to NAD+. At one point, hydrogen atoms

split to form proton and electrons.

- ______________________ (CoQ) then passes the electrons to

______________________ (Complex III - reductase).

-The electron is then carried by ______________________, to the

______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome oxidase

passed electron to ______________________.

- Oxygen as a ______________________. Each oxygen then

combines with ______________________ to form water.

FADH2

- FADH2 is formed in the Krebs cycle in the oxidation of succinate

to fumarate passes or lose of hydrogen and its electron to

______________________ (Complex II).

- Transfer the electrons to ______________________ (Complex

III), ______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome

oxidase passed electron to ______________________.

- Oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Each oxygen then combines

with ______________________ to form water.

½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O

½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O

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MAIN IDEAS


Chemiosmosis

Refer Diagram 7

Definition: The production ______________________

across a membrane, driven by a ______________________

What is ATP Synthase?

- A membrane-bound enzyme in

______________________ and

______________________ that uses the energy of protons

flowing through it to synthesize ATP.

How does the mitochondrion couple this electron transport

and energy release to ATP synthesis?

Answer: ______________________

- The chain uses the exergonic flow of electron to

___________ from the ______________________ to the

______________________ of mitochondrion.

- Concentration of H+ is higher in

______________________.

- High H+ concentration also tend to drive back H+ in the

mitochondrial matrix by diffusion.

- The H+ gradient results is referred to as a

______________________

- Most of protons that re-enter the matrix instead pass

through ______________________.

- ATP Synthase uses the energy of the

______________________to catalyse the synthesis of

______________________ from ADP and Pi.

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MAIN IDEAS


Complete

oxidation of one

molecule of

glucose

Refer Diagram 8

During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this

sequence:

Glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-

motive force ATP

Process ATP produce

Glycolysis: Glucose into

pyruvate

___ ATP (Substrate Level

Phosphorylation)

Glycolysis: 2 (NADH +

H+)

(Glycerol shuttle = 4 ATP)

(Malate shuttle = 6 ATP)

In Active Cells

___ ATP or

___ ATP

Link Reaction: Pyruvate

(2) to acetyl CoA yield 2

(NADH + H+)

___ ATP

Krebs Cycle:

2 GTP = ___ ATP

6 (NADH + H+) = ___

ATP

2 (FADH2) = ___ ATP

___ ATP

TOTAL ___ or ___ ATP

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BIOLOGY NOTES


SUBTOPIC : 16.3 Anaerobic respiration

LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) Explain what is meant by fermentation.

(b) State the importance of fermentation in industry.

i. bakery ii. wine, beverage and alcohol production iii. dairy industry - cheese

and yoghurt iv. local examples

MAIN IDEAS


Fermentation

Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP.

________________, the electron transport chain will

cease to operate.

In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or

anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Less efficient than aerobic respiration.

Only produce ________________ per glucose

molecule.

Definition

Anaerobic Respiration

- A ______________________ in which inorganic

molecules (Sulfate) other than oxygen accept electrons

at the 'downhill' end of ______________________.

(Campbell, 9th edition)

Fermentation

- A ______________________ that makes a limited

amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic

molecules) without ______________________ and

that produces a characteristic end product, such as

______________________or

______________________. (Campbell, 9th edition)

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MAIN IDEAS


Types of

fermentation

Refer Diagram

10

Refer Diagram

11

Alcoholic Fermentation

CO2 is released from the pyruvate (3C), converting

pyruvate into ______________________ (2C).

Acetaldehyde (2C) reduced by

______________________to

______________________ (2C).

Importance : Fermentation by yeast (a fungus) is used

in ______________________.

Lactate Fermentation

Pyruvate is reduced by ______________________,

forming ______________________ as an end product,

with no release of ______________________.

Importance: By some fungi and bacteria is used to

make ______________________. Human muscle cells

use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2

is scarce.

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MAIN IDEAS


Differences

aerobic

respiration &

anaerobic

respiration

(fermentation).

Aerobic respiration Fermentation

Need the ____________ as

a final electron acceptor

No need ____________

____________ glucose

oxidation

Not complete

Produce ____________ Produce energy,

____________ (animal),

____________in yeast.

More energy per glucose

released.

Less energy released

____________ occurs,

produce many ATP (___

@___ATP)

No ____________,

___ATP produce

Involve ____________ Only ____________, no

Krebs cycle

Reduced products formed :

____________

Reduced products formed:

Reduced organic

compounds

(____________and

____________)

Immediate fate of electron

in NADH + H+ :

Transferred to

____________

Immediate fate of electron

in NADH + H+ :

Transferred to

____________

Mechanism of ATP

Synthesis:

____________________

Mechanism of ATP

Synthesis:

____________________

Terminal electron acceptor

of electron transport chain

is ____________.

No electron transport

chain

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BIOLOGY DIAGRAM

1. Label the structures in Diagram 1

Diagram 1

2. Label the structures in Diagram 2

Diagram 2

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3. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 3.

Diagram 3

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Diagram 4


Diagram 5

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Diagram 6

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Diagram 7

a h 1

b i 2

c j 3

d k 4

e l 5

f

g

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Diagram 8

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9. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 9. Complete the diagram by writing the names of the pathways in the

ovals and the names of the molecules in the boxes.

Diagram 9

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________________ fermentation

Diagram 10


________________ fermentation

Diagram 11

Documents

BIOLOGY NOTES...oxidative phosphorylation (a) describe electron transport chain: The pathway of electron transport is NADH dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt