SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN PUCHONG UTAMA (1),JALAN PU 5, TAMAN PUCHONG UTAMA, PUCHONG, 47100 SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.

NAMA:GUDLUR VENKATA SAI RAGHAVENDRA RAO NO.K/P:980307-56-5521SCHOOL NAME :SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN PUCHONG UTAMA (1)

2.0TABLE OF CONTENTNO.

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1.1.0 TITLE1

2.2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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3.3.0 APPRECIATION

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4.4.0 DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 8)

4.1.The Abiotic and Biotic Components of the Environment

4.2.The Colonisation and Sucession in an Ecosystem

4.3.Population Ecology

4.4.Biodiversity

4.5.Impact of Microorganisms on Life

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5.5.0. ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 9)

5.1. Human Activities that Endanger an Ecosystem

5.2. The Greenhouse Effect and the Thining of the Ozone Layer

5.3. The Importance of Proper Management of Devolopment Activities and the Ecosystem

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3.0 APPRECIATION

First of all, I would like to express our sincere - appreciation and gratitude to the School Principal Puchong Utama ( 1 ), the daughter of Arshad PN. Sakinah on the advice , guidance and encouragement to me to carry out this study of biologicalsubject.

Our thanks also go to my biology teacher, Mrs. Norma because she gave me guidance and guidance for completing work assignments in this course. In addition, I also want to express my appreciation to all members of the family , part of it I want to thank both my parents that Mr.Venugopal Rao and Mrs. Santha Kumari. Support by giving material and capital they provide a lot of cushion for me to complete this task. In conclusion, I also wish to show my appreciation to my friends who has favoured me in this task. Devaraj , Vasanthan , and Mahesa that they will give me a lifetime .

4.0.DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 8)

4.1The Abiotic and Biotic Components of the Environment

Abiotic Components:1. Abiotics components are non- living elements such as the pH value, temperature, intensity of light, humidity, topography and microclimate.2. Abiotic components influence the growth and distribution of living organisms

Biotic Components:1. Biotic components refer to all living organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.2. Biotic components can be classified into three groups known as:a) Producer green plants that synthesise food through photosynthesisb) Consumer consist of I. Primary consumers (herbivores) which feed on plants only II. Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) which feed on primary consumersIII. Tertiary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) which feed on secondary consumersc)Decomposers (bacteria and saprophytes) break down plants and remains of dead animals to simpler subtances 3. Biotic components interact with each other. This interaction is shown by food chains.4. Food chains also show the transfer of energy that occur between organisms

5.A pyramid of numbers represents the number and size of organisms in food chain 6.A food web consists of few food chains which were interconnected and depend on each other.It can represent a more precise food relationship in the ecosystem

7.Organisms need food to sustain the of living. Some organisms obtain food on their own while other organisms depend on other organisms to obtain food.

Interaction between biotic component (DIET) Symbiosis

Interaction between biotic components (DIET) Saprophytism

Saprophytism is also refers to the interaction between living organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. Saprozoics (such as Paramecium sp. and Amoeba sp.) feed on decaying organic matter

Interaction between biotic components (DIET) Prey - Predator1. A prey predator interaction involves a predator ( a stronger organism) which hunts,captures and kills a prey (a smaller organism) as food2. The population of prey is controlled by the predator , and the population of the predator depends on the population of the prey.3. This interaction is very useful in biological control.

Interaction between biotic components (Competition)

1. Competition refers to the interaction between two population of organisms which compete for the same and limited basic needs of life.2. The stronger organism will win in the competition.3. Competition can be classified into two categories:a) Intraspecific competition occurs between organisms of the same species. For example,competition between Paramecium Aurelia and Paramecium caudatum that are cultured separately.b) Interspecific competition occurs between organisms of different.For example, competition between Paramecium Aurelia and Paramecium caudatum cultured together.

4. The effect of competition between organisms are as follows:a) The winning species will continue to live and dominate the habitat.b) The losing species will die o leave the habitat.

4.2.The Colonisation and Sucession in Ecosystem

1. Colonisation is a process of taking over of a new habitat by plants.2. The first species of plants that has colonized the new habitat is known as the pioneer species.3. Succession is a process of replacing a dominant species of plants with other species of plant.This process occurs gradually.

4. The replacing plants are referred to as the successor species.5. Succession will lead to a more stable and mature community until it reaches a climax community.

A tropical rainforest originated from a mangrove swamp that had soft soil

Colonisation and Succession in a Mangrove Swamp

1. The habitat of a new mangrove swamp has muddy soil, is waterlogged with seawater and exposed to sunlight.2. The pioneer species in a mangrove swamp are Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp.3. Colonisation by the pioneer species causes a lot of mud and organic matter to accumulate until the soil becomes more compact and less waterlogged. The shore becomes higher and this environment is ni longer suitable for the pioneer species.4. The first succession involves Rhizophora sp.5. After that, the shore becomes higher, drier and compact because the area has less contact with seawater when the seawater level rises.6. Changes in the environment cause the area to be more suitable for other species of mangrove, which is Bruguiera sp.7. The continuous process of deposition and settling if organic matter causes the soil at the shore to look like a land and suitable for terrestrial plants.8. Then,succession by other terrestrial plants will occur until a climax community is formed that is a tropical rainforest.

4.3.Population EcologyQuadrat Sampling Technique:-1. A sampling technique is used to estimate the number and distribution of plants in a habitat.2. A quadrat is a rectangular frame that is made from wood or metal and placed randomly to represent the plants in a habitat.3. The estimated number and distribution will be more accurate if more quadrats are used.4. Information from the quadrats can be used to determine the following.

Capture, Mark , Release and Recapture Technique1. This sampling technique is used to estimate the population of animals that move freely in a habitat.2. The animals involved will be captured randomly and then marked and released into habitat.3. The material used to mark the animals must not be poisonous, must be waterproof (so that it will last), must not restrict the movement and must not attract predators4. The assumption made in this technique is that the animals will mingle in the habitat randomly until the second capture.They will not die or move out of the habitat. The estimated size of the population of animals can calculated by using this formula4.4.BiodiversityClassification of Organisms1. Taxonomy is a systematic study about identification, naming, and classification of organisms.2. Taxonomy clasifies organisms according to hierarchy that starts with kingdoms. 3. The classification is based on the same characteristics that are shown by the oraganisms in a same group.4. The system classifies all organisms into five main kingdoms.

Hierarchy in the clasiification of Organisms1. Living organisms can be classified into seven level of hierarchy.2. The number of organisms in the levels of hierarchy decreases when moving from kingdom to species.3. This method of classification is to identify and name organisms.

The Naming System of Organisms1. The Linnaeus binomial system is introduced to enable organisms to be named scientifically for easier identification.2. In the system, all organisms have two names in latin, i.e.a) The first word: name of genus (begin with a capital letter)b) The second word: name of the species (begin with a small letter)3. When it is handwritten, the name of organisms must be underlined but if it is typed, the name must be in italics.4. Naming of organisms by using the Linnaeus binomial system. 4.5.Impact of Microorganisms on lifeMicroorganismsMicroorganisms can be classified into five groups according their basic characteristics. Factors that Affect the Activities of MicroorganismsRole of Useful Microorganisms

Harmful microorganisms1. Pathogens are a microorganisms that can cause diseases.2. Vectors refers to organisms that transfer pathogen.3. A fer methods of transfer of diseases and how these diseases can be prevented.

Methods of Controlling Pathogens1. There are many methods that can be used to control pathogens.2. Some of the methods used to control pathegons.

The Use of Microorganisms in Biotechnology1. Biotechnology refers to the field that uses microorganisms.2. Some of the uses of microorganisms a) To produce antibiotics and vaccinesb) To clean up oil spills in the sea by using certain types of bacteria To decompose the oil to carbon dioxide and water (biorecovery)c) To treat toxicated waste convert waste into non harmful subtances which are released into the environmentd) To process food yeast is used up in fermentation to produce wine, beer and breade) To create energy from biomass waste organic matter is treated by anaerobic bacteria to produce biogas such as methane. Biogas is used as a domestic fuel.5.0. ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 9)5.1.Human Activities that Endanger an Ecosystem

Human Activities1. Rapid development in the field of medicine, modern agricultural technology and infrastructure increase the world population.2. Because of rapid development, human activities continue to increase. Without careful planning, these activities will threaten the ecosystem.3. Human activities that can threaten other living things and the environment.

Air Pollution1. Air pollution occurs when pollutants (such as gas and particles) are released into the atmosphere.2. The accumulation of these pollutants can have bad effect on living organisms and the environment3. Some of the human activities which contribute to air pollution.

Water Pollution1. The release of solid or liquid waste into source of water such as rivers, lakes and seas can destroy aquatic organisms.2. Some of the human activities that contribute to water pollution.

Thermal Pollution1. Thermal pollution occurs due to excessive loss of heat to environment.2. Pollution is harmful to living organisms and the environment.3. Examples of human activities that contribute to thermal pollution.

Noise Pollution1. Noise pollution is caused by motor vehicles, agricultural machinery, industrial machinery and work at construction sites.2. Continously exposure to loud sounds and more than 80 decibels (dB) in the long term can cause deafness.3. Extreme noise can also cause stress related problems such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, depression and headaches.

5.2. The Greenhouse Effect and the Thining of the Ozone LayerThe Greenhouse Effect 1. Sunlight reaching the Earth will warm up the Earth.2. The heat produced will be reflected back to space as infrared radiation.3. The presece of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrogen oxides and ozone in the atmosphere will trap and reflect heat back to Earth`s surface.4. Extensive human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation increase the amount of carbon dioxide and cause Earth`s temperature to increase.5. The effect of the accumulation of greenhouse gases results in the melting ince and glaciers at the Poles thus increasing the sea levels. As a result, lowland areas will be flooded.

Thinning of the Ozone Layer 1. The ozone (O3) layer is a protective layer to humans and all living things from ultraviolet rays (UV) of the sun.2. Thinnning of the ozone layer occurs as a result of the releaseof CFCs, chemical compounds containing chlorine (Cl), carbon (C) and fluorine (F).3. CFCs are used widely in refrigeration system (such as refrigerators and air conditioners) and aerosol sprays (such as insecticide sprays and fire extinguishers).

5.3. The Importance of Proper Management of Devolopment Activities and the EcosystemEffect of Increasing Population 1. Rapid population growth requires additional of food, housing, education, medicine, energy, transport and other developments of infrastructure2. Forests are cut down to provide areas for rapid development such as road construction, plantation, dams and residential areas to meet the demands of the population.Managements of Development and the Balance of Nature1. Planning for land or industrial development should be done carefully and long term effect on the environment should be considered,2. The development of a country can be managed in the following ways:a) Implementation of laws to protect the natural resourcesb) The development of technology such as the use of lead free fuels, biomass fuels and sewage treatment to reduce and overcome the problem of environmental pollutionc) Education on the management of resource such as the 3R campaign (reduce,reuse and recycle) to manage the materials usedd) Preservation and conservation of the natural resources such as soil, water, flora and fauna of forest and mangrovee) The efficient use of energy by using renewable energy such as solar energyf) Practising biological control to reduce the release of harmful chemicals in controlling pests3. Protection of the ecosystem through beneficial activities to educate and enlighten the public to protect the environment by conducting campaigns.

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