SMK SRI PERMATA

BIOLOGY FORM 4 2011

TITLE: 6.14 Technology Used in Food Production.

6.15 Technological Development

in Food Processing. NAME: Nishalani A/P S.Raju

CLASS : 4 Mesra

TEACHER’S NAME : Pn.Faizah

6.14 : Technology Used in Food Production

The efforts by Various Agencies to Diversity Food Production

ULAM

Ulam or vegetable salad consists of fresh leaves , fruits , and other plant parts which are eaten raw . Examples of ulam include :

pegaga ( Centella asiatica )

shoots of papaya

kacang botol

petai ( Parkia speciosa )

kemangi ( Ocimum sanctum )

Ulam is rich in mineral ions , vitamins and fibre . some of these plants are used in the preparation of herbal medicines and drinks .

FACTS ABOUT pegaga , jering and pucuk kaduk .

Pegaga is now recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an herb thought to generate intelligence in children than can help blood circulation and improve skin health . Pegaga salads and roots is said to help the recovery of the uterus. Pegaga juice is easily available . Ulam Jering contain a compound that can provide roughage alkaloids stimulus to urinate . Jering can also be an effective cure for diabetic patients if taken continuously with the rate slightly . This is because , the content of alkaloid compounds in it is able to neutralize the sugar in the body . In addition, you need to eat the leaves kaduk . It feels a bit fat and easy to breed in the pot. Kaduk leaves also have a high content of calcium needed by the body to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis disease especially among women .

DIVERSIFY THE SOURCE OF PROTEIN

1. Chicken

Chicken is a source of protein that can come with or without skin and it can be white or dark meat . When it comes to its nutritional value , chicken also has some other vitamins and minerals . On the average , chicken can be a healthy food . But once it starts getting prepared with high amounts of oil such as in deep frying , it becomes unhealthy . Chicken has approximately 48g of protein per 6-ounce serving . When it comes to fat , the amount varies . Skinless chicken breast has about 3 grams of fat , and chicken breast with skin on it has about 14 grams per 6-ounce serving . Skinless chicken breast has about 240 calories per 6 ounces and breast with skin has about 340 calories . Chicken also has calcium in It . Four ounces of cooked chicken has about 17 milligrams . Potassium is another nutrient that can be found in chicken . It has about 290 mg per 4 ounces . Chicken has no carbohydrates but this can be changed depending on how it is prepared . Sauces and juices can add some carbohydrates.

2. Freshwater fish

Fish protein is easily digestible and is very much needed by growing children for healthy development . Freshwater fish nutrition is better , especially the eating of plants , not to eat mud and art objects in the water . The cooked fish is not difficult to digest and remove the imbalances of the body . They are low in cholesterol . Examples of freshwater fish are :

Tilapia

Jelawat

Haruan

Methods used to improve the quality and quantity of food production

1. DIRECT SEEDING

Direct seeding spring cereal at Dewald's farm near Davenport , WA

DefinitionDirect seeding is a method in which the seeds are sown directly into the soil by using special machines. The seeds are covered with soil as they are being sown.

Advantages of direct seeding

This method does not involve the transplanting of seedlings and therefore results in less damage to the roots of the seedlings.

The plants achieve faster growth and this increases crop yield. Less water is also needed to irrigate the fields. This method is widely used in the planting of paddy to obtain higher yields of rice

Disadvantages of direct seeding

Direct seeding is limited to plants that grow readily from seed (though research is increasing this range).

A large amount of seed is required. Hence, if only minimal seed is available for a particular species, it may be better to raise seedlings for that species in a nursery.

Plants germinating under field conditions are extremely vulnerable. Frosts, spring droughts, or flooding of the sowed area can dramatically reduce seedling establishment.

The initial density of plants is harder to control. This may create undesirable spacings for quality timber production, but can be overcome by “spot” sowing.

2. HYDROPONIC

DefinitionHydroponics is a commercial technique for growing certain crop plants in culture solutions rather than soil.

Advantages of hydroponic

The roots of the plants are immersed in a solution which contains all the macronutrients and micronutrients in the correct proportion.

The culture solution is aerated to provide sufficient oxygen for respiration.

Disadvantages of hydroponic

The initial cost for construction of the hydroponics system is high, so, a hydroponics farmer may be limited in growing crops that either give a high return or rapid turn-over.

Trained personnel knowledgeable in the principles of plant nutrition and operation of commercial hydroponics are necessary to manage a hydroponics farm, as the failure rate is high in the hands of amateurs.

THE HYDROPHONIC METHODThe nutrient solution is pumped into the container for a given period of time . The growing medium absorbs the nutrient solution , and the nutrient solution is then allowed to drain away .

THE NEW DESIGN OF HYDROPHONIC GARDEN

3. AEROPONICS

DefinitionAeroponics is a modified technique of hydroponics . The plants are placed in holes through a panel ( plastic or polystyrene ) and are grown with the roots suspended in mid-air within an enclosed growing chamber beneath the panel .

Advantages of aereponics The roots are sprayed with a a mist of nutrient solutions from spraying nozzles at short

intervals . This enables the plant roots to absorb more oxygen in between the periods of spraying .

Plants achieve faster growth because the culture solutions provide nutrients in a form that can be readily absorbed by the roots .

Disadvantages of aeroponics

Dependence on the system – A typical aeroponics system is made up of high pressure pumps, sprinklers and timers. If any of these break down, your plants can be damaged or killed easily.

Technical knowledge required – You need a certain level of competency in running an aeroponic system. Knowledge of nutrients amounts required by your plant is essential, because you don’t have any soil to absorb excess/wrong nutrients supplied.

Regular cleaning of the root chamber – The root chamber must not be contaminated, or else diseases may strike the roots. So you need to disinfect the root chamber every so often. Hydrogen peroxide is often used as disinfectant.

High cost – Most aeroponic systems are not exactly cheap. Aeroponic systems may cost many hundreds of dollars each. The most affordable one I noticed, is still the one by AeroGrow, a unique form of commercial “aeroponics.” Edit – Some folks point out that AeroGrow is not aeroponics – I think it is still a great system for small premises.

THE AEROPONICS SYSTEM

4. TISSUE CULTURE

DefinitionTissue culture is a technique in which an entire plant can be regenerated from the cells or tissues of a parent plant .

Advantages of tissue culture

The cells or tissues taken from a parent plant are grown in a sterile culture medium or culture solution which contains the necessary nutrients and growth hormones .

Plantlets which are produced can then be transplanted to nurseries . Tissue culture of a plant tissues enable commercial propagation of clones which have all

the useful characteristics of the parent plants or which have undergone manipulation via genetic engineering .

This method helps increase the agricultural yield of many crop plants like :

Papayas Pineapples Starfruits

Disadvantages of tissue culture

If large scale production is being thinking, the costs of the equipments are very expensive.

The procedure is very variable and it depends on the type of the species so sometimes it needs trial-and-error type of experiments if there is not any review about that species.

The procedure needs special attention and diligently done observation. There may be error in the identity of the organisms after culture. Infection may continue thorough generations easily if possible precautions are not taken. Decrease genetic variability.

5. GENETIC ENGINEERING

DefinitionGenetic engineering is a technique that can increase the quality and quantity of food production tremendously .

Advantages of genetic engineering This technique enables the characteristics of an organism to be altered by changing the

genetic composition of the organism . It involves the transfer of a segment of DNA which carries the genetic information or

beneficial genes from one organism to another . For example , genes from plants can be inserted into the DNA of animal cells and vice versa . A genetically modified organism ( GMO ) is called a transgenic organism .

Developments in genetic engineering have enabled transgenic crop plants such as wheat , paddy , tomatoes , legumes , soya beans and potatoes to be cultivated commercially .

These crop plants contain genes from other organisms to enhance their growth or nutritional properties . For example :

Golden rice

*Golden rice is a transgenic rice in which the gene that codes for the synthesis of beta-carotene has been transferred from the daffodil plant . As a result , Golden rice has a higher content of beta-carotene and is orange in colour . Beta-carotene is needed for the synthesis of vitamin A which is essential in a balanced diet .

Disadvantages of genetic engineering Probably it would be costly. A single mistake has devastating repercussions. It borders on the issue of ethics and morality. An increasing demand for genetic modification which effetively increases discontentment

for the self or for the original genetic configuration of an organism. Prospect of creating new species might create natural imbalances especially on the

habitats and feeding habits of other animals (by creating a new species, competition might arise, or it might be a predator to a prey who are already endangered, or for its own survival, it might need to destroy the habitats of others)

Unexpected but undetected mutations can generally alter the future in unpleasant ways.

6. SOIL MANAGEMENT

DefinitionSoil should be cultivated in a controlled manner so that not all minerals are removed from it at any one time.

Advantages of soil managementProper soil management includes the following :

Regular addition of organic or inorganic fertilisers to return nutrients to the soil . Ploughing , which helps increase aeration in the soil . Practising crop rotation . Reducing soil erosion and leaching of nutrients from the soil. Addition of organic matter which promotes humus formation and improves soil structure.

Disadvantages of soil management

Destroys the soil cover and its structure. Enhances soil erosion. High moisture loss. Disrupts the lifecycle of beneficial soil organisms. Needs more labor cost for the soil preparation.

7. CROP ROTATION

DefinitionCrop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped. A traditional element of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops. It is one component of polyculture. Crop rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants.

Advantages of crop rotation

No build up of pest and diseases. Soil nutrients are used effectively. Soil moisture is used effectively. A healthy living soil can be built up over time.

Disadvantages of crop rotation

Without a plan, either drawn or written on paper, it is difficult to remember which crop is to follow.

It can be tricky to decide which rotation to follow when inter-planting is also used.

8. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

DefinitionBiological control is the control of pests through the use of natural predators .

Advantages of biological control

Biological control is beneficial as it reduces the use of chemicals ( in pesticides ) and is environment friendly . Some examples of biological control are as follows :

Owls and Snakes have been used successfully to control the rat population on oil palm plantations.

The population of the prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia sp. ) is controlled by introducing the cactus moth

Disadvantages of biological control

Biological control agents usually only affect their target organism, but there is a chance that the biological control agent may feed on a beneficial organism and may even prefer it over the pest, rendering the program ineffective.

While biological control programs are inexpensive to run once they are established, laying the groundwork for the program may be costly; scientists must put time and funding into researching biological control agents, how they work and how they will affect the environment.

Also, not all pests can be controlled by biological agents, or a pest may be so similar to a native or beneficial plant or insect that the risk of introducing the control agent outweighs any benefits.

Finally, biological control does not eliminate the entire pest population.

6.15 : Technological Development in Food Processing

- The necessity for food processing

- Correlating the food processing methods with factors causing food spoilage