7/31/2019 Biology Notecard Sem 2

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Biology Note Card Jeffery Sereno

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Chlorophyll-Primary pigment involved in photosynthesis

bsorbs blue and red light, reflects green and yellow Chloroplasts-Organelle that uses light energy to make carbohydrates from

Carbon Dioxide & Water. Have disc-like shape with thylakoids inside. Help produce O2. Parts of leaf: Epidermis-physically

rotects leaf. Cuticle-keeps leaf from drying out. Stoma-lets h2o/co2 in. Palisade layer-photosynthesis happens. Spongy layer-

hotosynthesis. Vein-brings in water, takes out sugar. Aerobic respiration-requires o2 anaerobic respiration-no air Law of

onservation of energy- Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Photosynthesis equation- 6CO2(Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2Owater)light C6H12O6 (glucose) +6O2(Oxygen). Cellular respiration is opposite but with enzymes and no light.

Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction, Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Diploid-a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosom

Haploid-a gamete contains 1 set of chromosomesCell cycle-G1, synthesis, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis. Mitosis-prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, telephone.Gene-segment of DNA, holds code for proteins.Chromosome-structure made of DNA and

roteins on which genes are locatedMeiosis-Prophas1, Metaphase1, Anaphase1, Telophase1, P2, M2, A2, T2. Mendel and

Heredity Law of Segregation-two alleles for a trait segregate when gametes are formed. Law of Independent Assortment-allel

f different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation. Homologous Chromosomes-C that are simi

n size/shape/genetic content. Variation- crossing over, dominant/ recessive genes. Phenotype-physical appearance of a trait.

Genotype-the set of alleles that an individual has. Incomplete Dominance-when an organism has a trait that is intermediate

etween 2 parents. Sex-linked-trait whose allele is located on the X C most=recessive. Multiple alleles-genes with 3+ alleles.

Autosomes-Chromosomes not involved with determining gender. Sex chromosomes- determines the sex of the individual DNA

The Genetic Material, How Proteins are made Double Helix-2 strands twisted around each other, strands made of linkednucleotides.Nucleotides-subunits that make up DNA made of phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar and Nitrogen base-A, T, C, GProtein Synthesis- hoe DNA gets transferred into proteins. DNA replication-1. Original strands separate. 2. Polymerases add

omplementary nukes to each strand. 3. 2 new DNA strands are formed!Transcription-instructions for making proteins are

ransferred from a gene to a RNA molecule, firststep of protein synthesis. Translation-RNA that reads the amino acids and maroteinsCondons-RNA instructions written as series of 3 nuke sequences. Anti-condons- 3nuc sequence on tRNA, recognizes

omplementary condon on mRNAmRNA-form of RNA that carries protein instructions to site of translation tRNA-strands of

RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end. Evolution Theory of Evolution-1.variation exists within in gen

f every population 2.individuals are better suited to survive and have more offspring 3. Traits that help with survival become

more common. 4. Fossils provide evidence. EX:Whales used to have legs. Vestigial structures. Natural selection-population

hanges in response to environment Adaptation-changing of species that results in being better suited to its environment. PIG

Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Blood path from heart to lungs-1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava sends o2 poor blood to

RA. 2. RA sends to RV. 3. Sends blood to pulmonary artery. 4. Pulmonary arteries send blood to lungs. 5. Pulmonary veinseturn blood to LA. 6.LA to LV. 7. LV sends blood to aorta. Path of inhaled air-Nares, nasal passage, naso-pharynx, glottis,

arynx(vb), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries. Digestive and Excretory Systems Esophagus-tube that connects

mouth to stomach Sphincter-prevents acid soaked food from coming back up the esophagus Small intestine-long tube that

bsorbs nutrients Duodenum-1st part of small intestine Large intestine-where the wastes move, absorbs water Liver- breaks do

mino acids and molecules absorbed from small intestine Ureters-tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder Bladder-stores

rine Urethra-long tube where urine exits. Nephrons-tiny tubes in kidneys that filter wastes from blood.

Xtra vocab Phosphate-where Atp energy is located. Fermentation-CO2 released and bread dough rises. Glycolysis- first stage

ellular respiration. Clavin Cycle-CO2 molecules are broken down. ATP synthesase helps catalyze ATP formation. Prophase-

nuclear membrane disappears, mitotic spindles form. Aerobic respiration-produces most ATP. Photo means light. Pyruvic acid

ormed by glucose during glycolysis. Telophase-last stage of mitosis and cytoplasm begins to divide. ADP- when Atp loses

hosphate group. 46 chromosomes is the diploid number for human liver cell. Mutation-change in DNA. Point mutation-simplhange in one base of gene sequence. Frameshift-when one or more bases are inserted or deleted. Heritable-can be passed on

rom parents to children. Most mutations-nothing happens. Autosome-first 22 chromosomes. Nondisjunction- problem that

happens when sperm and egg are being made. Karyotype-diagram of persons chromosomes. Need living cell. Cytoplasm-wher

roteins are made.