Biology Biology

Chemistry Basics:Chemistry Basics:

The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Cells Biology: Cells Biology: Chapter 7 - 11Chapter 7 - 11

Biology - Chemistry

Topics

• Introduction to Introduction to chemistry chemistry

• Water the Water the substance of substance of lifelife

• Organic Organic Molecules:Molecules:

composition composition

and functionand function

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

• What is matter?What is matter?

• What are the unique properties of water that What are the unique properties of water that are necessary for life?are necessary for life?

• What are organic molecules? What are organic molecules?

• Describe the composition and function of Describe the composition and function of organic molecules.organic molecules.

AtomsAtomsSubatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

Protons (+) Protons (+) Neutrons (neutral) Neutrons (neutral) Electrons (-) Electrons (-)

Atomic CharacteristicsAtomic Characteristics

Atomic number number of protonsAtomic number number of protons

Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges

Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges

Atomic mass protons + neutronsAtomic mass protons + neutrons

Isotopes Two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

Isotopes Two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

Subatomic particles interaction.

Atomic Structure

Chemical BondsChemical BondsEnergy Levels and Ionic BondingCovalent Bonding

Atoms

Matter and Chemical Reactions:Matter and Chemical Reactions:

Elements Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter. Two or more elements combine to form compounds that make up most of the world's matter.

Elements Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter. Two or more elements combine to form compounds that make up most of the world's matter.

Compounds Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.

Compounds Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.

Molecules Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by covalent

bonds.

Molecules Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by covalent

bonds.

Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges.

Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges.

Atoms Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.

Atoms Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.

Matter Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space.

Matter Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space.

Chemical Reactions

States of MatterStates of MatterSolidSolidLiquidLiquidGasGas

Phases of Matter

Characteristics of water: 1. liquid at room temperature 2. universal solvent for polar

molecules 3. water molecules are

cohesive 4. temperature of water

changes slowly 5. high heat of vaporization 6. frozen water is less dense

so ice floats

How does water make life possible?

• Carbon ChemistryCarbon Chemistry

(Organic Chemistry)(Organic Chemistry)– Make a list of ten ways Make a list of ten ways

Carbon Carbon chemistry influences chemistry influences our lives.our lives.

– Modern Marvels –Carbon• SugarSugar

– Make a list of ten ways that Make a list of ten ways that the chemistry of sugar the chemistry of sugar influences our lives.influences our lives.

– Modern Marvels –Sugar

Tests for different types of sugar:Tests for different types of sugar:

Simple Sugars (monosaccharide) – Simple Sugars (monosaccharide) – Benedicts Test Benedicts Test

Positive test – orange or greenPositive test – orange or green

Complex sugars (starch) – Complex sugars (starch) – Iodine TestIodine Test

Positive test – blue black Positive test – blue black

CarbonCarbonCompoundsCompounds

includeinclude

that consist ofthat consist of

which containwhich contain

Carbon Compounds - Concept MapCarbon Compounds - Concept Map

Building blocks of all lifeBuilding blocks of all life

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids Nucleic acidsNucleic acids ProteinsProteins

Sugars andSugars and starchesstarches

Fats andFats and oilsoils NucleotidesNucleotides Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,

oxygenoxygen

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,

oxygenoxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorusphosphorus

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,nitrogen,

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

ElementsElements

Macromolecules ID lab

Biology - Cells

Topics• Introduction to

Microscopes

• Types of Cells

• Cell organization

• Animals vs. plant Cells

• Cell Organelles: Structure & Function

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What is the proper order of steps when using a What is the proper order of steps when using a

light microscope? light microscope? 2.2. What are the two general types of cells? What are the two general types of cells?

Describe each.Describe each.3.3. How are cells organized?How are cells organized?4.4. What are the differences in plant and animal What are the differences in plant and animal

cells? cells? 5.5. Identify and describe the following cell Identify and describe the following cell

organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. ribosomes.

6.6. How does structure relate to the function of a How does structure relate to the function of a cell’s organelle?cell’s organelle?

7.7. How are cells specialized?How are cells specialized?8.8. How do cells communicate with one another?How do cells communicate with one another?

Microscope Care and UseMicroscope Care and Use1.1. Always carry the microscope by holding the arm Always carry the microscope by holding the arm

of the microscope with one hand and supporting of the microscope with one hand and supporting the base with the other hand.the base with the other hand.

2.2. Place the microscope on a flat surface. The arm Place the microscope on a flat surface. The arm should be positioned toward you.should be positioned toward you.

3.3. Look through the eyepieces. Adjust the Look through the eyepieces. Adjust the diaphragm so that light comes through the diaphragm so that light comes through the opening in the stage.opening in the stage.

4.4. Place a slide on the stage so that the specimen Place a slide on the stage so that the specimen is in the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by is in the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by using the stage clips.using the stage clips.

5.5. Always focus first with the coarse adjustment Always focus first with the coarse adjustment and the low-power objective lens. Once the and the low-power objective lens. Once the object is in focus on low power, the high-power object is in focus on low power, the high-power objective can be used. Use ONLY the fine objective can be used. Use ONLY the fine adjustment to focus the high-power lens.adjustment to focus the high-power lens.

6.6. Store the microscope covered.Store the microscope covered. Microscope lab

Protein Protein constructionconstructionand energy and energy conversionconversionoccur occur without without specializedspecializedinternal internal structuresstructures

Cells: The Basic Unit of Life Cells: The Basic Unit of Life Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)

DNADNA(information (information storage, no storage, no nucleus)nucleus)

Cell membraneCell membrane(transport of(transport ofraw materialsraw materialsand finishedand finishedproducts)products)

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

NucleusNucleus(information(informationstorage)storage)

PackagingPackagingGolgi BodyGolgi Body

EnergyEnergyConversion Conversion MitochondriaMitochondria

ProteinProteinConstructionConstructionERER

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

PlantPlant AnimalAnimal

Common Common StructuresStructures

Cell organellesStructure / Function

Nucleus

Golgi

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondria

Plasma Membrane

Virtual Cell

The NucleusControl center of the cell Control center of the cell Contains the genetic Contains the genetic information DNAinformation DNA

Mitochondria

ChloroplastChloroplast

The powerhouse of the cell

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

The organelle responsible for The organelle responsible for photosynthesis and the photosynthesis and the production of sugar and production of sugar and oxygenoxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough (ribosomes)

LysosomesLysosomes

GolgiGolgi

Protein Assembly lines

Waste disposalWaste disposal

Packaging and ExportPackaging and Export

Plasma membrane

Regulates substances in Regulates substances in and out of the celland out of the cell

Biology – Cell Energy

Topics• Investigate and

analyze the cell as a living system including:

• Energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

• Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems.

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1. What is the source of energy for

cell activity?2. How do cells store and use

energy with ATP and ADP?3. What is the function of an

enzyme? 4. What are key components of

enzymes that allow them to complete a task? What factors affect enzymes?

Enzymes

Digestive EnzymesDigestive Enzymes

ATP – ADP CYCLE

Phosphate removed Phosphate removed

High energy bond brokenHigh energy bond broken

Energy released to do Energy released to do cellular workcellular work

Phosphate added Phosphate added

High energy bond addedHigh energy bond added

Energy used to remake Energy used to remake ATP the fuel all cells useATP the fuel all cells use

A-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groupsA-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groups

Energy Energy OutputOutput

Energy Energy InputInput

Biology – Cell EnergyTopics• Investigate and

analyze the bioenergetic reactions:

• Aerobic Respiration.

• Anaerobic Respiration.

• Photosynthesis.

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What are the reactants and What are the reactants and

products of cellular respiration products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?and photosynthesis?

2.2. What factors affect the rate of What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Respiration?photosynthesis? Respiration?

3.3. Compare and contrast aerobic Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration? and anaerobic respiration? Which one is more efficient at Which one is more efficient at ATP creation? Which organelles ATP creation? Which organelles are involved?are involved?

4.4. What types of organisms use What types of organisms use aerobic respiration? Anaerobic aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration?respiration?

5.5. What are the types of anaerobic What are the types of anaerobic respiration?respiration?

Overview - PhotosynthesisOverview - Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

The Chloroplast

HydrogenIon Movement

Photosystem II

InnerThylakoidSpace

ThylakoidMembrane

Stroma

ATP synthase

Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

Chloroplast

Light Dependent Reactions

Light – Dependent ReactionsLight – Dependent Reactions

E – light EnergyE – light Energy

F – light capturing F – light capturing pigmentspigments

I – electron pathwayI – electron pathway

H – electron carriersH – electron carriers

T – ATP synthaseT – ATP synthase

Energy MoleculesEnergy Molecules

V - ATP / ADPV - ATP / ADP

L – NADP+ / NADPHL – NADP+ / NADPH

COCO22 + + HH22OO C C66HH1212OO66 + + OO22

ChloropIast

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Calvin Cycle

Light – Independent Reactions

Chloroplast

Light and Water

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Photosynthesis: An Overview

O2

Cellular Respiration - Cellular Respiration - Overview

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Production

Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrion

Part 1

Part 2Part 2

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain part 1Electron Transport Chain part 2

Section 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration SummaryCellular Respiration Summary

Biology – DNA to Protein Synthesis Topics• Analyze the

molecular basis of heredity including:

• DNA replication.

• Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including:

• Protein synthesis (transcription, translation).

• Gene regulation

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. What is Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. What is

complimentary base pairing? What does DNA complimentary base pairing? What does DNA code for? What does RNA code for?code for? What does RNA code for?

2.2. How and where is DNA replicated? What does it How and where is DNA replicated? What does it mean to be semi-conservative?mean to be semi-conservative?

3.3. Why are hydrogen bonds important to DNA Why are hydrogen bonds important to DNA structure?structure?

4.4. What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What does transcription produce? does transcription produce?

5.5. Describe the 3 types of RNA and their function. Describe the 3 types of RNA and their function. 6.6. What is the role of an amino acid in protein What is the role of an amino acid in protein

synthesis?synthesis?7.7. What is the importance of gene expression? How What is the importance of gene expression? How

are cells differentiated? are cells differentiated? 8.8. Are different cells required to produce different Are different cells required to produce different

amounts of proteins? What are the advantages amounts of proteins? What are the advantages and disadvantages of overproduction, and disadvantages of overproduction, underproduction or incorrect timing of proteins?underproduction or incorrect timing of proteins?

9.9. How do mutations affect DNA?How do mutations affect DNA?

DNA - StructureDNA - Structure Describe the role of the Describe the role of the following key people that following key people that identified the structure of identified the structure of DNA:DNA:

WatsonWatson Crick Crick

AveryAvery WilkinsWilkins

FranklinFranklin ChartoffChartoff

Scientific discoveries are a collaborative effort: Scientific discoveries are a collaborative effort:

Why do you think Franklin was excluded from the Noble Why do you think Franklin was excluded from the Noble Prize in 1962?Prize in 1962?

DNA – Secret of Photo 51DNA – Secret of Photo 51

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

TranscriptionTranscription

DNA to mRNA DNA to mRNA

TranslationTranslation

mRNA to ProteinmRNA to Protein

DNASugar – Deoxyribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen bases

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Bonding pairs

A – T and G – C

Found in the Nucleus

Double Helix

One type

RNASugar – Ribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen bases

Adenine

Uracil

Guanine

Cytosine

Bonding pairs

A – U and G – C

Found through the cell

Single Helix

Three types: Messenger mRNA

Transfer tRNA

Ribosomal rRNA

Compare DNA and RNACompare DNA and RNA

Relevance:Relevance:

The processes of The processes of replication, transcription replication, transcription and translation are and translation are responsible for the responsible for the continuity of all living continuity of all living things things

Biology – Cell Division Topics• Compare and

contrast the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. Define the difference between sexual and Define the difference between sexual and

asexual reproduction.asexual reproduction.2.2. Explain the process of mitosis. What occurs in Explain the process of mitosis. What occurs in

each step? What type of reproduction is mitosis?each step? What type of reproduction is mitosis?3.3. Describe the process of meiosis. What occurs in Describe the process of meiosis. What occurs in

each step?each step?4.4. What is the importance of meiosis in sexual What is the importance of meiosis in sexual

reproduction?reproduction?5.5. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis? How Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis? How

is chromosome number different? Is there a is chromosome number different? Is there a change in the number of divisions? In cellular change in the number of divisions? In cellular material? How many cells are produced at the material? How many cells are produced at the end of each cycle?end of each cycle?

6.6. What are primary sources of genetic variation What are primary sources of genetic variation that occur during meiosis? Mitosis? Describe that occur during meiosis? Mitosis? Describe each type of variation. each type of variation.

7.7. What are the advantages/disadvantages of What are the advantages/disadvantages of asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?

Cell Division / Cell ReproductionMitosis and Meiosis

Take notes a Take notes a quiz follows:quiz follows:

Cell CycleTime for mitosis

Cell Division / Cell ReproductionMitosis and MeiosisMitosis and Meiosis

Take notes a Take notes a quiz follows:quiz follows:

Meiotic MixMeiotic Mix

Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis