Biology Domain 2Organisms

Biology Standard 2:

• Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.

A. Basic Stuff

• 1. Energy• a. needed by all organisms• b. runs chemical reactions that

sustain life (metabolism)

2. Obtaining Energy

• a. Autotrophs (Producers)• 1. use energy from sunlight to

make food• 2. photosynthesis• 3. ALL plants, algae (protists),

some bacteria

• b. Heterotrophs (Consumers, Decomposers)• 1. must find energy elsewhere (eat or

absorb nutrients)• 2. ALL animals, ALL fungi, some

protists and bacteria

Try This!

• The substances that most directly control the rate of reaction during cellular respiration are known as– A. enzymes– B. phosphates– C. monosaccharides– D. disaccharides

B. Energy Transformations

• 1.Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems– Food chain, food web, energy

pyramid• 2. SUNlight is the ultimate source

for energy• 3. SunProducersConsumers

C. Energy in Cells

• 1. All cells must turn food into usable energy

• 2. Food can be made through photosynthesis (autotrophs) or obtained elsewhere (heterotrophs)

• 3. Cellular Respiration turns food into usable energy

4. Cellular Respiration

• a. food energy is turned into usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

• b. Aerobic Respiration—requires OXYGEN

• c. occurs in the “mighty” mitochondria of ALL organisms!

• d. glucose (food) + oxygen (O2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) + ATP (ENERGY)

Try This!• Which statement best describes

cellular respiration?– A. It is the change of stored chemical energy

from food into ATP. – B. It is the conversion of light energy into

chemical energy.– C. It is the excretion of materials out of the cell

of an organism.– D. It is the release of oxygen from the cells of

an organism.

5. Where does food energy come from?

• a. Heterotrophs• 1. eat food (consumers) • 2. absorb nutrients (decomposers)

• b. Autotrophs• 1. Make food using energy from

sun• 2. Photosynthesis• a. occurs in chloroplasts.• b. energy from sun turned into

glucose

• c. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) + energy (sun)

glucose (food) + oxygen (O2) • d. cellular respiration still MUST

occur to turn food energy into ATP

Try This!• During photosynthesis, plants use the

sun’s energy, along with CO2 and H2O, to produce high-energy sugars. The waste product they release in this process is– A. nitrogen– B. oxygen– C. carbon dioxide– D. methane

6. Energy Use

• a. ATP is usable energy• b. ADP-ATP Cycle• c. Adenosine TRIphosphate

Adenosine DIphosphate

D. Classification of Organisms

• 1. Scientists classify organisms so that they can easily find information about them

• 2. Taxonomy—study of classification

3. Linnaeus

• a. Developed modern Taxonomy system

• b. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species

• c. Binomial Nomenclature—scientific names (Genus species)

4. Specifications for Classification

• a. Organisms are grouped based on similarities and evolutionary history

b. Characteristics

• 1. Physical Similarities• 2. Biochemicals (DNA, proteins)• 3. Embryology (Development)• 4. Chromosome Structure• 5. Reproduction

Canis familiaris Canis lupusCanis latrans DOG COYOTE WOLF

1. Physical Similarities

2. Biochemicals

3. Embryology (Development)

4. Chromosome Structure

5. Reproduction

Mule—Offspring of horse and donkey is sterile

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

CELL TYPE

CELL STRUCTURES

NUMBER OF CELLS

MODE OF NUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Methanogens, halophiles

Protista

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Fungi

Eukaryote

Cell walls of chitin

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Heterotroph

Mushrooms, yeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

Multicellular

Autotroph

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Animalia

Eukaryote

No cell walls or chloroplasts

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Eukarya

Classification of Living Things

F. Organization in Organisms

• 1. CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganism

• 2. Systems• a. Circulatory• 1.inverebrates—open• 2. vertebrates--closed

• b. Respiratory• 1. invertebrates—diffusion• 2. vertebrates—gills and lungs• c. Digestive• 1.stomach, esophagus, mouth• 2. intestines—absorption of nutrients• 3. liver—filters wastes

• d. Nervous• 1. brain, nerve cells• 2. cephalization—concentration of

nerves in anterior (top or front) region

• e. Support• 1. invertebrates—EXOskeleton• 2. verebrates—ENDOskeleton

• f. Many other systems• 1. all systems work together to

maintain HOMEOSTASIS• 2. respiratory brings in oxygen,

circulatory circulates the oxygen, nervous gives directions!

Try This!

• When scientists place a species on a certain part of a phylogenetic tree, which of the following are they least likely to consider?– A. morphology (physical appearance)– B. DNA similarities– C. fossil record– D. population size

G. Dichotomous or Classification Key

• 1. A key is a list of characteristics used to classify an organism.